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CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

Matter In Our Surrounding 1

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When we dissolve salt in water, the particles

of salt get into the spaces between particles
of water.
Particles are varying and have spaces between them

a, b and c show the magnified schematic pictures

of the three states of matter. The motion of the
particles can be seen and compared in the three states of matter.
Dig. Three states of matter
Matter
The matter is the material of which everything in this universe, in and
around us is made up of in different shapes. It is anything that occupies space and
has mass and offers resistance to any applied force.
Physical Nature of Particles:
Matter is made up of particles. The particles of matter are very-very
small.
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Characteristics of Particles:
(i) Particles of matter are continuously moving i.e.; they possess
kinetic energy. As the temperature rises, particles moves faster
because kinetic energy of the particles increases.

(ii) Particles of matter have space between them. When we make

tea, coffee or lemonade (nimbu pani), particles of one type of
matter get into the space between particles of the other. This
shows that there is enough space between particles of matter.

(iii) Particles of matter attract each other. When we open a water tap,
try to break the stream of water with your fingers, can we do
this? No, because the stream of water remains together. Particles
of water are held together because of the force of attraction
between them.

• The space between the particles and kinetic energy of particles is

minimum in solids, intermediate in liquids and maximum in gases.

• The force of attraction between the particles is strongest in solids,

intermediate in liquids and weakest in gases.

• Movement of particles is minimum in solids, more in liquids and

maximum in gases.

Arrangement of particles in three states of matter

and their movements
States of Matter
The physical states of a matter are: (i) Solid, (ii) Liquid, (iii) Gas.
We can classify our body into three states of matter i.e.,
(i) Bones and teeth are solids.
(ii) Blood and water present in our body are liquids.
(iii) Air in our lungs is gaseous and also there is 70% of water is in our body.
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(i) Solid State:

Characteristics of solid states are:
(a) Have definite shape.
(b) Have distinct boundaries.
(c) Have rigidity and incompressibility.
(d) Have definite volume.
Example: Rubber band is a solid because it can change its shape under force
and regains its shape when force is removed. If excessive force is applied,it breaks.
The solids have fixed and rigid shape. The kinetic energy of the particles in the
solid state is very less and therefore, solids have fixed and rigid shape.
• We can compress sponge as its pores are filled with air but it is solid.
• Salt and sugar take the shape of the container in which they are placed but
shape of their crystals does not change, so they are solids.
(ii) Liquid State:
The characteristics of liquid state are:
(a) Have fluidity i.e., they are not rigid.
(b) Low compressibility.
(c) No definite shape and boundaries. They take the shape of the
vessels.
(d) Have definite volume.
• Force of attraction between the particles of liquid keeps its volume same.
• Liquids are substances having fixed (definite volume) and no fixed shape.
They take the shape of the container in which they are stored.
• The gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere diffuse and
dissolve in water. Due to these gases aquatic plants and animals are able to
survive. Diffusion is much more in liquids than in solids due to free movement
of particles of liquids.
(iii) Gaseous State:
The characteristics of gaseous state are:
(a) Have fluidity.
(b) Have high compressibility.
(c) Have no definite boundaries.
(d) Have no definite shape.
(e) Have no definite volume.
• The particles in a gas are free to move in any direction hence gases can
flow.
• Gases are substances that do not have fixed volume and occupy all thevolume
available to them.

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• Pressure of gas is the force applied on the walls of vessel by the irregular
moving gas particles.
Change of State of Matter:
• Water can exist in three states of matter i.e., solid – ice, liquid – water,gas –
water vapour.
• On heating ice melts into water and then converts into water vapours.
Change in the physical state of matter can be done in two ways:
(A) By Changing the Temperature:

(i) Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid melt to form

liquid at atmospheric pressure is called its melting point. Melting
point of ice is 273.16 K (0º C). During melting the temperature
of ice does not rise even though heat is being supplied continuously
due to latent heat of fusion. This latent heat of fusion is used up to
overcome the forces of attraction between ice particles. At 0º C
energy of water particles is much more than the energy of particles
of ice at 0º C.
• Latent Heat of Fusion: The amount of heat required to change 1 kg solid to its
liquid state (at its melting point) at atmospheric pressure.
(ii) Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid boil to form
vapours at atmospheric pressure is called its boiling point. Boiling
point of water is 373 K (100º C + 273 = 373 K).
• Latent Heat of Vaporization: The amount of heat required to change 1 kg
liquid to its gaseous state (at its boiling point) at atmospheric pressure.
• During boiling the temperature of water does not rise even though heat is being
supplied continuously as this heat of vaporization is used up to over the forces
of attraction between water particles.

