Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical

Sciences

18(4): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JAMPS.45396

ISSN: 2394-1111

Investigation of Anti-diabetic Properties of Ethanol

Leaf Extract of Bridelia stipularis L. on Alloxan
Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats
Abdus Sobahan Khan1, Rajibul Islam2*, Md. Jahir Alam3
and Muhammed Mahfuzur Rahman1
1
Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
2
Department of Pharmacy, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.
3
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/JAMPS/2018/45396
Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Armando Cuellar, Pharmacy Faculty, Havana University, Cuba.
Reviewers:
(1) Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Nigeria.
(2) Dennis Amaechi, Veritas University, Nigeria.
(3) Muruganandan Shanmugam, Wayne State University, USA.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/27411

Received 03 November 2018

Original Research Article Accepted 17 November 2018
Published 26 November 2018

ABSTRACT

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease that is associated with insulin
secretion, insulin action or both. Its development is directly connected with not only carbohydrate
metabolism but also primarily on lipid metabolism. Oral hypoglycemic agents have been found with
some serious complications which are major clinical problems. Treatment of DM with medicinal
plants and plant based traditional medicine is a potential adjunct therapy to maintain better glycemic
control with a fewer side effects. The present study investigated the antidiabetic effect of Bridelia
stipularis L. leaves on alloxan induced type-2 diabetic rats.
Methods: Diabetes was induced by a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150mg/kg)
in SD rats of either sex and was divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each. Ethanolic extract of leaves
from Bridelia stipularis (BS 250 and 500mg/kg) and glibenclamide (10mg/kg) were orally
administered once daily for 21 days in the treatment and standard group respectively. Blood glucose
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: E-mail: islamrajibbd@gmail.com;

 Khan et al.; JAMPS, 18(4): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JAMPS.45396

levels were measured on 0, 7, 14 and 21 days of oral treatment. OGTT was performed on type-2
diabetic rats and at the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed and blood samples were
collected for the measurement of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoproteins
(LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL), S. creatinine ALT and AST levels.
Results: Result of acute study (OGTT) showed significant effect (p<0.001) after 120 minutes at
500mg/kg dose. After 21 days treatment with BS at 500mg/kg demonstrated a significant
improvement (p<0.001) in the blood glucose level. The BS extract also significantly lowered TC
(p<0.001), TG (p<0.001), LDL-C (p<0.001) levels and improved HDL-C insignificantly in
hyperglycemic animals. Oral administration of BS significantly reduced the serum creatinine
(p<0.001), ALT (p<0.001) and AST (p<0.001) levels when compared to the vehicle treated diabetic
control group. The standard drug (glibenclamide) showed significant effect (p<0.001) on all the
parameters. These findings ensured marked improvement of the pancreatic islet cells indicating
antidiabetic effect of BS extract.
Conclusion: Our observations strongly suggest that ethanol extract from the leaves of B. stipularis
has antidiabetic properties, which is mediated by hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective
effects. Further studies are suggested to investigate the mechanisms of antidiabetic action of the
plant.

Keywords: Bridelia stipularis; hypoglycemic effect; hypolipidemic effect; alloxan induced diabetes;
type-2 diabetes mellitus.

1. INTRODUCTION minimal side effects [12]. The biodiversity of flora

of Bangladesh is very broad and several native
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous Bangladeshi medicinal plant species have a long
metabolic disorder characterised by tradition of use with great phytotherapeutic
hyperglycemia with deficiency of secretion or potential [13]. So, research in medicinal plants is
action of endogenous insulin and no definite a vital sector for the discovery of promising drugs
cause [1,2,3]. It is a multifactorial illness with in Bangladesh [14].
lipoprotein abnormalities, high basal metabolic
rate, and high oxidative stress induced damage Bridelia stipularis L. Blume locally known as
[4,5,6]. Chronic hyperglycemia may lead to Harinhara and Pat Khowi is a perennial
complications of diabetes like changes in evergreen woody climber or scandent shrubs,
metabolism, nerve, kidney, foot ulceration, and branches up to 20 m, rarely small trees. It is
vascular tissue. Protein glycation, the most widely distributed to China, Taiwan, Bangladesh,
important source of free radicals, contributes to India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand,
the progression of these complications in both Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines. It
types 1 and 2 diabetes and mediates the is harvested from the wild for local use as food,
pathogenic effects [7,8]. medicine and source of materials. The plant is
used in pleurisy & exudation, cough, fever,
Many therapeutic approaches have been utilised asthma, sores in mouth, jaundice, anaemia due
for the treatment of diabetes including insulin and to pregnancy, white spots in the skin,
oral hypoglycemic agents. Most of the drugs in inflammation, diarrhoea, hypertension and
current use have been reported with serious side hyperglycaemia [15,16,17].
effects and cost of treatment is high [9].
Therefore, to face these challenges, plants can The aim of the present study was to evaluate the
be used as the major source of drugs for the antidiabetic effect of Bridelia stipularis leaves
treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) which have against alloxan induced type-2 diabetic rats.
been used in Indian medicine and other ancient
systems in the world for a long time [10]. World 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
ethnobotanical information about medicinal
plants reports that almost 800 plants could be 2.1 Plant Collection and Extraction
used to control DM [10,11]. The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the The leaves of Bridelia stipularis was collected
worlds’ populations use traditional medicine.The from Sylhet area of Bangladesh, taxonomically
continued use of traditional medicines is linked to identified and authenticated by the Bangladesh
their low cost and a general belief that they have National Herbarium, Mirpur, Dhaka (Voucher No.

