L. Narayan Gupta et al.: Assessment of surface and …, Holistic Approach Environ. 14(2024) 2, pp.

40 - 48

ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY

IN TIKAMGARH CITY, MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA

Laxmi Narayan Gupta*, **, Sameer Arora*, Mukesh Kumar Ahirwar***, Amar Prakash
Pandey***, Anand Bhushan Khare***, Ghan Shyam Gupta**
*
Central Pollution Control Board, Parivesh Bhawan, New Delhi, India
**
Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Faculty of Science and Environment,
Department of Energy and Environment, Pollution Research Laboratory, Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh, India
***
Government Post Graduate College, Department of Chemistry, Tikamgarh, Madhya Pradesh, India

corresponding author: Sameer Arora, e-mail: sameer_arora01@yahoo.co.in

This work is licensed under a Original scientific paper

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Received: April 5th, 2023
International License
Accepted: June 9th, 2023
HAE-2327
https://doi.org/10.33765/thate.14.2.1

ABSTRACT

Surface water and groundwater are primary resources for communities living in arid and semi-arid
regions. The expansion of industrial and agricultural practices has raised pressure on natural
resources. Water quality assessment provides valuable information about potential of resources for
intended uses. The correlation study was carried out on the physicochemical parameters of surface
water and groundwater in the Tikamgarh city. The physicochemical parameters, such as pH, total
dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), total alkalinity
(TA), sulphate (SO42-), fluoride (F-), iron (Fe), nitrate (NO3-), chloride (Cl-) and turbidity were
analysed to determine correlation between parameters. The grab sampling technique was adopted to
collect water samples from selected dug wells and reservoirs. The results of physicochemical
parameters were fitted in the correlation coefficient equation to predict probable values of different
parameters for selected locations. Results of the correlation study showed that calcium and TH are
strongly correlated, followed by TH with chloride. However, Ca2+, TH, Cl-, TA, TDS, SO42-, and
iron show a high correlation. The findings show that water quality can be managed by controlling
TH and TDS concentrations through conventional and non-conventional treatment methods.

Keywords: correlation, surface water and groundwater, Tikamgarh city, water quality

INTRODUCTION freshwater exists as groundwater at greater

depths [2, 3]. The depth of groundwater makes
Surface water and groundwater are key pumping very expensive, preventing the
sources for community water supply needs. overall development and use of readily
Groundwater is a common water source for available groundwater resources. Due to
rural areas and small towns, while rivers, overuse and contamination of water, fresh
ponds, and lakes are common sources for large water has gradually become restricted only to
cities [1, 2]. However, approximately 98 % of greater depths [4]. Ponds and small lakes make