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At 100º C, energy of water vapours is much more than the energy of

water at 100º C.
So, we can change one state of matter to another state by changing
temperature.

• At 25ºC, water is liquid.

At 0º C, water is solid (ice).
At 100º C, water is gaseous state (steam).
(iii) Sublimation: The change of solid directly into vapours on heating
and of vapours into solid on cooling without passing through the intervening
liquid state is called sublimation.
Example: When camphor or ammonium chloride is heated in a China
dish covered by a inverted funnel (with cotton plug in its upper open end), the
vapours of ammonium chloride are converted into solid ammonium chloride on
coming in contact with the cold inner walls of the funnel.

Sublimation of Ammonium Chloride

(B) Effect of Change of Pressure:
If we compress a gas in a cylinder, the distance between the particles of
gas is reduced and finally gas is liquefied on lowering temperature.

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• By applying high pressure, the particles of a gas can be brought close

together.
• Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) is changed into carbon dioxide gas directly
without changing into liquid when pressure is reduced to one atmospheric
pressure.
• Thus, states of matter i.e., solid, liquid, gas are determined by temperature
& pressure.

Evaporation: A surface phenomenon in which liquid changes into vapours at any

temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation. Particles on the surface of a
liquid have higher kinetic energy than others, so they break. The forces of attraction
between the particles & escape from the surface of liquid in the form of vapours.
Factors affecting evaporation: Rate of evaporation depends on:
(a) Exposed surface area: On increasing surface area of liquid, rate of
evaporation increases.
(b) Increase in temperature: Increases kinetic energy of particles hence
rate of evaporation increases.
(c) Humidity: When the humidity of air (degree of dampness of air) is low,
evaporation rate is increased. More humidity, less evaporation.
(d) Wind: When wind speed increases, rate of evaporation also increases.
Evaporation always causes cooling: The cooling caused by evaporation is based on
the fact that when a liquid evaporates, it takes latent heat of vaporization from
surroundings which on losing heat get cooled.
Examples:
(i) When we put acetone on our hand, it gets vapourised by taking heat
from our hand and our hand feels cool.
(ii) We should wear cotton clothes in summer to keep cool and comfortable
as cotton is good absorber of water, so it absorbs the sweat from our body
and exposes it to air for evaporation of sweat thus cools our body.
(iii) Often people sprinkle water on ground during summer. This water takes
heat from ground and surrounding air to evaporate, thus making the
place cool.
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QUESTIONS
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (1 Marks)
1. Write different states of matter.
2. Which has more density – liquid or solid?
3. What is the melting point of ice?
4. Boiling point of alcohol is 78º C. Change it into Kelvin scale?
5. Why does gas exert pressure?
6. How do we liquefy the gases?
SHORT QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
1. Classify the matter on the basis of physical and chemical characteristics?
2. Why solid carbon dioxide is called ‘dry ice’?
3. Why do we keep ether and acetone at cool places?
4. Write two factors which will increase rate of evaporation?
5. Which gas is supplied in the liquefied form at home and in hospitals?
SHORT QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
1. Compare the force of attraction between iron, rubber band and chalk?
2. Arrange sugar, water and oxygen in the increasing order of force of
attraction between their particles?
3. Define boiling point, melting point and evaporation?
LONG QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
1. Describe the factors affecting evaporation?
2. (a) Why do we wear cotton clothes in summers?
(b) Why do we feel cold, when we keep acetone and ether on our
palm?
3. Write three characteristics of particles of matter. Give one example of
each?
4. Write the characteristic responsible for:
(a) Smell of perfume spreads in the room.
(b) Water takes the shape of the container in which it is kept.