Diass Module 4

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Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.

San Guillermo, Isabela

MODULE 4
DISCIPLINES OF SOCIAL WORK
PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN SOCIAL WORK

At the end of this module, you should be able to:


1. identify the goals and scope of social work;
2. explain the principles and core values of social work;
3. explain the roles and functions of social workers;
4. identify specific work areas in which social workers work;
5. value rights, responsibilities, and accountabilities;
6. distinguish between ethical and unethical behaviors among practitioners

EXPLORE!

Activity: You are asked to define social work using the semantic web below.

What comes to your mind when you hear the phrase “social work?”

FIRM UP!
Social Work as a profession focuses on an individual’s social functioning. According to
Mendoza (1999), social functioning is an effect of an individual’s performance in his/her multiple
roles in society. A social dysfunction occurs when there is a mismatch between the requisites of the role and the
individual’s ability to function and if the environment fails to provide the necessary resources for the
performance. It is in this situation where the role of social work becomes relevant. Social work aims to enhance

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES


FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela
the individual’s social functioning which is carried out by assisting in the individual’s relationship with his/her
environment, with others, and with themselves.
De Guzman (1992) cited from the Social Work Law (Republic Act No. 4373) said that a social worker
is a practitioner who by accepted standards of training, possesses the skill to achieve the objectives, knows the
techniques which are designed to enable individuals, groups, and communities to meet their needs and solve
their problems of adjustment to changing patterns of society.

Goals of Social Work


1. To develop competent social work professionals grounded in knowledge, values, and skills necessary for
entry-level generalist practice with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities
primarily within the urban community.
2. To prepare students for social work practice with diverse populations.
3. To prepare students for social work practice with vulnerable populations and to orient students to local,
national, and international issues of social and economic justice so that they are empowered to be agents
of change.
4. To provide a curriculum that challenges students to integrate and act upon the values and ethics of the
social work profession.
5. To motivate students to know the importance of and exhibit a commitment to the ongoing development
and care of the personal and professional self.
6. To prepare students for graduate studies in social work.

Scope of Social Work


The scope of the profession of social work means the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of
the individual, interpersonal and societal problems through the use of social work knowledge, skills,
interventions, and strategies, to assist individuals, dyads, families, groups, organizations, and communities to
achieve optimum psychosocial and social functioning and includes, without limiting the generality of the
foregoing, the following:
SW1 – The provision of assessment, diagnostic, treatment and evaluation services within a relationship between
a social worker and a client;
SW2 – The provision of supervision and/or consultation to a social worker, social work student or another
supervisee;
SW3 – The provision of social support to individuals and/or groups including relationship building, life skills
instruction, employment support, tangible support including food and financial assistance, and information and
referral services;
SW4 – The provision of educational services to social work and social service work students;
SW5 – The development, promotion, management, administration, delivery and evaluation of human service
programs, including that done in collaboration with other professionals;
SW6 – The provision of services in organizing and/or mobilizing community members and/or other
professionals in the promotion of social change;
SW7 – The provision of contractual consultation services to other social workers or professionals or
organizations;
SW8 – The development, promotion, implementation and evaluation of social policies aimed at improving
social conditions and equality;
SW9 – The conduct of research regarding the practice of social work, as defined in paragraphs (1) to (8) above;
and
SW10 – Any other activities approved by the College.

