ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

EC 202
DoECE
Sardar Vallabhbhai National
Institute Of Technplogy
Module 4
TRANSMISSION LINE ANALYSIS

Section 4
Impedance Matching and Tuning
 WHY MATCHING OR TUNING IS
IMPORTANT?
 To maximize power delivery and minimize power loss.
 To improve signal to noise ratio as in sensitive receiver components
such as LNA, antenna, etc.
 To reduce amplitude and phase error as in distributed network such
as antenna array.

Matching
Z0 Network
Load ZL
Basic idea of impedance matching
 CONCEPT OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
In lump circuit in circuit Theory
Power deliver at ZL is PL
Zo
2
1 1 2 1  Vi 
PL  VL I  I Z L    ZL
2 2 2  Z L  Zo 
Vi I ZL VL

Power maximum whence ZL = Zo

Z0 ZL
In transmission line Theory or EM Theory

Pin Z0  Power Reflected=Pr=Pin |ρ|2

Z L  Zo Z L  RL  jX L Power Delivered=PL=Pin(1-|ρ|2 )
 
Z L  Zo
 CONCEPT OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER (CONTD.)

In transmission line 
Pin Z0 ZL  RL  jX L
Z L  Zo
 
Z L  Zo

Pin=PL+PR
The important parameter is reflection
PR
coefficient
Power Reflected=Pr=Pin |ρ|2
PL
Power Delivered=Pd=Pin(1-|ρ|2 )
No reflection whence ZL = Zo , hence ρ=0 Z0 ZL
The load ZL can be matched as long as ZL not equal to zero (short-
circuit) or infinity (open-circuit)
FACTORS IN SELECTING MATCHING NETWORK

Complexity: simpler, cheaper, more reliable and low loss

circuit is preferred.
Bandwidth: match over a desirable bandwidth.
Implementation: depend on types of transmission line either
cable, stripline, microstripline, waveguide, lump circuit etc.
Adjustability: some network may need adjustment to match
a variable load.
 LOSSY IMPEDANCE MATCHING
Design a Impedance matching Network (IMN) using
lumped component to match ZL=10+j10Ω to Z0=50Ω.
Simple Solution-Lossy.

IMN→ Bad solution, as resistor

will consume power

ZL=10+j10Ω
 SINGLE-STUB MATCHING
A parallel (shunt) susceptance is added at a distance d from the load.
d Note:
The “+” denotes just to the
right of the point z = -d.
Y0  1/ Z0 Y0 ZL
Goal: determine d, Bs
Ys  jBs 
Y  G  jB  
in in in

1) We choose the distance d so that at this distance from the load


Y  Y0  jB
in

in i.e., G
in  Y0 , or G N
in 1

2) We then choose the shunt susceptance so that Bs   Bin

7
 SINGLE-STUB MATCHING (CONT.)
d

Ys  jBs
Y0 ZL


Y  Y0  jB  Yin  Y0  jBin The feeding transmission
in in
line on the left sees a
d perfect match!

Yin  Y0  Zin  Z 0
Y0 Ys  jBs ZL

 
Bs   B

Y  Y0 Y  Y0  jB
in in
in
in
8
SINGLE-STUB MATCHING (CONT.)
Realization using a shorted stub
(An open-circuited stub could also be used.)
d
Ys  jBs
Z0 ZL
Z 0s
Z 0s
ls
Goal: Find d and ls.
ls

9
 SINGLE-STUB MATCHING (CONT.)
We use the Smith chart as an admittance calculator to determine the distance d.
d
Z0 ZL Note: If desired, we can use
the Smith chart in step # 4 to
find the stub length ls.
Z 0s

ls

1)Convert the load impedance ZL to a load admittance YL.

2)Determine the distance d to make the normalized input conductance
equal to 1.0.
3)Determine the required value of Bs to cancel Bin+ (Bs = - Bin+).
4)Determine the stub length ls from the value of Bs. 10
 SINGLE-STUB MATCHING (CONT.)
Example Z 0  50 []
Z L  100  j100 []
d

Assume Z0 s  Z0
Z0 ZL Z  2  j2
N
L

Z 0s
1
ls Y  N
 0.25  j  0.25
2  j2
L

j /6
Z L  Z0 Z  1
N  L  0.62 e  0.62 30 o

L  L
Z L  Z0 Z  1
N
L L  0.62 e j /6  0.62 30o
11
 SINGLE-STUB MATCHING (CONT.)
Solution 1: Im  0.041  0.178  0.219
Add YsN  - j1.57 at d  0.219 0.041  0.322  0.363

Solution 2 : 0.178
Add YsN   j1.57 at d  0.363 1  j1.57

Use this one

Wavelengths 0.219 Z LN
toward generator Z LN  2  j 2
Wavelengths 0.5 Re 
toward load 0.363
0.041
Note: GinN  1
0.5 - 0.459 = 0.041 Gin  1
YLN

0.459  0.25  j 0.25 1  j1.57

d  0.219
Smith chart scale: 0.322

12
Solution :
Add YsN  - j1.57 at d  0.219
or YsN   j1.57 at d  0.363

Wavelengths
toward generator

Wavelengths
toward load

Note:
0.5 - 0.459 = 0.041

0.041  0.178  0.219

0.041  0.322  0.363
13
SINGLE-STUB MATCHING (CONT.)
Final Design 1
Zin  50  d d  0.219

