Lecture 1

Course code: ICT 1201
Course Title: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

Semester: II (July-December’2022)
Course Teacher
Dr. Monir Morshed
Professor, Dept. of ICT
Email:monirmorshed.ict@mbstu.ac.bd
Course Contents
Theory of semiconductor: Energy band diagram of conductor, insulator and semiconductor,
intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor, effects of temperature on extrinsic semiconductors, Drift,
Diffusion and other carrier theory.
Semiconductors diodes: Theory of p-n junction as diode, Junction diode characteristics and
applications, Zener diodes and its application, Schottky Barrier Diodes, Varactor Diodes, Photo
Diodes, Tunnel diodes, PIN diode, LCD, Half wave and full wave rectification with filtering and
voltage regulators and power supply design.
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT): PNP and NPN transistors, principles of operation, biasing
and thermal stability, characteristics in different configurations, small signal analysis, BJT
amplifiers, -model, T-model, transistor switching time, equivalent circuits using
transconductance parameter for low, medium and high frequency operation of BJT.
Field Effect Transistor (FET): Construction of JFET and MOSFET, characteristics and
principles of operation, FET biasing, small signal analysis, introduction to CMOS and its
application. Application of FETs as amplifier and switches, load line analysis, equivalent circuits
using transconductance parameter for low, medium and high frequency operation of FETs,
Ebers-Moll model view; design and analysis of single/multistage amplifiers, power amplifiers,
differential amplifiers.
Industrial Semiconductor Device: Structure and basic operation of LED, SCR, UJT, DIAC,
TRIAC, photo diodes, phototransistor, solar cells, Concept on vacuum devices.
Recommended Books
Sl. Book Name Author Name
1. Microelectronic Circuits : Sedra& Smith
2. Electronic Devices & Circuits : Millman&Halkias
3. Electronic Devices & Circuits : Bapat K N
4. Functional Electronics : Ramanan
5. Pulse Digital and Switching Waveforms : Millman&Taub
6. Electronic Devices & Circuits : Allan Mottorshed
7. Integrated Electronics : Millman&Halkias
8. Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory : Boylestead&Neshelsky
9. Electronic Circuits ,Discrete & Integrated” : Schilling &Belove
10. Priciples of Electronics : K Metha
Course Objectives
To introduce basic semiconductor devices, their
characteristics and application
To understand analysis and design of simple diode
circuit
To learn to analyze the PN junction behavior at the
circuit level and its role in the operation of diodes and
active device
Course Outcomes
CO 1: Ability to analyze PN junctions in semiconductor
devices under various conditions.
CO 2: Ability to design and analyze simple rectifiers and
voltage regulators using diodes.
CO 3: Ability to describe the behavior of special
purpose diodes.
CO 4: Ability to design and analyze simple BJT and
MOSFET circuits.
The Atom
All matter is composed of atoms; all atoms consist of electrons, protons, and
neutrons except normal hydrogen, which does not have a neutron.
Fig.: The Bohr model of an atom showing electrons in orbits around the nucleus, which consists of
protons and neutrons. The “tails” on the electrons indicate motion.
Electrons and Shells
Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom at certain distances from the nucleus.
Electrons near the nucleus have less energy.
Each discrete distance (orbit) from the nucleus corresponds to a certain

energy level. In an atom, the orbits are grouped into energy levels known as
shells.
Fig.: Illustration of the Bohr model of the silicon atom.

Valance Electrons and Ionization
Electrons with the highest energy exist in the outermost shell of an atom
and are relatively loosely bound to the atom. This outermost shell is known
as the valence shell and electrons in this shell are called valence electrons.
• Valance electrons contribute to chemical reactions and bonding
• Valance electrons can break from its atom with gaining sufficient
energy from external source.
If a valance electrons acquires a sufficient amount of energy, called

ionization energy, the valance electrons can escape from the outer shell
(also called valance shell). The process of losing a valence electron is known
as ionization.
• The escaped valance electron is called a free electron.
• And resulting positively charged atom is called a positive ion.
• The atom that has acquired the extra electron is called a negative
ion.
Materials in Electronics
An insulator is a material that does not conduct electrical current under
normal conditions. Valence electrons are tightly bound to the atoms;
therefore, there are very few free electrons in an insulator. Examples of
insulators are rubber, plastics, glass, mica, and quartz.
A conductor is a material that easily conducts electrical current such as

copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and aluminum (Al), which are
characterized by atoms with only one valence electron very loosely bound to
the atom.
A semiconductor is a material that is between conductors and insulators in

its ability to conduct electrical current. A semiconductor in its pure (intrinsic)
state is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator. Single-element
semiconductors are antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), astatine (At), boron (B),
polonium (Po), tellurium (Te), silicon (Si), and germanium (Ge). Compound
semiconductors such as gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium nitride,
silicon carbide, and silicon germanium are also commonly used. The single-
element semiconductors are characterized by atoms with four valence
electrons. Silicon is the most commonly used semiconductor.
Band Gap or Energy Gap
When an electron acquires enough additional energy, it can leave the
valence shell, become a free electron, and exist in what is known as the
conduction band. The difference in energy between the valence band and
the conduction band is called an energy gap or band gap.
Energy levels: (a) discrete levels in isolated atomic structures; (b) conduction and
valence bands of an insulator, a semiconductor, and a conductor.
Comparison of a Semiconductor Atom
to a Conductor Atom
Silicon is a semiconductor and copper is a conductor. Notice that the core of
the silicon atom has a net charge of 4 (14 protons 10 electrons) and the core
of the copper atom has a net charge of 1 (29 protons 28 electrons).
Covalent Bonds
This bonding of atoms, strengthened by the sharing of
electrons, is called covalent bonding.
Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonding of the silicon atom. Covalent bonding of the GaAs crystal.
Conduction Electrons and Holes
An intrinsic (pure) silicon crystal at room

temperature has sufficient heat (thermal) energy
for some valence electrons to jump the gap from
the valence band into the conduction band,
It leaves vacancy in the valence band within becoming free electrons. Free electrons are also
the crystal. This vacancy is called a hole. called conduction electrons.
Recombination occurs when a conduction-band

electron loses energy and falls back into a hole in the
valance band.
Electron and Hole Current
In conduction band: when a voltage is applied across a piece of intrinsic
silicon, the thermally generated free electrons in the conduction band, are
now easily attracted toward the positive end, this movement of free electrons
create a current is called electron current.
Electron current in intrinsic silicon is produced by the

movement of thermally generated free electrons.
In valance band: In the valence band, holes generated due to free electrons.
Electrons in the valence band are although still attached to their atoms and
are not free to move randomly, however, they can move into a nearby hole
with little change in its energy level, thus leaving another hole where it came
from. Effectively the hole has moved from one place to another in the crystal
structure it is called hole current.
Electron and Hole Current
N-type semiconductor
Semiconductive materials do not conduct current well and are of limited
value in their intrinsic state because of the limited number of free electrons
in the conduction band and holes in the valence band.
Adding impurities to the intrinsic (pure) semiconductive material to

drastically increased their conductivity is called doping.
• Since, the pentavalent atom gives up an electron, it is often called a donor atom.
• Majority carrier is electrons and minority carrier is holes
P-type semiconductor
The p -type material is formed by doping a pure germanium or silicon
crystal with impurity atoms having three valence electrons such as boron,
gallium, and indium.
• Because the trivalent atom can take an electron, it is often referred to as an

acceptor atom.
• Majority carrier is holes and minority carrier is electrons.
Majority and Minority Carriers
In an n-type material the electron is called the majority carrier and the hole
the minority carrier.
In a p-type material the hole is the majority carrier and the electron is the
minority carrier.
PN-Junction and Depletion Region
When a p-type materials are combined with n-type materials, a pn junction
forms and a semiconductor diode is created.
When the pn junction is formed, the n region loses a free electron as they
diffuse across the junction and combines with a hole, a positive charge is left in
the n region and a negative charge is created in the p region, forming a barrier
potential. This region of uncovered positive and negative ions is called the
depletion region due to the “depletion” of free carriers in the region.
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Course code: ICT 1201

Course Title: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

Each discrete distance (orbit) from the nucleus corresponds to a certain

Fig.: Illustration of the Bohr model of the silicon atom.

If a valance electrons acquires a sufficient amount of energy, called

A conductor is a material that easily conducts electrical current such as

A semiconductor is a material that is between conductors and insulators in

An intrinsic (pure) silicon crystal at room

Recombination occurs when a conduction-band

Electron current in intrinsic silicon is produced by the

Adding impurities to the intrinsic (pure) semiconductive material to

• Because the trivalent atom can take an electron, it is often referred to as an

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