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Distribution systems play a crucial role in transporting resources like electricity and data from generation points to end users. Primary distribution systems distribute power from substations via feeders to distribution transformers at lower voltages suitable for customers. Secondary distribution networks then deliver power from substations to end users like homes and businesses. Distribution systems utilize different topologies like radial, loop and ring configurations to provide reliable power delivery along primary pathways and branch circuits. Understanding factors like load, demand and diversity is important for efficient distribution system planning and management.

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Oliveros Luke Kenchin D.
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13 views

Study

Distribution systems play a crucial role in transporting resources like electricity and data from generation points to end users. Primary distribution systems distribute power from substations via feeders to distribution transformers at lower voltages suitable for customers. Secondary distribution networks then deliver power from substations to end users like homes and businesses. Distribution systems utilize different topologies like radial, loop and ring configurations to provide reliable power delivery along primary pathways and branch circuits. Understanding factors like load, demand and diversity is important for efficient distribution system planning and management.

Uploaded by

Oliveros Luke Kenchin D.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Distribution systems play a crucial role in efficiently

transporting resources from one point to another. Whether


it’s electricity, data, or other commodities, effective
distribution is vital for the functioning of various
industries.

PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION SYTEM


- responsible for distributing the electricity from high-transmission
lines to distribution transformers located at the user end
- Primary distribution systems consist of feeders that deliver power
from distribution substations to distribution transformers
- The most used primary distribution voltages are 11kv, 6.6kv and 3.3kv
- carried out by 3-phase, 3-wire system
Main Components of Primary Distribution System
- substations, primary feeder circuits, distribution transformers, and
laterals or service drops to customers
- Distribution substation typically operates at, and deliver electric energy
directly to industrial and residential consumers
- distribution transformers are vital components of the primary
distribution system, tasked with stepping down the voltage from the
primary feeder circuit to levels suitable for utilization by end-users.
- the mainline is normally a modestly large conductor such as a 500- or
750-kcmil aluminum conductor
- service main is a conductor wire cable that connects the distributor to
the consumer terminal. In our homes, there is only the cable service main
coming from the pole to the meter.
- laterals or service drops are used to connect individual customers or
smaller substations to the main distribution line
- Customers are classed as: Industrial Customer. Commercial Customer

SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SYTEM


- refers to the network responsible for distributing electricity from
substations to end-users, such as homes and businesses.
- Most modern secondary networks are operated at AC rated voltage of,
at the frequency of 50 or 60 hertz.
- Operating voltage, required number of phases (three-phase or single-
phase) and required reliability dictate topology and configuration of the
network
- a rural primary feeder supplies up to 50 distribution transformers
Configuration Of Secondary Distribution System
- Radial operation is the most widespread and most economic design of
both MV and LV networks
- American (120 V) system, the customers are commonly supplied
directly from the distribution transformers via relatively short service
drop lines, in star-like topology.
- 240 V system, the customers are served by several low-voltage
feeders, realized by overhead power lines, aerial or underground power
cables, or their mixture
- Spot networks are used when increased reliability of supply is
required for important customers.
- Grid Networks consist of an interconnected grid of circuit, energized
from several primary feeders through distribution transformers at
multiple locations

RADIAL SYSTEM
- used only when substation or generating station is located at the center
of the consumers
- Radial system gets its name from the fact that the primary feeders
radiate from distribution substations and branch into sub feeders and
laterals which extend into all parts of the area served
Components Of Radial System
*Source
- The power source, typically a substation or a power plant, feeds
electricity into the radial system
*Main Feeder
- serves as the primary pathway, distributing power from the source to
various distribution points
*Distribution Transformers
- are placed strategically along the main feeder to step down voltage for
local distribution.
*Branch Feeders
- extend from the main feeder, carrying power to different areas or
neighborhoods
*Service Lines
- connect the branch feeders to individual consumers, delivering
electricity to homes, businesses, or other end-users

LOOP/RING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM


- loops through the service area and returns to the original point. The
loop is usually tied into an alternate power source
- provides better continuity of service than the radial system, with only
short interruptions for switching
- ring distribution systems form a closed-loop as well, but with a
unidirectional or bidirectional flow.
- This structure enhances reliability by offering multiple pathways for
distribution, reducing the impact of failures on the overall system.
- Loop And Ring Distribution Systems aim to enhance the robustness
and reliability of resource transportation

LOAD CHARACTERISTEC/LOAD GRAPH


- An electrical device that consumes electrical energy or electricity is
called an ELECTRICAL LOAD

- Resistive Loads are generally used to convert electrical energy into


heat and light energy, i.e. thermal energy
- Inductive Load is one that uses electrical energy to produce a magnetic
field to perform the work
- Capacitive Load is a type of electrical load in which the load current
leads the supply voltage
- The electrical appliances used in household work such as refrigerators,
washing machines, fans, lamps, etc. are referred to as Domestic Loads
- Electrical appliances that are used in agriculture work such as
irrigation, seeding, farming, etc. are called Agriculture Loads
- Commercial Loads are the collections of those electrical appliances
that consist of lighting of offices, shops, advertisement displays, etc
- Industrial Load includes electrical load equipment used in small to
large factories and manufacturing units
- Load Curves The load (power requirement) of any concern or unit is
tabulated as the amount of power required or consumed during a certain
period in a day, week or a given season.
- Load-Duration Curves This is a graph obtained from load curve
showing the load in (kw) and duration over which it occurs in
descending order of load magnitudes.

MAXIMUM DEMAND
-it greatest of all the demands which occurred during specific period. It
will never be greater than connected load.
AVERAGE DEMAND
- refers to the average power consumption or load that a system
experiences over a specific period
- is often calculated over a specific time frame, such as an hour, day, or
month, depending on the application
- Daily Average Demand: This represents the average power
consumption over a 24-hour period
- Monthly Average Load: This is the average power consumption over a
month, providing insights into the overall load patterns for that period
- Seasonal Average Load: Similar to seasonal average demand, this
considers the average load over a specific season, accounting for
variations in electricity usage associated with seasonal factors
- Annual Average Load: This is the average power consumption over an
entire year, giving a comprehensive view of the overall load on the
power system.
Significance of Average Demand
- Planning Power Generation Average demand helps utilities plan how
much electricity to generate, ensuring they have enough power plants to
meet the expected needs of consumers
- Keeping the Grid Stable Average demand is crucial for keeping the
electricity grid stable.
- Predicting Future Demand Average demand is used to predict future
trends in electricity usage
Factors Influencing in Average Demand
- Time of Day Power demand often varies throughout the day due to
changing activities and habits
- Seasonal Variations Climate and weather conditions can significantly
impact power demand.
- Industrial Processes Industrial activities contribute to significant
fluctuations in power demand
Advantages of Average Demand
- Planning and Resource Allocation Average demand is crucial for
power system planning as it helps utilities allocate resources effectively
- Infrastructure Investment Utilities use average demand to make
informed decisions about investing in new power generation facilities,
upgrading existing infrastructure, and expanding the transmission and
distribution networks
- Load Forecasting Average demand is a key input for load forecasting
models.
Disadvantages of Average Demand
- Lack of Granularity Average demand may not capture the granularity
of fluctuating load patterns throughout the day
- Seasonal Variations Average demand might not account for significant
seasonal variations in energy consumption
- Unforeseen Events Average demand does not account for unforeseen
events or changes in consumer behavior that can significantly impact
electricity usage

UTILIZATION FACTOR
- The utilization factor or use factor is the ratio of the time that a piece of
equipment is in use to the total time that it could be in use. It is often
averaged over time in the definition such that the divided ratio becomes
the amount of energy used by the maximum possible to be used.

LOAD FACTOR
- referring to the efficiency of electrical power usage over a specific
period.

DIVERSITY FACTOR
- We can define the Diversity factor as the ratio of the sum of the
maximum demands of the various load centers to the maximum
coincident demand of the whole system

LOAD DIVERSITY
- refers to the variation in electrical power demand over a specific period.
It accounts for the fluctuations in electricity consumption based on
factors such as time of day, season, and specific user behaviors.
Understanding load diversity is crucial for designing and managing
power systems efficiently, as it helps balance the supply and demand of
electricity, optimizing resources and infrastructure.

DISTRIBUTION LINES: OVERHEAD AND UNDERGROUND


Overhead line transmission power is bare conductor supported by poles
and towers.
Underground is insulated electrical cables buried under the earth
surface for the transmission and distribution of electrical power.

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND SUBSTATION DESIGN: DEMAND FACTOR


- the demand factor refers to the ratio of the maximum demand of a
system or a part of it to the total connected load

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