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES


FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela
Principles of Social Work
The social work profession is guided by a distinct set of abstract values and a Code of Ethics. These
values are transformed into accepted practice principles to inform our intervention with clients. What follows is
a listing of nine Social Work Principles and a brief description of each.
1. Acceptance – is a fundamental social work principle that implies a sincere understanding of clients.
Acceptance is conveyed in the professional relationship through the expression of genuine concern,
receptive listening, intentional responses that acknowledge the other person’s point of view, and the
creation of a climate of mutual respect.
2. Affirming Individuality – To affirm a client’s individuality is to recognize and appreciate the unique
qualities of that client. It means to “begin where the client is.” Clients expect personalized understanding
and undivided attention from professionals. Individualization requires freedom from bias and prejudice,
and avoidance of labeling and stereotyping, recognition and appreciation of diversity, and knowledge of
human behavior.
3. Purposeful Expression of Feelings – Clients need to have opportunities to express their feelings freely
to the social worker. As social workers, we must go beyond “just the facts” to uncover the underlying
feelings.
4. Non-judgmentalism – Communicating non-judgmentalism is essential to developing a relationship with
any client. It does not imply that social workers do not make decisions; rather it implies a non-blaming
attitude and behavior. Social workers judge others as neither good nor bad nor as worthy or unworthy.
5. Objectivity – Closely related to non-judgmentalism, objectivity is the principle of examining situations
without bias. To be objective in their observations and understanding, social workers must avoid
injecting personal feelings and prejudices in relationships with clients.
6. Controlled Emotional Involvement – There are three components to a controlled emotional response
to a client’s situation: sensitivity to expressed or unexpressed feelings, and understanding based on
knowledge of human behavior, and a response guided by knowledge and purpose. The social worker
should not respond in a way that conveys coldness or lack of interest while at the same time cannot
over-identify with the client.
7. Self -Determination – The principle of self-determination is based on the recognition of the right and
need of clients to freedom in making their own choices and decisions. Social workers have a
responsibility to create a working relationship in which choice can be exercised.
8. Access to Resources – Social workers are implored to assure that everyone has the necessary resources,
services, and opportunities; to pay attention to expanding choices, and opportunities for the oppressed
and disadvantages; and to advocate for policy and legislative changes that improve social conditions and
promote social justice.
9. Confidentiality – Confidentiality or the right to privacy implies that clients must give expressed consent
before information such as their identity, the content of discussions held with them, one’s a professional
opinion about them, or their record is disclosed.

PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN SOCIAL WORK

To further deepen one’s appreciation of social work as a profession, it is vital to discuss the roles,
functions, and competencies of social workers.

Roles of Social Work

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES


FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela
Social work is an active profession with a wide array of responsibilities in the areas of caring, curing,
and changing. Mendoza termed the roles as interventive roles which refer to the combination of tasks that are
expected to be performed by the social worker to accomplish the goals agreed upon with the client.

Roles Description
Resource Broker This role is about the direct provision of material aid and other resources. It is
mobilized and created or directly provided to the client being assisted.
Social Broker This role involves the process of negotiating the “service jungle” for clients. The
social worker links the client to the needed services and ensures quick delivery of
these services. This can also be associated with “networking” which establishes
and maintains a relationship with other community entities to gain support and
additional resources.
Mediator This role includes acting as an intermediary between persons or groups and the
social worker engages his/her efforts to resolve disputes between the client and
other parties.
Advocate This role involves taking a partisan interest in the client and his/her cause and aims
to influence another party in the interest of the client through arguing, bargaining,
negotiating, and manipulating the environment on behalf of the client.
Enabler This role is about activities that the social worker engages to help the clients cope
with the current situation and eventually find strengths and resources within
themselves to solve the problems they encountered.
Counselor/Therapist This role intends to restore, maintain, or enhance the client’s capacity to adapt to
his/her current reality.

Functions of a Social Worker


To further enlighten our understanding of social work, it is necessary to identify and define its functions,
namely:
1. Rehabilitative Function – refers to restorative, curative, and remedial actions. Social workers are
responsible for assisting individuals and groups to determine and settle or reduce the problem that came
out of the imbalance between the individuals and the environment.
2. Preventive Function – detects an impending imbalance between the individuals or groups with the
environment. This function encompasses early detection, control, and eradication of situations which
may have a damaging effect on social functioning.
3. Developmental Function – ascertains and strengthens the full potential in individuals, groups, and
communities.
Areas of Specialization of Social Worker
Elrick (2014) pointed out the descriptions of the social work specialties include the following:

Specific Work Area Area


Child, Family, and Deals with all sorts of situations such as helping a child who has experienced
School Social Worker trauma or abuse – counseling students at school who are experiencing grief over
the death of a friend; or helping parents find the right resources for their child who
is suffering from a severe mental illness.
Community Social Helps plan, coordinate, and organize efforts related to infrastructure, volunteering,
Worker and fundraising within specific communities.
Hospice and Palliative This often helps or cares for someone who is seriously or terminally ill. They help

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES


FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela
Care Social Worker provide relief from pain; improve quality of life; assist with difficult decision-
making; and help family and friends of an ill individual.
Medical and Health Works in hospital settings and helps navigate the emotional financial and physical
Social Worker struggles that a serious medical condition can cause an individual or family.
Mental Health and Assists individuals who struggle with addiction to substance abuse or mental
Substance Abuse health problems.
Social Worker
Military and Veterans Helps both the soldiers and their families with post-traumatic stress, role
Social Worker adjustment, the implications and stressors of returning home, and any substance
abuse that may occur as a result of combat.
Psychiatric Social Provides therapy and assess the psychiatric health of their patients.
Worker