40
L. Narayan Gupta et al.: Assessment of surface and …, Holistic Approach Environ. 14(2024) 2, pp. 40 - 48

up most of the continental water area. The parameters were fitted in the regression
quality of surface and subterranean waters has equation to predict probable values of different
declined due to population growth and the physicochemical parameters of the selected
discharge of untreated wastewater in open and water resources. The values of physiochemical
unlined drains [5, 6]. The frequent occurrence parameters were compared with their
of extreme weather events that cause either prescribed standards. Seth et al. [12]
floods or droughts also contributes to the performed a correlation study of the water
reduction of the quantity and quality of quality parameters of the Himalayan rivers.
groundwater resources [7]. The daily This study investigated the water quality of
consumption of groundwater for domestic, critical rivers, i.e. Gola, Kosi, Ramganga,
agricultural, and industrial purposes has Saryu and Lohawati rivers located in the
increased significantly with exponential different districts of the Kumaun region of
growth of the population. Waste from the Uttarakhand Himalaya. River water samples
household enters groundwater and surface collected in the pre-monsoon and post-
water by seepage from drains, small and big monsoon seasons of 2011 and 2012 were
ditches and pits, also contributing to the analysed for various water quality
degradation of water quality [8]. In addition, characteristics to determine their correlation.
natural rocks and minerals also threaten the Statistical analyses show positive correlation
quality and purity of both water sources. The between most chemical parameters. Water
point and non-point sources cause the mixing quality assessment in terms of water quality
and interaction of several chemical index (WQI) of Kolong River, Assam, India,
constituents and nutrients, which requires the was carried out by Bora and Goswami [13].
identification of critical parameters affecting The study was conducted to analyse the
the water quality [9]. Several researchers have seasonal water quality status of the Kolong
performed studies for the identification of the River in terms of the water quality index
interaction of various chemical constituents in (WQI). The WQI values show very poor to
surface water and groundwater [10 - 15]. unsuitable quality of water samples in almost
Jothivenkatachalam et al. [10] conducted a all seven sampling sites along the Kolong
correlation analysis of drinking water quality River. It was found that the water quality
in and around Perur Block of Coimbatore deteriorated the most during the monsoon
district, Tamil Nadu, India. In order to find season, with an average WQI value of 122.47
correlation between the parameters, this study compared to pre-monsoon and post-monsoon
investigated physiochemical and biological seasons, with average WQI values of 85.73
parameters, such as pH, electrical and 80.75, respectively. Kothari et al. [15]
conductivity, TDS, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, performed the correlation of various water
total acidity, TA and dissolved oxygen (DO), quality parameters and water quality index of
etc. The results were compared to the districts of Uttarakhand. The drinking water
standards of WHO, USPH and ICMR. A quality parameters including pH, TH,
systematic correlation and regression study alkalinity, turbidity, Fe, Cl-, F-, TDS, SO42-,
showed a significant linear relationship NO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, arsenic (As), conductivity,
between water quality parameters. Gupta and total coliform, faecal coliform and total
Gupta [11] carried out the correlation and residual chlorine were statistically analysed to
regression studies of drinking water resources, calculate the correlation coefficient of
especially dug wells located in and around different parameters with WQI and the study
Kamadgiri Parikrima at Chitrakoot using showed significant linear relationship and the
temperature, turbidity, pH, TDS, electric high correlation coefficient among water
conductivity (EC), calcium hardness, quality parameters. Among these parameters,
magnesium hardness, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, sodium TDS has the highest correlation with
(Na+), potassium (K+), alkalinity, Cl-, DO, conductivity, sulphate, and chloride ion
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and concentration, whereas turbidity significantly
chemical oxygen demand (COD). The correlates with the presence of nitrate in
obtained values of the physicochemical drinking water. All these studies have shown

41
L. Narayan Gupta et al.: Assessment of surface and …, Holistic Approach Environ. 14(2024) 2, pp. 40 - 48

that parameter correlation can lead to a critical EXPERIMENTAL

understanding of different physiochemical
constituents and interaction between Studied area
parameters that affect the water quality.
The Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh
The Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh is consists of six districts, Sagar, Chhatarpur,
a place known for drought, and the population Panna, Tikamgarh, Damoh and Datiya. It is
mostly migrate from villages to cities for daily bordered on the north by Niwari and Jhansi, on
earnings for their living, which causes a lot of the west by Lalitpur districts of Uttar Pradesh,
pressure on various water resources of the on the east by Chhatarpur district and on the
cities. Within Tikamgarh district, agriculture is south by Damoh and Sagar district of Madhya
the major source of income for field workers Pradesh. Tikamgarh is located in the northern
who earn a living on daily wages using part of Madhya Pradesh on the Bundelkhand
groundwater for irrigation. Deteriorated water Plateau between Jamuni, “a tributary of Betwa
quality can cause various waterborne diseases River”, and the Dhasan River. The entire city
in that area. In light of the above facts, this falls under the Betwa sub-basin of the Ganga
study was carried out to monitor and analyse basin. Its geographic location is between
the quality of groundwater and surface water 24°26’ and 25°34’ N latitudes and 78°26’ and
in Tikamgarh city. Statistical analysis 79°21’ E longitudes, as shown in Figure 1. The
(correlation and regression) was also carried maximum length and width of the district are
out. Correlation analysis determines the about 119 km and about 80 km, respectively.
relationship between independent and Thus, the total geographical area of the district
dependent variables. is 5048 km2.

Figure 1. Studied area in Tikamgarh district

42
L. Narayan Gupta et al.: Assessment of surface and …, Holistic Approach Environ. 14(2024) 2, pp. 40 - 48

The central part of the study area consists of were determined by the volumetric titration
Bundelkhand granite rocks and soils method. Total hardness was determined by
characterised as black humus granitic and EDTA titration method using ammonium
yellowish grey colour with kankar soils. The buffer (NH4Cl and NH4OH) and Eriochrome
average annual rainfall in Tikamgarh district is Black-T indicator in water samples. The value
1057.1 mm. The groundwater in the area of total hardness was calculated as CaCO3
generally takes place under water table mg/l. Alkalinity was analysed by titration
conditions. It is also known as part of method using 0.02N H2SO4, phenolphthalein
Bundelkhand of Madhya Pradesh, famous for and methyl orange indicators. Cl- was
frequent droughts. This is the reason why the estimated by the AgNO3 titration method using
Chendala and Bundela dynasties developed K2CrO4 as an indicator. The sulphate, fluoride,
several reservoirs in their period to meet the iron, and nitrate were measured using a visible
basic needs for water resources. spectrophotometer (Model - 168, Make -
Systronics) in the range from 340 to 1100 nm
and accuracy of ± 1 nm. The detailed locations
Methodology of selected sampling points are shown in Table
1. The geographical position of the locations
Five surface and groundwater basins around was determined with the help of the Global
Tikamgarh city are used for city water supply, Positioning System (GPS). The analysis was
i.e., Mahendra Sagar Pond, Kundeshwar Dam, carried out at Public Health Engineering
Barighat Dam, Barighat filtered water and (PHE) Department and Government Post
Maharajpura Well were selected for Graduate College, Tikamgarh, Madhya
monitoring and physicochemical analysis to Pradesh. The Government Post Graduate
determine the correlation between independent College is considered as the central point, and
(X) and dependent variables (Y). Mahendra the distance of each sampling point from the
Sagar Pond, Kundeshwar Dam and Barighat central point is shown in Table 1. The data has
Dam represent the surface water sources and been evaluated by means of the Karl Pearson
other two locations are source of groundwater, correlation coefficient (R) using the following
as shown in Table 1. The monitoring was equation to determine the strength of
carried out once a year in 2022. Two-litre relationship between two variables:
water samples were collected at different
locations to analyse water quality parameters. n xy −  x y
R= (1)
The physiochemical parameters that were
n x 2 − (  x ) n y 2 − (  y )
2 2

examined are: turbidity, pH, TDS, TH, Ca2+,

Mg2+, alkalinity, Cl-, nitrate, fluoride, iron, and
sulphate. Water samples were collected in pre- where n is the number of selected stations, x
cleaned polypropylene bottles with necessary and y are independent and dependent
precautions according to APHA-AWWA-2017 variables, respectively. The relationship
[16]. Laboratory glassware and chemicals used between variables x and y was evaluated by a
in the study were of high quality and obtained straight-line equation, i.e., y = mx + c, where
from Schott Duran, Borosilicate and Revera m is slope and c is the intercept. If the value of
and Qualigens/E-Merck/Hi-media/Loba. The the correlation coefficient is closer to +1 or -1,
TDS parameter was measured with a mobile it indicates the probability of a linear
pen-type TDS meter and TDS meter (EI, relationship between independent and
model 601) at the sampling point, while other dependent variables x and y. The correlation
parameters were analysed in the laboratory coefficient was determined using Python
according to standard methods for testing programming, through Google Colab platform.
water and wastewater [16]. Turbidity and pH
were measured with a digital turbidity meter
(EI, model 331) and pH meter (EI, model
101), respectively. TH, alkalinity, and chloride

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L. Narayan Gupta et al.: Assessment of surface and …, Holistic Approach Environ. 14(2024) 2, pp. 40 - 48

Table 1. Details of sampling locations from Government Post Graduate College, Tikamgarh,
Madhya Pradesh
Distance
Sample from the
No. Location Abbrev. Latitude Longitude Source
code central
point (km)
Mahendre Surface
1 N-22-8/1 MSP 24.7354 78.8291 1
Sagar Pond water
Surface
2 N-22-8/2 Barighat Dam BD 24.7144 78.7772 6.5
water
Kundeshwar Surface
3 N-22-8/3 KD 24.696 78.7971 2.1
Dham water
Barighat Ground
4 N-22-8/4 BFW 24.7249 78.7853 6.3
filtered water water
Maharajpur Ground
5 N-22-8/5 MW 24.7383 78.8113 3.5
Well water

Sagar Pond, Barighat Dam and Kundeshwar

Dham represent the surface water sources,
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION where Barighat Dam represents the river
location and other two locations are ponds.
Statistical analysis The Barighat filtered water and Maharajpur
Well are groundwater sources. The statistical
Surface water and groundwater samples were variation in water quality characteristics for all
collected in Tikamgarh city. Five sampling the locations are shown in Figure 2. The
locations were selected, of which three obtained results were also compared with their
samples represent a surface source and two standards prescribed by BIS [17].
samples represent groundwater. Mahendre

Figure 2. Water quality characteristics of different sampling locations

44
L. Narayan Gupta et al.: Assessment of surface and …, Holistic Approach Environ. 14(2024) 2, pp. 40 - 48

As shown in Figure 1, keeping in mind that all in BD. The highest mean value of TDS was
the sampling locations are within a radius of found in MSP. Similarly, TH, Ca2+ and SO42-
6.5 km from central point i.e., Government were also within the permissible limits. TH
Post Graduate College, Tikamgarh, Madhya was above 600 mg/L in few samples, while the
Pradesh, low variation in concentration of mean concentration remained below 600
parameter were observed between different mg/L. The maximum concentration of Ca2+
locations. The pH in all locations is similar also rises above 200 mg/L, while the mean
and varies within the permissible range of 6.5 concentrations were below 198.1 mg/L. The
to 8.5 (Table 2). According to BIS standard IS SO42- was within acceptable limits, as shown
10500:2012 [17], the acceptable limit of Mg2+ in Table 2. All the samples were within the
is 30 mg/L. In MW, the highest mean permissible limits, except for a few
concentration of Mg2+ was found (16.18 parameters.
mg/L). Maximum concentration was found in
BFW (17.94 mg/L). In all samples, Mg2+ was
within acceptable limits. According to Correlation analysis
standard, the acceptable limit of NO3- is 45
mg/L and all the samples were within that All parameters were correlated with each other
limit. The highest mean concentration of NO3- to determine the significance of the correlation
was found at KD and maximum concentration based on the level and direction of the
was also found at KD (27.55 mg/L). The correlation. The correlations, whether positive
acceptable limit of Fe and F- is 0.3 mg/L and or negative, are considered significant if they
1.0 mg/L, respectively, and both the are greater than ± 0.8, moderate if they are in
parameters were within the acceptable limits. the range ± 0.80 > C > ± 0.40 and non-
The highest mean concentration of Fe was significant if they are less than ± 0.40.
found in KD (0.25 mg/L). Maximum
concentration of Fe was also found in KD It was found that the chemical water quality
(0.32 mg/L), which is slightly above the limit. parameters are highly correlated with each
Maximum concentration of F- was 0.41 mg/L other (Table 3). Only Mg2+ shows a low
and average concentration was 0.34 mg/L. The correlation with almost all parameters. The
turbidity was measured in NTU and was less maximum correlation of Mg2+ was with Cl-
than 10 NTU in almost all sampling locations. (0.437), which is not significant enough to
The maximum turbidity was observed in MSP derive a relationship between the parameters.
(10.05 NTU) and minimum turbidity was also pH showed a moderate correlation with most
found in MSP (1.41 NTU). In other locations, parameters. The maximum correlation was
the maximum turbidity varied between 2 - 9 with iron, followed by sulphate. At the same
NTU. time, other parameters show a striking
correlation with different parameters. TH had
The average concentration of chemical a correlation above 90 % with all parameters,
constituents was also within standard except with Mg2+ and pH. Similarly, Ca2+, TA,
acceptable limits. In KD, the mean value of and Cl- show exceptional correlation. A strong
TA was 482.9 mg/L, while the maximum correlation of TH was found with Ca2+, TA,
concentration of TA was 592.5 mg/L. The Cl-, Fe and SO42-. At the same time, a strong
acceptable limit of Cl- is 250 - 1000 mg/L and correlation of TA with Cl-, TH and Ca2+ was
all the sample were within the acceptable limit. found. Fe and SO42- also show a high
The maximum concentration of Cl- was found correlation with most parameters, as shown in
in BD (351.8 mg/L), while the highest mean Table 3.
concentration was found in BFW (244.8
mg/L). The permissible limit for TDS is 2000
mg/L. All the samples were within the limit
with maximum concentration of 1462.6 mg/L

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L. Narayan Gupta et al.: Assessment of surface and …, Holistic Approach Environ. 14(2024) 2, pp. 40 - 48

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of water quality parameters of different locations

TH Ca2+ Mg2+ TA Cl- NO3- TDS Fe SO42- F- Turbidity
pH
Locations (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (NTU)
BIS 6.5-8.5 200-600 75-200 30-100 200-600 250-1000 45 500-2000 0.3 200-400 1-1.5 1-5
Mean 7.79 557.03 198.10 15.89 445.79 233.08 20.90 1100.08 0.24 54.46 0.33 4.61
Minimum 7.51 436.42 179.27 14.43 351.33 198.62 19.08 730.91 0.15 50.01 0.28 1.41
Mahendre Maximum 8.09 636.94 221.52 17.01 576.34 303.18 22.61 1368.32 0.31 58.12 0.39 10.05
Sagar Pond Median 7.75 562.88 196.02 15.83 428.58 222.55 21.12 1154.78 0.26 54.62 0.33 3.89
Standard
0.21 59.38 13.72 0.74 76.32 35.15 1.33 216.81 0.05 2.40 0.03 2.83
deviation
Mean 7.93 562.55 190.85 15.67 457.10 234.09 21.75 1090.15 0.24 52.00 0.32 5.76
Minimum 7.49 489.15 166.56 14.49 330.54 156.54 17.72 839.37 0.17 43.10 0.28 2.97
Barighat Maximum 8.35 635.85 216.03 16.62 571.41 351.86 25.94 1462.69 0.28 57.58 0.36 9.32
Dam Median 7.90 570.01 188.21 15.86 453.52 225.72 21.87 1035.44 0.26 52.58 0.32 5.15
Standard
0.25 50.31 17.30 0.63 76.56 54.14 2.66 205.15 0.04 4.36 0.02 2.18
deviation
Mean 7.69 566.35 192.16 15.84 482.99 227.15 23.27 1049.35 0.25 50.09 0.34 6.02
Minimum 7.11 505.21 167.10 14.67 410.08 169.60 19.25 855.96 0.20 44.13 0.29 3.40
Kundeshwar Maximum 8.24 635.46 219.38 17.06 592.57 296.96 27.55 1216.28 0.32 54.93 0.39 9.08
Dham Median 7.73 567.89 187.73 16.01 483.31 232.19 23.04 1056.37 0.23 49.70 0.36 6.06
Standard
0.35 38.17 17.30 0.71 57.32 44.16 2.38 116.31 0.05 3.20 0.04 1.70
deviation
Mean 7.80 547.25 195.41 16.25 459.89 244.85 21.14 994.71 0.24 53.78 0.35 6.91
Minimum 7.20 452.33 160.94 14.68 401.09 164.86 17.31 743.80 0.16 49.14 0.31 2.78
Barighat
Maximum 8.21 638.52 228.84 17.94 516.32 334.37 23.22 1158.66 0.30 62.02 0.41 9.00
filtered
water Median 7.77 529.08 194.19 16.25 459.77 251.20 21.22 1008.32 0.25 52.27 0.34 7.33
Standard
0.28 54.87 23.28 0.99 40.09 62.25 1.62 133.93 0.04 4.19 0.03 1.82
deviation
Mean 8.05 557.33 184.07 16.18 485.72 226.19 21.89 997.18 0.24 52.79 0.34 6.13
Minimum 7.68 511.58 159.35 14.34 329.75 172.33 18.60 806.74 0.20 48.50 0.25 3.04
Maharajpur Maximum 8.49 597.57 200.82 17.32 546.55 288.67 24.37 1282.43 0.29 58.10 0.40 9.19
Well Median 7.97 569.28 188.17 16.69 499.38 229.81 22.05 978.98 0.22 53.06 0.35 6.55
Standard
0.28 31.96 13.59 1.07 67.15 42.39 1.90 141.14 0.03 3.25 0.05 2.25
deviation

