UNIT IV : Vehicle systems

 Introduction of chassis Study of power

layouts, transmission system,
 steering system, clutch,
 suspension system, gear box (Simple
 braking system, Numerical),
 cooling system and  propeller shaft,
 fuel injection system universal joint,
and fuel supply system. differential gearbox and
 Study of Electric and axles.
Hybrid Vehicle systems.  Vehicle active and
passive safety
arrangements: seat, seat
belts, airbags
1  antilock brake system.
(a) Front Engine Rear Engine Location and
Wheel Drive (FERWD) Drive Arrangement

1. Engine 6. Propeller Shaft

2. Flywheel 7. Differential
3. Clutch 8. Drive axle
4. Gear Box 9. Wheels
2 5. Universal Joints
 Engine Location and Drive Arrangement
(a) Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive (FERWD)
Mahindra Scorpio,
Mahindra Xylo,
Mahindra Quanto,
Mahindra Bolero

Advantages :
1. Simpler construction of front axle with steering
Disadvantages : mechanism.
1. Additional propeller 2.Front axle supports engine weight and rear axle support pay
shaft needed to connect load, thereby giving balanced weight distribution across
gearbox with differential. vehicle layout.
2. Higher noise levels 3.More luggage/goods holding space at rear.
present in driver’s cabin, 4.As the engine is closer to the driver (which is always at
thereby disturbing the front), small size linkages are needed for control of clutch,
driver. brakes, gearbox, accelerator, etc.
5.Ease of maintenance of engine components due to better
accessibility.
6.Better engine cooling using natural convection of
circulating air (available in abundance at the front of the
vehicle).
3 7.Better dynamic stability of vehicle during braking and
cornering (due to rear wheel drive).
 Engine Location and Drive Arrangement
(b) Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive (RERWD) BMW i3
Volkswagen Karmann Ghia
Volkswagen Bug/Beetle

Advantages :
1.Lesser engine noise, exhaust heat
and smoke in drivers cabin.
Disadvantages : 2.More weight on rear axle ensures
1. Increased vehicle weight on rear better traction control and positive
wheels, thereby reducing vehicle grip while climbing ghat sections.
stability especially at high speeds. 3.Flat rear floor due to absence of
2. Long linkages are required for propeller shaft.
controlling of accelerator, brake, 4.Less rotating parts.
clutch, gearbox, etc. 5.Better dynamic stability of vehicle
3. Lesser luggage/goods storage during braking and cornering (due to
space at rear. rear wheel drive).
4. Natural convection air cooling for 6.Lesser steering control force
engine is not possible. required as the drive is to rear wheels.
5.Tendency of over-steering on turns 7.It affords good visibility for the driver
resulting in lesser stability. and better stream lining of the vehicle
6.Driver may not be able to judge front to decrease the wind resistance.
running
4 conditions of engine.
 Engine Location and Drive Arrangement
(c) Front Engine Front Wheel Drive (FEFWD)

Disadvantages : Advantages :
1. Construction of front wheel 1. This layout provides better grip and
becomes complicated and costly. road holding on curves due to higher
2. Construction of steering gear weight at front.
mechanisms also becomes 2. Better traction control with low
complicated. skid characteristics on slippery or ice
3. High noise transmission from covered surfaces.
engine unit to drivers’ cabin. 3. Flat rear floor due to absence of
4. Higher shock absorbers needed propeller shaft.
to prevent engine vibrations 5. Lesser inertial of rotating parts of
reaching driver’s cabin. drive chain.
6. Better engine cooling using
5 natural convection of circulating air.
 Engine Location and Drive Arrangement
(d) All Wheel Drive (AWD) Maruti Gypsy
Mahindra Scorpio
Renault Duster

Disadvantages:
Advantages :
1. Weight of vehicle increases due
1. Better traction on all four wheels.
to additional drive train components.
2. Better road handling characteristics
2. Increased cost of vehicles due to
on any terrain/area.
additional parts.
3. Suitability of vehicle on any
3. Difficulty in maintenance of
terrain or any type of road, including
parts due to complicated
those covered by thin aqua films
construction.
(especially wet roads in rainy season).
4. Additional transfer gearbox is
4. Equal brake force distribution for
required.
all four wheels.
6
 Engine Location and Drive Arrangement
(e) Articulated Vehicle Layout (AVL) Advantages :
1. Heavy load carrying capacity.
2.Better steering and direction
control on straight as well as curved
paths.
3.Ease of disengagement of tractor
compartment and connection to
another preloaded trailer, thereby
reduced loading and unloading time.
4.Less cost of transport per unit ton
of material handled per kilometre.