Moreover, to further broaden your understanding of the functions of the social workers, Mendoza
identified the specific areas of work that they perform in each field:
Specific Work Area Area
Child Welfare This is considered one of the popular areas in social work practice.
- Adoption It is a legal process whereby a child who is deprived of a birth family is provided
with substitute new ties and permanent parental care.
- Legal A process is undertaken to provide substitute parental care through the
Guardianship appointment of a legal guardian for the child, including the child’s property until
he/she reaches the age of majority.
- Foster Care A substitute temporary parental care provided to a child by a licensed foster family
under the supervision of a social worker.
- Residential Provides temporary 24-hour residential group care to children whose needs
Care cannot, at the same time, be adequately met by their biological parents and other
alternative family care arrangements.
Family Welfare Refers to a program or interventions, or activities focused on the prevention of
problems of role functioning and relationships that threaten the stability of the
family.
Health It is focused on the interplay of economic, social, and psychological forces in
medical care and finds ways and means to solve problems that usually go with the
illness and treatment.
Schools School social work exists primarily to provide a helping service to those students
whose problems in school stem from social and emotional causes that interfere
with their adjustment and potential academic achievement.
Corrections The administration of penalty in such a way that the offender is corrected, that
his/her present behavior is kept within acceptable limits at the same time his
general life adjustment is modified.
- Probation A process of treatment, prescribed by the court for persons convicted of offenses
against the law, during which the individual on probation lives in the community
and regulates his/her own life under conditions.
- Parole It is the release of a prisoner under supervision before the expiration of his/her
sentence.
Special Groups
- Drug People who have developed a physical or psychological need for/dependence on

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES


FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela
Dependents drugs (in the form of sedatives, stimulants, and hallucinogens) to the extent that
their denial produces adverse effects on themselves.
- Social Include women who are victims of gender-based violence, prostituted women,
Disadvantage victims of armed conflicts and militarization, and solo parents.
Women
- Patients of Referred to patients released from psychiatric institutions like the National Center
Psychiatric for Mental Health who need assistance in their post-institutionalization adjustment
Institutions in the community.
- Older Persons Referred to people as between sixty and above. Social services like economic
dependency, health and medical problems, emotional needs and problems, and
social problems.
- Persons with Are those suffering from restrictions of different disabilities as a result of mental
Disability health and physical or sensory impairment.

Values Rights, Responsibilities, Accountabilities, and Code of Ethics


Social workers associations, both local and international, have formulated their ethical standards. The
ethical standards usually define the rights, responsibilities, and accountabilities of members. The National
Association of Social Workers (NASW) has drafted the ethical standards that are divided into six areas. These
areas include:
I. Ethical Responsibility to Client

Elements:
1. Commitment to Clients – uphold the well-being of clients. The client’s interests are primary.
2. Self-determination – respect and promote the right of clients to self-determination and assist
clients in their efforts to identify and clarify their goals.
3. Informed Consent – social workers should use clear and understandable language to inform
clients of the purpose of the services, risks related to the services, and limits to services. Clients
have the right to refuse or withdraw consent.
4. Competence – provide services and represent themselves as competent only within the
boundaries of their education, training, license, certification, consultation received, supervised
experience, or other relevant professional experience.
5. Cultural Competence and Social Diversity – understand the culture and its function in human
behavior and societies, recognizing the strengths that exist in all cultures, demonstrate
competence in the provision of services that are sensitive to client’s cultures, and to differences
among people and cultural groups.
6. Conflict of Interest – be alert to and avoid conflicts of interest that interfere with the exercise of
professional discretion and impartial judgment.
7. Privacy and Confidentiality – respect the client’s right to privacy. Social workers should not
solicit private information from the clients unless it is essential to providing services or
conducting social work evaluation or research.
8. Access to Records – social workers should provide reasonable access to records concerning the
clients. Both clients’ requests and the rationale for withholding some or all of the records should
be documented in the client’s files.
9. Sexual Relationship – do not engage in sexual activities or sexual contact with current clients,
whether such contact is consensual or forced.

