SITE PLANNING- DESIGN PROCESS, SITE SELECTION, AND SITE ANALYSIS/

SWOT

Research Paper

Presented to

Ar./ EnP. Gerelson Ray R. Bernardino, UAP, PIEP, MSCM, CIPM

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Course Subject

Planning 1: Site Planning and Landscape Architecture

By

Calibo, Shaira Mae T.

Arch3B | 2020677
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..…2

Site Planning………………………………………………………………………..….2

i. 8 Stages according to Kevin Lynch………………………………………….3

ii. Planning- Designing Process according to John Sigmund…...…………..4

Site Selection………………………………………………………..………………….5

Site Analysis…………………………………………………...………………………..7

SWOT………………………….………………………………………..………………8

i. Natural Factors……………………………………………………..………….9
ii. Cultural Factors……………………………………………………………….10
iii. Aesthetic Factors…………………………………………….……………….10

Conclusion…………………………………………………..…………………………11

Recommendations……………………………………………………………………12

References…………………………………………………………...………………..13

1
Introduction

Site planning is an essential topic that enables the efficient combination of

physical spaces, infrastructure, and environmental issues in the dynamic field of urban
and architectural development. This study aims to explore the complexities of site
planning—a complex process that cuts over traditional borders to influence the
environments we live in. The purpose of this written report is to analyze the essential
ideas, processes, and components that support successful site planning in order to
provide a thorough roadmap for navigating the challenging process from conception to
execution.

Site planning is a deliberate activity that involves balancing community

requirements, environmental sustainability, and urban design. It goes beyond simply
placing buildings on a plot of ground. The importance of careful and deliberate site
design is becoming more and more clear as the globe struggles with the effects of
increased urbanization, climate change, and changing societal demands. This
research aims to provide stakeholders—whether they be legislators, developers,
architects, or urban planners—with the information and understanding they need to
meet the opportunities and overcome the obstacles that come with reshaping our built
environment.

In the pages that follow, this study will discuss the fundamental elements of site
planning, including environmental stewardship, the ever-changing needs of the
communities we serve, and the careful balancing act between usefulness and beauty.
This paper aims to be a useful resource for anybody participating in the complex dance
of transforming places into bright, sustainable, and resilient environments, from the
early stages of site research and programming to the intricate ballet of infrastructure
design and landscaping.

Site Planning

An essential architectural document containing a map of a particular building

site is called a site plan. It offers all the details regarding the building that is intended
to be erected on a certain location. Thus, the process of developing this design in
accordance with the local zoning rule is known as site planning. The evaluation, also
known as a site analysis of a possible development site, is the first step in site planning.
Important characteristics including hydrology, soils, slopes, vegetation, and ownership
are examined and appropriately recorded during a site analysis. Site planning in

2
Architecture is a process that aims to create a comfortable, functional, and
aesthetically pleasing space. Whether you are an architect, construction professional,
or a real estate developer, this process is essential in making sure your project is a
success. To ensure that you are properly planning your site, it is important to take the
following steps: Evaluate using site assessments, understand local regulations,
develop the site plan, identify standards and tools, construct the site, review work and
maintain the site, develop landscape concepts, conduct safety tests, analyze
environment, create public open spaces, and lastly, institute sustainable solutions.

8 Stages According to Kevin Lynch

Kevin Lynch, a renowned urban planner and author, introduced the concept of
the "Image of the City" and outlined a set of stages in the site planning process in his
influential book "Site Planning." These stages provide a structured approach to
understanding and shaping the physical and perceptual aspects of a site. According to
him, there are eight stages of site planning.