Z0 ZL

Z 0s

ls ls  0.0903

14
SINGLE-STUB MATCHING (CONT.)
Final Design 2
Zin  50  d d  0.363

Z0 ZL

Z 0s

ls ls  0.41

15
 SINGLE-STUB MATCHING (CONT.)
Unmatched 1.62 1+  L  1.62
 L  0.62 e j /6 1.55
 L  0.62
1.0
ZL V z / V 
0.78

0.38 1- L  0.38
z
0
z
z 0.292 0.219 0.042
0.178

0.042 (0.25  0.178 )

Z LN
1.55
0 1.62
0.38 0.250 Crank Diagram
0.78

Recall: The stub is

0.219 located at d = 0.219 
0.397
Recall : V  z  / V   1    z 
16
 CONVERSION BETWEEN OPEN CIRCUIT AND
SHORT CIRCUIT
 If open circuit length 𝓁open > 0.25λ
 Then short circuit length 𝓁Short =(𝓁open -0.25λ)
 If open circuit length 𝓁open < 0.25λ
 Then short circuit length 𝓁Short =(𝓁open +0.25λ)
Similarly
 If short circuit length 𝓁Short > 0.25λ
 Then open circuit length 𝓁open =(𝓁Short -0.25λ)
 If short circuit length 𝓁open < 0.25λ
 Then open circuit length 𝓁open =(𝓁Short +0.25λ)
17
 SINGLE STUB TUNING
A matching technique that uses a single open-
circuited or short-circuited length of transmission
line (a "stub"),

A matching circuit connected either in parallel or

in series with the transmission feed line at a certain
distance from the load, as shown in Figure 5.4
 SINGLE STUB TUNING (CONTD.)
The single-stub shunt tuning circuit is shown in Figure 5.4a.
We will first discuss an example illustrating the Smith chart
solution, and then derive formulas for d and l.
SINGLE STUB TUNING (CONTD.)
SINGLE STUB TUNING (CONTD.)

(b) Series stub

 SINGLE STUB TUNING (CONTD.)
•For a load impedance ZL=60 -j80Ω, design
two single-stub (short circuit) shunt tuning
networks to match this load to a 50Ω line.
Assuming that the load is matched at 2 GHz,
and that the load consists of a resistor and
capacitor in series, plot the reflection
coefficient magnitude from 1 GHz to 3 GHz
for each solution
• The first step is to plot the normalized load impedance
zL= 1.2 - j I .6
• Construct the appropriate SWR circle, and convert to the
load admittance, yL, as shown on the Smith chart in
Figure 5.5a
• The SWR circle intersects the 1+ jb circle at two points,
denoted as y1 and y2 in Figure 5.5a
• Thus the distance d, from the load to the stub, is given by either
of these two intersections
 SINGLE STUB
TUNING
(CONTD.)
• Solution of
Example5.2.( a)
Smith chartf or the
shunt-stub tuners
 SINGLE STUB TUNING (CONTD.)
• At the two intersection points, the normalized admittances are
y1 = 1.00 + j1.47,
y2 = 1.00 − j1.47.
• Thus, the first tuning solution requires a stub with a
susceptance of −j1.47.
• The length of a short-circuited stub that gives this
susceptance can be found on the Smith chart by
starting at y =∞ (the short circuit) and moving along
the outer edge of the chart (g = 0) toward the generator
to the −j1.47 point. The stub length is then
l1= 0.095λ.
• Similarly, the required short-circuit stub length for the
second solution is
l2 = 0.405λ.
SINGLE STUB TUNING (CONTD.)
 SINGLE STUB TUNING (CONTD.)
SINGLE-STUB SERIES TUNING
• Match a load impedance of ZL = 100 + j80 to a 50Ω
line using a single series open-circuit stub. Assuming
that the load is matched at 2 GHz and that the load
consists of a resistor and inductor in series, plot the
reflection coefficient magnitude from 1 to 3 GHz.
 SINGLE STUB TUNING (CONTD.)
• First plot the normalized load impedance, zL = 2 + j1.6, and draw
the SWR circle.
• For the series-stub design the chart is an impedance chart.
• Note that the SWR circle intersects the 1 + j x circle at two
points, denoted as z1 and z2 in Figure 5.6a.
• The shortest distance, d1, from the load to the stub is, from the
WTG scale,
d1 = 0.328 − 0.208 = 0.120λ,
• and the second distance is
d2 = (0.5 − 0.208) + 0.172 = 0.463λ.
 SINGLE
STUB
TUNING
(CONTD.)
SINGLE STUB TUNING (CONTD.)
• The normalized impedances at the two intersection points are
z1 = 1 − j1.33,
z2 = 1 + j1.33.
• Thus, the first solution requires a stub with a reactance of
j1.33.
• The length of an open-circuited stub that gives this reactance
can be found on the Smith chart by starting at z =∞(open
circuit), and moving along the outer edge of the chart (r = 0)
toward the generator to the j1.33 point.
• This gives a stub length of
l1 = 0.397λ.
 SINGLE STUB TUNING (CONTD.)
• Similarly, the required open-circuited stub length for the
second solution is
l2 = 0.103λ.
SINGLE STUB TUNING (CONTD.)
 DISADVANTAGE OF SINGLE-STUB TUNING
The single-stub tuner suffers from the disadvantage
of requiring a variable length of line between the
load and the stub.
This may not be a problem for a fixed matching
circuit.
It would probably pose some difficulty if an
adjustable tuner was desired.
The double-stub tuner, which uses two tuning stubs
in fixed positions, can be used