7

Transmission line

Dr. Maha Raouf

2022/2023
GENERATOR AND LOAD
MISMATCHES
Generator And Load Mismatches
 Because both the generator and load are mismatched, multiple reflections can occur on the line.
 In the steady state, the net result is a single wave traveling toward the load, and a single reflected
wave traveling toward the generator.
 We will study the condition for maximum power transfer from the generator to the load

 The voltage on the line can be written as

 we can find 𝑉0+ from the voltage at the generator end of the line, where z = −l:
Generator And Load Mismatches
Generator And Load Mismatches
 The power delivered to the load is

 Now let
Generator And Load Mismatches

 Case 1: Load Matched to Line:

 Case 2: Generator Matched to Loaded Line:

Observe that even though the loaded line is matched to the generator, the power delivered to the load
may be less than power in load matched to line
Generator And Load Mismatches
 Case 3: Conjugate Matching:
 Assuming that the generator series impedance Zg is fixed, we may vary the input impedance Zin until
we achieve the maximum power delivered to the load.
 To maximize P, we differentiate with respect to the real and imaginary parts of Zin
Generator And Load Mismatches

 Solving Xin and Rin equations

conjugate matching

 The maximum power transfer to the load for a fixed generator impedance
Generator And Load Mismatches

 Important notes:
1. The reflection coefficients 𝜞𝒍 , Γ, and 𝜞𝒈 may be nonzero.

2. If the generator impedance is real (Xg = 0), then the last two cases reduce to the same result, which
is that maximum power is delivered to the load when the loaded line is matched to the generator (Rin =
Rg, with Xin = Xg = 0)

3. Matching for zero reflection (𝒁𝒍 = 𝒁𝟎 ) not necessary yields a system with the best efficiency.
For example: if 𝐙𝐠 = 𝐙𝐥 = 𝐙𝟎 then both load and generator are matched (no reflections), but only
half the power produced by the generator is delivered to the load (the other half is lost in Zg).
SINGLE-STUB TUNING
Single-Stub Tuning
 At microwave frequencies, we implement reactive elements using stubs
 Stub: a length of transmission line, terminated in either short or open
 Ideal stub has purely reactive input impedance
 Matching technique uses a single open-circuited or short-circuited either in parallel or in series
with the transmission feed line at a certain distance from the load stub connected d

 2 adjustable parameters
– d: from the load to the stub position.
– B or X provided by the shunt or series stub.
Single-Stub Tuning
shunt-stub
 The basic idea is to select d so that the admittance, Y , seen looking into the line at distance d from
the load is of the form Y0 + j B. Then the stub susceptance is chosen as −jB, resulting in a matched
condition.
Single-Stub Tuning
Single-Stub Tuning
series-stub
 For the series-stub case, the distance d is selected so that the impedance, Z, seen looking into the
line at a distance d from the load is of the form Z0 + j X. Then the stub reactance is chosen as −j X,
resulting in a matched condition.
Single-Stub Tuning
 Example SINGLE-STUB SERIES TUNING
Match a load impedance of ZL = 100 + j80 to a 50 line using a single series open-circuit stub.
Assuming that the load is matched at 2 GHz and that the load consists of a resistor and inductor in
series

Sol:
 At 2 GHz, the load will be R=100 Ω and L= 6.37 nH
plot the normalized load impedance, Zl = 2 + j1.6, and draw the SWR circle.
 4 l 1= 0.397
Solution # 1

0.208

1st sol. requires a stub with a reactance of j1.33

1
ZL

3Z O.C

Z1 2

0.328
 0.172 Solution # 2

Z2
2 0.208

2nd sol. requires a stub with a reactance of - j1.33

1
ZL

3Z O.C

4 l 2 = 0.103
Series Single Stub Tuning Analytical Solution
 To derive formulas for d and l

1. Location of the stub:

𝑌𝑙 = 1ൗ𝑍 = 𝐺𝑙 + 𝑗𝐵𝑙
𝑙
The admittance Y down a length d of line from the load
Series Single Stub Tuning Analytical Solution

 There are two principal solutions for d are

Series Single Stub Tuning Analytical Solution
2. Length of the stub:
𝑋𝑠 = −𝑋
 For an open-circuited stub:

 For a short-circuited stub:

Single-Stub Tuning
 Example: SINGLE-STUB SHUNT TUNING
For a load impedance Zl = 60 − j80 , design two single-stub (short circuit) shunt tuning networks to
match this load to a 50 line. Assuming that the load is matched at 2 GHz and that the load consists of a
resistor and capacitor in series

Sol:
 At 2 GHz, the load will be R=60 Ω and C=0.995 pF
 The first step is to plot the normalized load impedance Zl = 1.2 − j1.6, construct the appropriate
SWR circle, and convert to the load admittance, yL
 Solution # 1
1. The first step is to plot the normalized load impedance
Zl = 1.2 − j1.6

2. Convert to the load admittance Yl

𝑌𝑙 = 0.3 + 𝑗0.4 at λ = 0.315

3. Construct the appropriate SWR circle
4. Find the 1st sol. for admittance

Y1 = 1.00 + j1.47

5. d1= 0.11 λ
6. Required stub susceptance is –j1.47 with length l1= 0.095λ
 Solution # 2
1. The first step is to plot the normalized load impedance
Zl = 1.2 − j1.6

2. Convert to the load admittance Yl

𝑌𝑙 = 0.3 + 𝑗0.4 at λ = 0.315

3. Construct the appropriate SWR circle
4. Find the 1st sol. for admittance

Y1 = 1.00 - j1.47

5. d1= 0.260 λ
6. Required stub susceptance is +j1.47 with length l1= 0.405λ
Shunt Single Stub Tuning Analytical Solution
 To derive formulas for d and l

1. Location of the stub:

𝑍𝑙 = 1ൗ𝑌 = 𝑅𝑙 + 𝑗𝑋𝑙
𝑙
The impedance Z down a length d of line from the load
Shunt Single Stub Tuning Analytical Solution

 There are two principal solutions for d are

Shunt Single Stub Tuning Analytical Solution
2. Length of the stub:

 For an open-circuited stub:

 For a short-circuited stub: