RECTIFIER

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RECTIFIER

A rectifier is a circuit converts the ac input voltage into a pulsating dc voltage.


The rectifier circuit are classified as
1. Single-phase half-wave rectifier
2. Single-phase full-wave rectifier

1. Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier


Figure 1 shown a single-phase half-wave rectifier circuit. This circuit consist of a
diode (D) in series with a load resistance 𝑅𝐿 . An ac input voltage (𝑣) is used as input
of the half-wave rectifier and this voltage can be expressed as
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Where, 𝑣 = Instantaneous voltage,
𝑉𝑚 = Maximum voltage,
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 is the angular frequency, and
𝜔𝑡 = 𝜃 is the angle

𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡

Figure 1 Single-phase half-wave rectifier circuit

During the positive half-cycle of the ac input voltage, the diode is forward
biased and conducts when the instantaneous voltage is greater that the cut-in
voltage or threshold voltage of the diode. 𝑉𝛾 is 0.3v for the germanium diode and
0.7 for silicon diode. The peak value or maximum voltage 𝑉𝑚 is very large compared
to the cut-in voltage 𝑉𝛾 . It is assumed that 𝑉𝛾 = 0 for the rectifier circuit analysis.
When the diode conducts, it acts as a closed switch and the current flows through
the load and diode. Therefore, there is a voltage drop across the load resistance
𝑅𝐿 . The output voltage at the load 𝑅𝐿 will be the same positive half-cycle ac input
wave voltage. The waveform of the load current must be same output voltage
shape, but its amplitude depends on the load resistance 𝑅𝐿 .

In the negative half-cycle of the ac input voltage, the diode reverse biased
and it will not conduct. There is no current flow through the diode and the voltage
drop across the load is zero. Hence, the output voltage is zero. The is clear from
Figure 2 that the only positive half-cycle of the ac input voltage will be output
across 𝑅𝐿 . Therefore, only the ac input voltage can be utilized to deliver the power
to the circuit.

Figure 2 (a) Input voltage (b) Output voltage (c) Load current

The output voltage is not a steady voltage. It is pulsating dc voltage with ripple
frequency equal to the input voltage frequency. The output voltage can be
measured by dc voltmeter and output current can be measured by a dc ammeter.

1. Average (dc) Output Voltage

𝑉𝑚
Formula: or 0.318𝑉𝑚
𝜋

2. Average (dc) Output Current

𝐼𝑚
Formula: or 0.318𝐼𝑚
𝜋
Example no. 1
A half-wave rectifier circuit (figure 2.1) has an rms supply 220 v voltage and
load resistance is 250 ohms. The forward resistance of the diode is 10 ohms.
Determine the (a) the dc output voltage, (b) the dc load current, (c) the dc power
delivered to the load.

ac supply 𝑅𝑓 = 10Ω 𝑅𝐿 = 250Ω


𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡

Figure 2.1
Solution Given: The rms supply voltage 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 220 𝑉, 𝑅𝑓 = 10Ω, 𝑅𝐿 = 250Ω

The voltage 𝑉𝑚 = √2𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √2 × 220 𝑉 = 311.12 𝑉

(a) The dc output voltage


𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 0.318𝑉𝑚 = 0.318 × 311.12 𝑉 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟑 𝑽

(b) The dc load current


𝐼𝑚 1 𝑉𝑚 1 311.12
𝐼𝑑𝑐 = = ×𝑅 = 𝜋 × 10+250 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟓 𝑨
𝜋 𝜋 𝑓 +𝑅𝐿

(c) The dc power delivered to the load is


𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝐿 = (0.3805)2 (250) = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝑽

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