First is collecting information or Inventory. This stage involves gathering

comprehensive data about the site, including its physical characteristics, topography,
climate, vegetation, and existing infrastructure. The goal is to create a thorough
inventory of the site's attributes. Second is analysis. Once the information is collected,
it is analyzed to identify patterns, relationships, and potential opportunities or
challenges. This stage involves understanding the interplay between various elements
and their implications for the site. Third is setting goals. With a clear understanding of
the site's characteristics, the next step is to establish goals and objectives for the
development. These goals may encompass functional, aesthetic, environmental, and
social considerations. Fourth is establishing a Framework Design. Based on the goals
set, a conceptual framework is developed to guide the design process. This stage
involves defining the overall structure, spatial organization, and key design principles
that will shape the development. Fifth is designing the Layout. In this stage, the detailed
layout of the site is created. It involves the arrangement of buildings, open spaces,
circulation paths, and other elements to achieve the established goals while
considering factors like functionality, aesthetics, and user experience. Sixth is
development. Once the design is finalized, the physical transformation of the site
begins. This stage includes the construction of buildings, infrastructure, and landscape
elements according to the approved plan. Seventh is management. After development,
ongoing management and maintenance of the site are crucial. This involves

3
addressing issues such as public spaces, utilities, and ensuring that the site continues
to meet its intended objectives. Last or eight stage is evaluation. The final stage
involves assessing the success of the site planning process. Evaluation considers how
well the development aligns with the initial goals, the efficiency of the design, and any
adjustments or improvements that may be necessary for the site's long-term
sustainability.

In order to build successful and long-lasting built environments, these eight

stages offer a comprehensive and methodical approach to site planning, highlighting
the significance of careful design, careful analysis, and continual management.

Planning- Designing Process According to John Sigmund

John Simonds is an established figure in landscape architecture and planning

whose important work has made a substantial contribution to the profession. His
method of planning and designing is distinguished by community involvement, careful
integration of natural systems, and a thorough comprehension of the surrounding
cultural and historical context. A comprehensive and cooperative approach to site
planning is emphasized by the steps that make up Simonds' technique.

According to John Simonds, here is the overview of planning-designing

process. First is the pre-design Investigation. Under it is the site analysis. Simonds
emphasizes the importance of a thorough site analysis, including the physical,
environmental, and social aspects of the location. This involves studying topography,
vegetation, hydrology, climate, and historical context. Also, as the community context.
Understanding the needs and aspirations of the community is a crucial aspect.
Simonds advocates for engaging with stakeholders, gathering input, and incorporating
local knowledge to inform the design process.

Next is design programming. Under this is the functional requirements.

Identifying the functional requirements of the site is a critical step. This involves
determining the intended use, spatial organization, and infrastructure needs based on
the analysis conducted during the pre-design phase. Also, the cultural considerations:
Simonds stresses the importance of considering the cultural and historical context of
the site. This involves preserving and celebrating elements of cultural significance and
integrating them into the design.

Next is conceptual design. Under this is the Formulation of Design Concepts:

Simonds encourages the generation of multiple design concepts that respond to the

4
site's unique characteristics and requirements. These concepts should embody the
principles of sustainability, aesthetics, and functionality. Also, the visual representation.
Utilizing visual tools such as sketches, diagrams, and renderings to communicate
design ideas effectively. Simonds believes in making the design process accessible
and transparent to stakeholders.

Next is design development. Under this is refinement and detailing. Building

upon the selected design concept, Simonds advocates for refining and detailing the
design. This includes addressing specific elements such as materials, vegetation, and
circulation patterns in greater detail. Then integration of sustainable practices.
Incorporating sustainable design principles is a key aspect of Simonds' approach. This
involves considering energy efficiency, water management, and ecological
preservation.

Last on the list is implementation and management. In collaborative

implementation, Simonds emphasizes collaboration between various professionals
involved in the implementation phase, including architects, engineers, and contractors.
This ensures that the design vision is translated effectively into the built environment.
Also, Long-Term Management. Considering the long-term sustainability and
maintenance of the site is essential. Simonds encourages the development of
management plans to ensure the continued vitality of the designed spaces.

John Simonds' approach to site planning and design reflects a holistic

understanding of the intricate relationship between nature, culture, and the built
environment. His emphasis on community engagement, sustainability, and thoughtful
design has left a lasting impact on the field of landscape architecture and planning.

Site Selection

Site selection is a crucial component of any building project. The process

involves analyzing your options and weighing the advantages and disadvantages of
each. Whether you have a site in mind or you don’t know where to begin, an architect
can help. There are five ways an architect helps with site selection. First is to weigh
the priorities. When it comes to location, every organization has different priorities.
Some need to be in a walkable, high-traffic area, while others need space that
accommodates commuter parking. Your business model, long-term goals, and the
needs of your occupants will determine your priorities. For example, you may
determine you need a highly visible location, access to amenities and public transit,

5
room to grow your operations in the future, and a flexible workspace. Once your criteria
are established, you will rank the priorities highest to lowest, and the architect will make
a matrix with a number for each priority. The intention is to offer a methodical way of
examining every site.

Second to the list is analyzing sustainability. Architects analyze each site’s

sustainability. If you choose to utilize a third-party green building rating system,
architects assess the site through the system’s criteria. Your architect can evaluate the
practicality of solar arrays, geothermal energy systems, and other technologies in
addition to the requirements of the green building grading system. To make the most
of the site selection process, talk about your sustainability objectives with your architect
as soon as possible.

Analyze zoning and easements comes in third. The evaluation of an architect

goes beyond the points you have indicated as objectives. They must also take into
account any other elements that may affect a project. Code restrictions and zoning are
some of these variables. Different cities will have different zoning regulations, which
could affect how feasible your idea is. For instance, certain towns have material
aesthetic criteria. Before making a choice, you should think about how comfortable you
are with these limitations. Architects are responsible for checking easements in
addition to zoning restrictions. A property easement is a legal arrangement that grants
someone else or an organization the ability to utilize the land for a certain objective.
For instance, a utility provider may possess an underground electric line or a storm
sewage system on the property. An easement may impose constraints on design,
depending on the circumstances. Knowing these limitations will enable you to assess
the site's suitability for your project.

Fourth is considering the funding option. The location of your building may
make it possible to access various funding sources. Certain locations might give
access to economic subsidies, tax incentives, rebates, or federal historic tax credits
based on the region. These funding alternatives might not be immediately apparent
when you first visit a site. Your architect can investigate and determine whether there
is more money available at a specific site.

Lastly, perform test fits and other forms of analysis. Above all, the architect will
determine whether the location is appropriate for the project you have in mind. They
will determine how much square footage you will need after learning about your
objectives and doing "test fits" by trying various arrangements. Options might be
compared to your existing site by an architect. You might think about staying where

6
you are and making renovations or starting again. Your architect can assist you in
assessing the advantages, disadvantages, and financial ramifications of each choice
as well as evaluate its viability.

Site Analysis

There are three

different types of site
analysis. The
physical analysis,
environmental
assessment, and the
social and cultural
context. The
foundation of a
successful urban
development is the
combination of careful site study and a rigorous design process. This paper explores
the relevance, methodology, and symbiotic relationship that creates the built
environment in an effort to offer readers with a thorough grasp of the interwoven
processes of site analysis and design. This examination seeks to empower
professionals and stakeholders involved in the transformative process of building our
urban environments through the lens of sustainable and equitable development.

In physical analysis, site analysis commences with an in-depth examination of

the physical attributes of the location. Topography, soil composition, climate, and
hydrology form the foundational elements that influence design decisions.
Understanding these aspects is imperative for creating resilient and responsive urban
spaces. In environmental assessment, the ecological footprint of a site is a critical
consideration in contemporary urban development. Site analysis delves into the
assessment of biodiversity, existing vegetation, and potential impacts on ecosystems.
This step is pivotal in fostering sustainable practices and mitigating environmental
degradation. For social and cultural context, beyond the physical realm, site analysis
extends its reach into the sociocultural fabric. Engaging with the community, assessing
historical significance, and understanding local values contribute to the development

7
of designs that resonate with the people they serve. This participatory approach
ensures inclusivity and cultural sensitivity in the design process.