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES


FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela
10. Physical Contact – do not engage in physical contact with clients when there is a possibility of
psychological harm to the client as a result of the contact (such as cradling or caressing).
11. Sexual Harassment – includes sexual advances, sexual solicitation, requests for sexual favors,
and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.
12. Derogatory Language – social workers should avoid derogatory language. Use accurate and
respectful language in all communications to and about clients.
13. Payment to Services – ensure that the fees are fair, reasonable, and commensurate with the
services performed.
14. Clients who Lack Decision-making Capacity – when social workers act on behalf of clients
who cannot make informed decisions, social workers should take reasonable steps to safeguard
the interests and rights of those clients.
15. Interruption of Services – social workers should make reasonable efforts to ensure continuity
of services if services are interrupted by factors such as unavailability, relocation, illness,
disability, or death.
16. Termination of Services – terminate services to clients and professional relationships with them
when such services and relationships are no longer required or no longer serve the clients’ needs
or interests.

II. Ethical Responsibility to Colleagues

Elements:
1. Respect – treat colleagues with respect and represent accurately and fairly the qualifications,
views, and obligations. Avoid unwarranted negative criticism and cooperate with other social
workers for it serves the well-being of clients.
2. Confidentiality – respect confidential information shared by colleagues in the course of their
professional relationships and transactions.
3. Interdisciplinary Approach – participate in and contribute to decisions that affect the well-
being of clients by drawing on the perspectives, values, and experiences of the social work
profession.
4. Dispute involving Dispute – do not take advantage of a dispute between a colleague and an
employer to obtain a position or otherwise advance the social worker’s interests.
5. Consultation - seek the advice and counsel of colleagues who have demonstrated knowledge,
expertise, and competence and whenever such consultation is in the best interests of clients.
6. Referral Services – refer clients to other professionals when the other professionals’ specialized
knowledge or expertise is needed to serve clients fully or when social workers believe that they
are not being effective or making reasonable progress with clients and that additional service is
required.
7. Sexual Relationships – social workers who function as supervisors or educators should not
engage in sexual activities or contact with supervisees, students, trainees, or other colleagues
over whom they exercise professional authority.
8. Sexual Harassment – do not sexually harass supervisees, students, trainees, or other colleagues.
This includes sexual advances, sexual solicitation, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or
physical conduct of a sexual nature.
9. Impairment of Colleagues – colleague’s impairment that is due to personal problems,
psychosocial distress, or mental health difficulties that interferes with practice effectiveness
should consult and take remedial action through appropriate channels.

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES


FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela
10. The incompetence of Colleagues – colleague’s incompetence should consult to address and take
action through appropriate channels.
11. Unethical Conduct of Colleagues – take adequate measures to discourage, prevent, expose, and
correct the unethical conduct of colleagues. Be knowledgeable about established policies and
procedures for handling concerns about colleague’s unethical behavior.

III. Ethical Responsibility in Practice Setting

Elements:
1. Supervision and Consultation – do not engage in any dual or multiple relationships with
supervisees in whom there is a risk of exploitation of or potential harm to the supervisee.
2. Education and Training – social workers who function as educators, field instructors, or
trainers should provide instruction, information, and knowledge only within their areas of
competence; should evaluate students’ performance in a manner that is fair and respectful.
3. Performance Evaluation – evaluating the performance of others should be fair and considerate
based on clearly stated criteria.
4. Client Records – ensure that documentation in records protects the client’s privacy, accurate and
reflects and ensure continuity of the services provided; include sufficient and timely
documentation.
5. Client Transfer – to minimize possible confusion and conflict, social workers should discuss
with potential clients the nature of the clients’ current relationship with other service providers
and the implications, including possible benefits or risks, of entering into a relationship with a
new service provider.
6. Administration – administrators should advocate within and outside their agencies for adequate
resources to meet clients’ needs. The administration should take reasonable steps to eliminate
any conditions in their organizations that violate, interfere with, or discourage compliance with
the Code.
7. Commitment to Employer – social workers should work to improve employing agencies’
policies and procedures and the efficiency and effectiveness of their services.
8. Labor-management Disputes – the actions of social workers who are involved in labor-
management disputes, job actions, or labor strikes should be guided by the profession’s values,
ethical principles, and ethical standards.

IV. Ethical Responsibility as Professionals

Elements:
1. Competence –social workers accept responsibility or employment only based on existing
competence or the intention to acquire the necessary competence.
2. Discrimination – social workers should not practice, condone, facilitate, or collaborate with any
form of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation,
gender identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief, religions, immigration status,
and mental or physical disability.
3. Private Conduct – social workers should not permit their private conduct to interfere with their
ability to fulfill their professional responsibilities.
4. Dishonesty, fraud, deceit – social workers should not participate in, condone, or be associated
with dishonesty, fraud, or deception.