Table 3. Correlation matrix of water quality parameters

pH TH Ca2+ Mg2+ TA Cl- NO3- TDS Fe SO42- F- Turbidity

pH 1

TH 0.658 1

Ca2+ 0.669 0.998 1

Mg2+ 0.057 0.339 0.274 1

TA 0.495 0.979 0.977 0.331 1

Cl- 0.563 0.989 0.979 0.437 0.987 1

NO3- 0.519 0.943 0.937 0.374 0.944 0.961 1

TDS 0.521 0.901 0.907 0.197 0.914 0.877 0.738 1

Fe 0.729 0.961 0.976 0.082 0.926 0.919 0.904 0.859 1

SO42- 0.673 0.964 0.974 0.160 0.945 0.927 0.838 0.966 0.959 1

F- 0.481 0.92 0.935 0.072 0.945 0.911 0.938 0.813 0.947 0.893 1

Turbidity 0.596 0.854 0.887 -0.191 0.852 0.799 0.804 0.814 0.952 0.902 0.945 1

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L. Narayan Gupta et al.: Assessment of surface and …, Holistic Approach Environ. 14(2024) 2, pp. 40 - 48

A high correlation between the TH and SO42- CONCLUSION

indicates the presence of permanent hardness,
while a high correlation between TA and Ca2+ A correlation study was performed to
suggest the presence of temporary hardness in determine the relationship between different
groundwater. A high concentration of sulphate water quality parameters that affect the quality
generated from mineralogical depositions and of surface water and groundwater. The
nitrate was observed as coming from variation of surface water quality parameters
anthropogenic sources. A high correlation of was compared with groundwater quality in
nitrates and sulphates indicates the order to assess the flow in the water resource
anthropogenic pollution generated by and factors affecting the variation of the
wastewater discharge causing microbial concentration of different parameters. The
contamination of groundwater. A high load of results of the correlation study showed that
chlorides indicates contamination of calcium and TH are strongly correlated,
groundwater with domestic wastewater and followed by TH with Cl-. Ca2+, TH, Cl-, TA,
leakage of effluents from septic tank close to TDS, SO42-and iron shows a high correlation.
aquifers. The analysis of data collected from The variation between surface and
surface and sub-surface sources shows that groundwater sources were not significant,
there is no significant difference in the water indicating that no major point or non-point
quality characteristics of both sources [9] All source joined the surface or sub-surface
the sampling locations are geographically resources. The results of the correlation study
distributed within a radius of 6.5 km and do suggest that water quality can be managed by
not show any geographic variation; therefore, controlling TH and TDS concentrations
there are no significant fluctuation in both data through conventional and non-conventional
source. Only a few exceptional cases were removal processes before processing for
observed that showed a concentration of agricultural and domestic consumption.
parameters above the acceptable values, but
average concentration was within the
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