SWOT

Architecture benefits greatly from the use of the SWOT analysis, a strategic
planning tool that is normally used to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,
and threats. Within this framework, architectural firms' or experts' distinctive design
philosophies, abilities, and knowledge are frequently considered strengths. Architects
can gain a competitive advantage by demonstrating their ability to innovate, use
cutting-edge technologies, and establish a unique design identity. Conversely,
deficiencies could result from inadequate resources, out-of-date technology, or
inadequate skill sets. Architects can promote continual development by proactively
addressing these problems once they are identified.

Strengths
encompass the
internal, positive
attributes or
capabilities that
give an individual
or organization a
competitive
advantage. These
could be tangible
assets such as
financial resources,
technology, skilled
workforce, or
intangible
attributes like a
strong brand reputation, innovation capabilities, or efficient processes. Identifying
strengths helps in leveraging existing advantages to achieve objectives. Weaknesses
are places where a person or organization may be inferior to others due to internal
constraints. This could refer to deficiencies in methods, abilities, resources, or any
other element that prevents the best possible performance. Determining one's flaws is
essential to creating plans for improvement and overcoming obstacles from within.

8
Opportunities are outside events or circumstances that, when taken advantage of, can
have favorable effects. These might include alliances, industry trends, emerging
markets, technology breakthroughs, and shifts in customer behavior. To succeed and
grow, one must recognize and seize opportunities. Threats refer to external factors that
may pose challenges or risks to an individual or organization. These could include
economic downturns, competition, regulatory changes, technological disruptions, or
other external forces. Recognizing threats allows for proactive planning and risk
mitigation strategies.

SWOT analysis is a flexible method that may be used in a variety of settings,

such as project management, business planning, strategic decision-making, and
personal growth. Reexamining and updating the analysis on a regular basis aid in
keeping strategic relevance and being adaptable to changing conditions.

Natural Factors

Designing with natural elements in mind is essential for sustainable and

contextually appropriate architecture when it comes to architectural site study. Natural
variables comprise a range of features inherent in the site's surroundings, each of
which has a distinct effect on the architectural intervention. For example, topography
determines a project's visual and spatial dynamics as well as its structural
arrangement. A structure's total environmental performance is influenced by its
material selections, energy efficiency, and passive design methods, all of which are
determined by the prevailing climate. Important elements of the site's biodiversity, flora
and wildlife, have an impact on landscaping choices and the design of environmentally
sensitive areas. Furthermore, hydrological factors and water features influence

9
drainage and infrastructure but also present chances for creative design integration.
The interplay of these natural factors not only informs the aesthetic appeal of
architectural designs but also fosters a harmonious relationship between the built
environment and the natural context, promoting sustainability and resilience in
architectural endeavors. Consequently, a thorough understanding and thoughtful
incorporation of these natural factors during site analysis lay the foundation for
architectural solutions that seamlessly integrate with, and respect, the surrounding
environment

Cultural Factors

An important part of the complex process of site study in design is cultural

considerations. For architects to design environments that speak to and benefit the
communities they work with, a thorough awareness of the cultural context is essential.
When doing a site study, architects examine the social behaviors, customs, and
historical narratives that have shaped the community's identity. As a result of this
contextual investigation, architecture is created that embodies cultural values and
promotes continuity and a sense of belonging. Beyond aesthetics, the incorporation of
cultural variables affects material selections, spatial organization, and overall design
language. Sensitivity to cultural nuances ensures that architectural interventions not
only respect the heritage of a place but also contribute to its evolution, creating spaces
that reflect the dynamic interplay between tradition and modernity. In essence, cultural
factors serve as a guiding force in the site analysis phase, enriching the architectural
process with a deeper understanding of the social and historical dimensions that shape
the built environment.

Aesthetic Factors

Beyond practical considerations, the incorporation of aesthetic variables into

site study is crucial in the field of architecture as it shapes the visual and experiential
qualities of a constructed place. Early site study is heavily influenced by aesthetic
considerations, which also set the tone for the overall design approach and decision-
making process. These include the way in which the planned structure blends in
visually with its surroundings, the way in which light and shadow interact, and the way
in which the constructed environment and natural components coexist together.