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 Khan et al.; JAMPS, 18(4): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JAMPS.45396

DACB 40630). The collected materials were continued for 21 days in hyperglyceamic rats.
shed dried at 35ºC–40ºC for a week and crushed Blood samples were collected from the cut tip of
into moderately coarse powder. This powder was the tail at 0, 7, 14 and 21st day from the
extracted using ethanol, dried under reduced respective start of treatments and measured
pressure and finally extract was obtained. serum glucose. At the end of the experiment rats
were sacrificed, blood was collected and serum
2.2 Experimental Animals lipid profile, creatinine, ALT and AST levels were
estimated by enzymatic colorimetric method [21].
The study was conducted with adult Sprague
Dawley (SD) rats (weighing 150-200g) of either 2.6 Biochemical Analysis
sex. They were bred at the Jahangirnagar
University animal house maintained at a constant Serum glucose was measured by glucose-
room temperature of 22±5ºC, 40-70% humidity oxidase-peroxidase method (GOD-POD) using a
conditions and the natural day-night cycle with an commercial kit (glucose kit, Randox™, UK). The
ad libitum access to food except the day of total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), HDL and LDL
experimental procedure when animals were used by enzymatic-colorimetric method [22].
after 12 hrs fasting. The rats had no access to
food during the whole period of blood sampling.
2.7 Statistical Analysis
All protocols for animal experiment were
approved by the institutional animal ethical
committee. Graphs were prepared by using MS Excel 2007
and data analysis for animal studies were done
2.3 Induction of Type 2 Diabetes by SPSS 16.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago,
Illinois, USA) using the One way ANOVA
Rats were injected with a freshly prepared followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. All the
solution of alloxan monohydrate (i.p.) in saline data were presented as Mean±SEM. *(P<0.05),
(300 mM NaCl) at a dose of (150 mg/kg, b.w.). **(p<0.01) and ***(p<0.001) were counted as
Alloxan injection can provoke fatal hypoglycemia significant, highly significant and very highly
as a result of reactive massive release of significant respectively as compared to the
pancreatic insulin, so rats were also given orally vehicle treated diabetic control group [22].
5–10 mL of a 20% glucose solution after 6 h.
Rats were then kept for the next 24 h on a 5% 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
glucose solution as beverage to prevent too
severe hypoglycemia. After 1 week, rats Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which
displaying fasting glucose level 8-15 mmol/l were causes millions of deaths worldwide each year
chosen for the experiments [18,19]. as a result of the associated complications.
Hyperglycaemia is an independent risk factor in
2.4 Acute Study the development of chronic diabetic
complications. Therefore the management of
OGTT was conducted in control and treated type 2 diabetes relies on the maintenance of
groups of rats, 24 h before decapitation of rats. blood glucose concentration in a normal or near
All groups were administrated glucose (3g/kg) by normal level [23,24].
gastric gavages route. Blood glucose levels were
determined at 0, 60 and 120 min subsequently to The present study investigated the effects of a
receive glucose and fasting glucose was medicinal plant, Bridelia stipularis (BS) on body
measured [20]. weight, blood glucose, serum lipids, serum
creatinine, SGPT and SGOT in alloxan induced
2.5 Chronic Study type-2 diabetic model rats.