Disadvantages:
1. Articulated vehicles are not suitable
on roads with sharp turns or
especially in that sections with less
4. Accidents or skidding of such radius of curvature.
vehicles leads to damage other 2. GVW (Gross Vehicle Weight) is
vehicles in the vicinity, thereby higher, thereby wasting more fuel in
leading to more loss of life and driving empty vehicle itself.
property. 3. Such vehicles can become
bottlenecks on roads with curved
7
paths.
Chassis

8
 Chassis

9
Chassis –
Cross Section

10
Steering System
The function of the Steering system
1. With the help of steering system, the
driver can control the vehicle however
he wants
2. The steering provides stability to the
vehicle on road.
3. It minimizes tyre wear and tear.
4. It prevents road shocks reaching to
the driver.
5. The steering provides self-rightening
effect after taking a turn.

Classification of steering system

1. device steering system
2. ackermann steering system

11
 Ackermann Steering Mechanics

12
Suspension System

13
14
15
16
17
Telescopic
Suspension
System
Gland/Seal

18
19
Braking System

20
Classification of Braking System

21
Drum Brake - Mechanical

22
Drum Brake - Mechanical

23
Drum Brake – Hydraulic

24
Disc Brake

25
Disc Brake

26
Types of cooling system
There are two types of cooling systems:
1) Air cooling system

27
(2) Water - cooling system

28 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7inC4lOpGs
(2) Water - cooling system

29 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7inC4lOpGs
Fuel supply system
30
Fuel supply system Simple carburettor

31
Common-rail direct fuel injection

Electronic Controller
Unit
32
Electronic Driver Unit
Study of power transmission system
Clutch
It connects or disconnects the source of power from the
remaining parts of the power transmission system at the
will of the operator.
Clutches

Positive Friction
Clutch Clutch

Gear Tooth Plate or

Cone Centrifugal
Spiral Disc

Single Multiple
Plate Plate
Positive Type Clutch
Single Plate Clutch
 Centrifugal Clutch

Multi- plate Clutch

Cone Clutch
Gear Box – Need

Gear Box – Classification

37
Sliding
Mesh
Gear
Box

38
Constant Mesh Gear Box

39
Propeller Shaft & Universal Joint

40
Propeller Shaft

41
 Universal
Joint

42
Propeller Shaft & Universal Joint

43
Differential Gearbox

44
Differential Gearbox

45
Axles
The axle is a non rotating bar which doesn’t transmit any
torque but only used to supports rotating machine elements
like wheels, pulleys etc.
Active & Passive Safety Features on a Vehicle:
Active Safety Passive Safety
Features Features
Active safety systems
Passive safety systems
are systems that are
are those systems
always active. They
which remain passive
use an understanding
Definition until they become
of the state of the
active. They become
vehicle to both avoid
active only when a
and minimize the
collision happen
effects of a crash.
Alternate Primary Safety, Driver Secondary Safety,
Name Assistance Systems Crashworthy Systems
To assist in the To protect occupants
Purpose
prevention of a crash during a crash
active prior to an active during an
Active
accident accident
Active & Passive Safety Features on a Vehicle:
Active Safety Passive Safety
Features Features
Examples •Good visibility from •Passenger safety cell,
driver's seat, •Deformation zones,
•Low noise level in •Seat belts,
interior, •Air-bags,
•Legibility of •Laminated glass,
instrumentation and •Correctly positioned
warning symbols, fuel tanks,
•Early warning of •Fuel pump kill
severe braking ahead, switches.
•Head up displays,
•Anti-lock braking
system,
•Electronic Stability
Control,
Anti Lock Breaking System:
Electric Vehicle System:
Hybrid Electric Vehicle System:
Simple
Gear
Train