10
Examining topography, landscape elements, and historical background is part of the
examination of current site aesthetics, which aims to protect and improve the site's
natural aesthetic attributes. Understanding how the built form interacts with the
surrounding environment enables architects to create designs that not only respond to
functional requirements but also contribute to a sense of place, cultural identity, and
visual delight. As architecture continues to evolve, the recognition and incorporation of
aesthetic factors in site analysis serve as a testament to the discipline's commitment
to creating spaces that transcend mere functionality, engaging occupants and the
broader community in a dialogue with their built.

Conclusion

The foundation of resilient and sustainable urban development is the mutually

beneficial link between site analysis and the design process. Experts can help create
urban spaces that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also ecologically responsible,
responsive to the needs of diverse communities, and delving into the layers of physical,
environmental, and sociocultural context during site analysis. By translating these
insights into creative and functional design solutions, professionals can contribute to
the creation of these urban spaces. Good site design takes into account not only the
immediate area but also the long-term effects on the environment and community.
Working together with a range of stakeholders—such as clients, planners, engineers,
and local communities—is necessary to make sure that the finished design satisfies
their needs and goals. In addition, a proficient site planning and design procedure must
incorporate the concepts of sustainability and resilience, recognizing the ever-
changing constructed environment and its interdependence with the surrounding
environment. This entails giving careful thinking to elements like water management,
energy efficiency, and the use of eco-friendly materials.

In conclusion, the process of site planning and design involves striking a careful
balance between practicality and inventiveness, as well as between aesthetics and
usefulness. It's a dynamic journey that calls for a thorough comprehension of the site's
features, a dedication to sustainability, and successful cooperation between many
stakeholders. In the end, a site plan's effectiveness is determined by its capacity to
design areas that not only satisfy the demands of the present but also favorably impact
the environment and the community in the future.

11
Recommendations

Within the field of architecture, the process of site planning and design is
fundamental to the accomplishment of any project since it integrates sustainability,
aesthetics, and functionality. In order to guarantee a thorough and efficient approach,
the procedure must begin with a detailed site analysis. This entails closely examining
the climate, geography, and existing structures in addition to taking historical and
cultural value into account as contextual elements. After that, it is crucial to develop
specific project goals and objectives in order to synchronize the design with user needs
and the surrounding environment. Collaborative interaction with stakeholders becomes
vital as the design advances, promoting a comprehensive understanding of the site's
complexities. Incorporating sustainable practices and innovative technologies should
be at the forefront of the planning process, promoting eco-friendly solutions that
minimize environmental impact. The synthesis of these elements should manifest in a
design that not only meets functional requirements but also enhances the overall user
experience and contributes positively to the urban or natural context. Throughout the
site planning and design journey, maintaining open channels of communication and
flexibility to adapt to evolving circumstances is key to achieving a harmonious
integration of architecture and the environment.

This paper fosters a comprehensive approach that tackles the complexity

inherent in the dynamic field of urban development by acting as a guide for navigating
this confluence. An important part of forming the built environment is the complex and
multidimensional process of site planning and design in architecture. It entails a
thorough comprehension of the site's contextual, cultural, and physical characteristics
in addition to a methodical and imaginative approach to designing areas that blend in
with their surroundings. Architects may maximize space use, improve sustainability,
and produce visually beautiful and useful constructed environments by following a
methodical approach that includes site investigation, programming, conceptualization,
and detailed design.

12
References

Site Planning Architecture: What Does it Entail? - Blog | DBF (digitalbluefoam.com)

How To Do Site Planning In Architecture - Architecture (architecturemaker.com)

8 Stages of site planning According to Kevin Lynch - Search (bing.com)

Site planning kevin lynch | PPT (slideshare.net)

4 Essential Elements of Site Analysis | ArchDaily

Can an Architect Help with Site Selection? | Neumann Monson Architects

SWOT Analysis: How To With Table and Example (investopedia.com)

The Ultimate Architectural Site Analysis Guide - ArchiMash.com

http://tinyurl.com/3rt5xbvj

http://tinyurl.com/2t3w8crj

http://tinyurl.com/mrczuy8n

13