Hyperglycaemic (Type-2) animals were then Treatment of diabetic rats with 250mg/kg and
divided into five groups of six animals each. 500mg/kg of B. stipularis extract in the oral
Group I and II were treated with saline and glucose tolerance test (OGTT), improved
served as normal control and diabetic control. glucose tolerance at 120 minute which was
Group III was administered glibenclamide and found to be significant (p<0.001) at 500mg/kg.
served as standard. Group IV and V were Glibenclamide (5mg/kg) showed a significant fall
administered ethanolic extract of Bridelia in serum glucose level at 120 min
stipularis at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg body (p<0.001).Therefore, the extract of B. stipularis
weight by the oral route. All doses were showed significant antihyperglycemic effect at

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 Khan et al.; JAMPS, 18(4): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JAMPS.45396

120 min in fasting rats as well as when fed risk factors in type-2 diabetes [25]. Studies have
simultaneously with oral glucose load in type 2 shown that the post-meal hyperglycemia
model rats (Fig. 1). doubled the risk of heart disease and fatal
cardiovascular diseases [26]. In acute test the
It has been demonstrated that the post-prandial extract opposed the rise of blood glucose when
hyperglycemia is an important cardiovascular was fed with simultaneous glucose load.

16

14
Glucose level (mmol/L)

12

10 Normal Control
Diabetic Control
8
STD
6
BS 250 mg/kg
4 BS 500 mg/kg

0
0 min 60 min 120 min

Fig. 1. Effect of ethanolic extract of BS on the OGTT in type-2 diabetic rats

[N.B: Data were analysed by one way ANOVA following Bonferroni post hoc test. Values are expressed as
Mean±SEM, n=6. *(p< 0.05) = significant, ** (p< 0.01) = highly significant, *** (p< 0.001) = very highly significant
compared to diabetic control]

250

200
Body Weight (gm)

Normal Control
150
Diabetic Control
STD
100
BS 250 mg/kg
BS 500 mg/kg
50

0
Initial BW (gm) Final BW (gm)

Fig. 2. Effect of ethanolic extract of BS on the body weight after 21 days feeding in alloxan
induced type-2 diabetic rats
[N.B: Data were analysed by one way ANOVA following Bonferroni post hoc test. Values are expressed as
Mean±SEM, n=6. *(p< 0.05) = significant, ** (p< 0.01) = highly significant, *** (p< 0.001) = very highly significant
compared to diabetic control]

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 Khan et al.; JAMPS, 18(4): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JAMPS.45396

18

16

14
Glucose level (mmol/L)

12
Normal Control
10 Diabetic Control
8 STD

6 BS 250 mg/kg
BS 500 mg/kg
4

0
Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21

Fig. 3. Effect of ethanolic extract of BS on the fasting blood glucose level after 21 days feeding
in type-2 diabetic rats
[N.B: Data were analysed by one way ANOVA following Bonferroni post hoc test. Values are expressed as
Mean±SEM, n=6. *(p< 0.05) = significant, ** (p< 0.01) = highly significant, *** (p< 0.001) = very highly significant
compared to diabetic control]

250

200

150 Normal Control

mg/dl

Diabetic Control
STD
100
BS 250 mg/kg
BS 500 mg/kg

50

0
TC TG LDL HDL

Fig. 4. Effect of BS on total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-C and HDL-C level after 21
days feeding in type-2 diabetic rats
[N.B: Data were analysed by one way ANOVA following Bonferroni post hoc test. Values are expressed as
Mean±SEM, n=6. *(p< 0.05) = significant, ** (p< 0.01) = highly significant, *** (p< 0.001) = very highly significant
compared to diabetic control]

5
 Khan et al.; JAMPS, 18(4): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JAMPS.45396

2
1.8
1.6
S. creatinine level (mg/dl)

1.4
1.2
Normal Control
1
Diabetic Control
0.8
STD
0.6
BS 250 mg/kg
0.4
0.2 BS 500 mg/kg

0
Normal Diabetic STD BS 250 BS 500
Control Control mg/kg mg/kg
Group

Fig. 5. Effect of BS extract on the serum creatinine level after 21 days feeding in type-2
diabetic rats
[N.B: Data were analysed by one way ANOVA following Bonferroni post hoc test. Values are expressed as
Mean±SEM, n=6. *(p< 0.05) = significant, ** (p< 0.01) = highly significant, *** (p< 0.001) = very highly significant
compared to diabetic control]