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES


FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela
5. Impairment – social workers should not allow their problems psychosocial distress, legal
problems, substance abuse, or mental health difficulties to interfere with their professional
judgment and performance.
6. Misrepresentation – social workers who speak on behalf of professional social work
organizations should accurately represent the official and authorized positions of the
organizations.
7. Solicitations – social workers should not engage in uninvited solicitation of potential clients
who, because of their circumstances, are vulnerable to undue influence, manipulation, or
coercion.
8. Acknowledging Credit – social workers should take responsibility and credit, including
authorship credit, only for work they have performed and to which they have contributed.

V. Ethical Responsibility to the Social Work Profession

Elements:
1. The integrity of Profession – social workers should work toward the maintenance and
promotion of high standards of practice; should uphold and advance the values, ethics,
knowledge, and mission of the profession. They should protect, enhance, and improve the
integrity of the profession through appropriate study and research, active discussion, and
responsible criticism of the profession; should contribute time and professional expertise to
activities that promote respect for the value, integrity, and competence of the social work
profession.
2. Evaluation and Research – social workers should monitor and evaluate policies, the
implementation of programs, and practice interventions. Social workers engaged in evaluation or
research should obtain voluntary and written informed consent from participants, when
appropriate, without any implied or actual deprivation or penalty for refusal to participate; and
with due regard for participants’ well-being, privacy, and dignity.

VI. Ethical Responsibility to the Broader Society

Elements:
1. Social Welfare – social workers should promote the general welfare of society, from local to
global levels, and the development of people, their communities, and their environments.
2. Public Participation – social workers should facilitate informed participation by the public in
shaping social policies and institutions.
3. Public Emergencies – social workers should provide appropriate professional services in public
emergencies to the greatest extent possible.
4. Social and Political Action – social workers should promote policies and practices that
demonstrate respect of difference, support the expansion of cultural knowledge and resources,
advocate for programs and institutions that demonstrate cultural competence, and promote
policies that safeguard the rights of and confirm equity and social justice for all people.

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES


FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

DEEPEN!

Activity: Choose one element from each of the ethical standards (six areas) set by the National
Association of Social Workers (NASW) on the ethical responsibility to clients. Discuss the element based on
your understanding and you may cite some examples from your previous encounters with a social welfare
agency. Write your answers in the box.

Element
_________________________________________
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Element
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Element
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Element
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DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES


FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

Element
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Element
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TRANSFER!

Activity: Case Study


Anna Maria is a newcomer at the senior high school program at Santa Barbara College. Being new to
the school, she is observed to be silent and avoids interaction in groups very often. Three months after, the
situation remains the same as she still finds difficulty building relationships. She prefers to eat, study, and work
alone. Bothered by the situation of Anna Maria, her adviser in the class referred the case to the school’s social
worker.
If you are the social worker, how will handle the case? What principles of social workers are you going
to apply? How will you manage the situation? Write your answer in the box.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
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DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES


FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021
Southern Isabela Academy, Inc.
San Guillermo, Isabela

Rubric Assessment for Case Study/Activity Outputs


Criteria 4 3 2 1
Content Shows a variety of Demonstrated There were few Lacks some
concepts that made concepts that concepts presented concepts that could
the assigned activity facilitate learning of but are relevant on supposedly enrich
more clearer new ideas the topic the discussion
Quality Critically presents Describes good The ideas presented The ideas were too
the ideas and ideas and thoughts were just enough little and some are
thoughts on the topic but needs further no longer relevant
being assigned elaboration on the topic
Presentation The output including The output was The output does The output does not
the flow of presented in a follow an outline but follow an outline or
discussion was sequential manner lacks cohesion of storyline
exceptionally ideas
presented in a
sequential manner

REFERENCES

De Guzman, L. S. (1992). Introduction to Social Work. Quezon City: New Day Publisher

Dela Cruz, A.R., Fernandez, C., Melegrito, M. L., & Valdez, V., (2016). Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied
Social Sciences. Phoenix Publishing House, 81-132

Mendoza, T. L. (1999). Social Work with Groups. Quezon City: Megabooks Company

END OF MODULE 4

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES


FIRST SEMESTER • SY 2020-2021

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