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1. The document provides a study guide for an exam on muscle anatomy and physiology. It defines various muscle tissues like the perimysium, endomysium, and epimysium. 2. Key terms are defined, including origin and insertion of muscles, prime movers, agonists and antagonists. Major muscle functions like movement and posture are outlined. 3. Muscle fibers are described as large multinucleated cells that differ from typical cells in their high number of mitochondria and nuclei due to cell fusion during development.

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21 views

Index

1. The document provides a study guide for an exam on muscle anatomy and physiology. It defines various muscle tissues like the perimysium, endomysium, and epimysium. 2. Key terms are defined, including origin and insertion of muscles, prime movers, agonists and antagonists. Major muscle functions like movement and posture are outlined. 3. Muscle fibers are described as large multinucleated cells that differ from typical cells in their high number of mitochondria and nuclei due to cell fusion during development.

Uploaded by

price32447
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STUDY GUIDE EXAM 3

1. Define Perimysium-fibrous layer dividing muscles into compartments. Endomysium-


thin layer of areolar connective tissue around each muscle fiber; has collagen & elastic
fibers, blood vessels/nerves supplying muscle fibers. Epimysium-dense sheath of
collagen fibers around the muscle.
2. Define origin and insertion of a muscle- If the place is a bone that remains immobile for
an action, the attachment is called an origin. If the place is on the bone that moves
during the action, the attachment is called an insertion.
3. Define prime mover agonist, antagonist.
4. Identify functions of skeletal muscle-produces body movement, maintains body posture
& body position, supports soft tissues, guard body entrances/exits, maintains body temp.,
also stores heat.
5. How do muscle fibers differ from “typical cells” regarding mitochondria & nuclei- They
develop through the fusion of mesodermal cells (myoblasts) until they become very
large and contain hundreds of nuclei.
6. Define fascicles; a bundle of muscle fibers, also called myocytes, bound together via the
endomysium tissue that provides pathways for the passage of blood vessels and nerves.
define muscle fibers- are large multinucleated cells whose most obvious histological
feature is cross-striations.
7. Identify location & function of the following muscles: diaphragm, temporalis, frontalis,
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, sternocleidomastoid, biceps
brachii, trapezius, serratus anterior, rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal
oblique.
8. Define isometric contraction; occurs when muscle length remains relatively constant as
tension is produced. define isotonic contraction- A muscular contraction in which the
length of the muscle changes
9. Identify muscles under voluntary & involuntary control-skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
muscles
10. Identify muscles that have striations- Skeletal & Cardiac Muscle
11. Know the sequence of events in the contraction of skeletal muscle-
12. Define tetanus- is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. When these
bacteria enter the body, they produce a toxin that causes painful muscle contractions.
13. Define hypertrophy; an increase in the size of cells (or tissues) in response to various
stimuli. define atrophy- the wasting (thinning) or loss of muscle tissue.
14. What gives rise to build up of lactic acid- The production of lactic acid occurs when
oxygen levels are low, generally during high-intensity exercise.
15. Identify the location and function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum- located in the muscle
cells/its function is to store calcium ions that are actively pumped in from cytosol
16. Describe myofibrils- all the action and contraction occur in myofibrils/ small cylindrical
structures arranged parallel inside muscle fiber; run length of muscle fiber
17. Describe muscular dystrophy- a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and
loss of muscle mass. In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with
the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle.
18. Describe lockjaw- It often causes a person's neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it
hard to open the mouth or swallow.
19. Define Myology- the study of the structure, arrangement, and action of muscles.
20. Describe wave summation- occurs when stimulations are delivered to a muscle fiber
faster than it is able to completely relax. When this occurs, the individual contractile
"peaks" become stronger with each subsequent stimulation. incomplete tetanus-
occurs when the frequency of stimuli increases, Successive muscle contractions begin
to blend, almost appearing as a single large contraction. complete tetanus- occurs
when the frequency of stimuli increases still further, in this case, individual muscle
contractions completely fuse to produce one large muscle contraction.

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