140

120

100

Normal Control
80
Diabetic Control
IU/L

STD
60
BS 250 mg/kg

40 BS 500 mg/kg

20

0
SGPT SGOT

Fig. 6. Effect of BS extract on the SGPT and SGOT level after 21 days feeding in type-2
diabetic rats
[N.B: Data were analysed by one way ANOVA following Bonferroni post hoc test. Values are expressed as
Mean±SEM, n=6. *(p< 0.05) = significant, ** (p< 0.01) = highly significant, *** (p< 0.001) = very highly significant
compared to diabetic control]

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 Khan et al.; JAMPS, 18(4): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JAMPS.45396

The effect of ethanolic extract of BS (250mg & antihyperlipidemic effects of BS pass through a
500mg/kg) and standard antidiabetic drug decrease in intestinal cholesterol absorption or a
(glibenclamide 5mg/kg) on blood glucose level decrease in the biosynthesis of cholesterol
and other biochemical parameters in alloxan specifically by decreasing the activity of HMG-
induced type 2 diabetic rats has been depicted CoA reductase inhibitors [29].
after 21 days continuous treatment.
Hyperglycaemia is considered as major risk in
It is known that loss of body weight and the development of diabetic nephropathy. There
decreased growth rate in diabetic rats is due to are different mechanisms by which increased
increased catabolism of protein and muscle blood glucose level causes nephropathy. It
wasting [27]. Rats treated with BS extract produces the oxidative stress [30]. Serum
improved body weight suggesting that the higher creatinine level is a biomarker of renal function.
dose of BS could be protective against protein
degradation by improving glycemic control Oral administration of B. stipularis extract
(Fig. 2). reduced the serum creatinine level at both doses
but significantly (p<0.001) at 500mg/kg dose
At day 0 and day 7 there was no comparable (Fig. 5). A decrease in creatinine level by BS
changes in blood glucose level as compared to extract suggests an improvement in renal
diabetic control group. At day 14 a significant function and reinforcement from oxidative stress.
change was observed by BS extract but highly
significant changes by glibenclamide (5mg/kg). Increase in the plasma SGPT and SGOT are
observed in the condition in which pancreas,
After a 21 days chronic study, the BS extract at liver, kidney and heart are destroyed [31]. The
both 250mg and 500mg/kg dose on type 2 present results showed that injection of alloxan
diabetic rats showed highly significant reduction induces a hepatocellular damage, which is
in serum glucose level (p<0.001) whereas, indicated by significant increase in SGPT and
glibenclamide (5mg/kg) showed very highly SGOT in diabetic group as compared to control
significant (p<0.001) reduction of glucose level. group (Fig. 6).
Therefore, the extract has comparable
antidiabetic activity with glibenclamide (Fig. 3). In the present study, ethanolic extract of B.
stipularis significantly decreased SGPT and
Thus, the result of chronic antihyperglycemic SGOT enzyme level in diabetic rats. The
study on alloxan induced type 2 diabetic rats improvements in the levels of the enzymes
indicates that, the BS decreases the serum studied are a consequence of an improvement in
glucose level highly significantly and in a time the carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
dependent manner. [32]. Therefore, BS treatment showed significant
hepatoprotective activity in alloxan inuced type-2
Dyslipidemia is one of the complications of diabetic rats.
hyperglycemia. Untreated diabetic animals
showed a significant increase in serum TC, LDL- In the present study, the Bridelia stipularis leaves
C and TG concentrations against low levels of were selected for the evaluation of possible
HDL-C after alloxan administration [28]. The antidiabetic activity. The above results suggest
serum lipid profile of rats was evaluated in this that, it has antihyperglycemic activity both at
study. Treatment of type 2 diabetic rats with acute and chronic study. The lipid profile was
ethanolic extract of BS (250 mg & 500mg/kg), found to be significantly improved. The alcoholic
improved dyslipidemia. At day 21, BS 500mg/kg extract also has prominent effect on serum
produced significant reduction of total creatinine, SGPT and SGOT level.
cholesterol (p<0.001), triglycerides (p<0.001),
and LDL-C (p<0.001) level whereas HDL-C level 4. CONCLUSION
was changed insignificantly as compared to the
diabetic control group. The effects were The overall findings of this study focused that
comparable to that of the standard drug treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats, with
glibenclamide (Fig. 4). the extract of Bridelia stipularis for 21days, could
restore normal bioactivities by shifting lipid and
These ameliorating effects demonstrated the carbohydrate metabolism homeostasis.
antihyperlipidemic effect of B. stipularis, and it Furthermore, BS showed significant
could also be suggested that this nephroprotective and hepatoprotective actions.

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Peer-review history:
The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/27411