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    5.3. Equilibria

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    Donald A Japi

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    5.3. Equilibria

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    Donald A Japi
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    5 views3 pages

    5.3. Equilibria

    Uploaded by

    Donald A Japi

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    OCR​ ​A​ ​GCSE​ ​Chemistry

    Topic​ ​5:​ ​Monitoring​ ​and​ ​controlling


    chemical​ ​reactions
    ​ ​Equilibria

    Notes

    www.pmt.education
    C5.3a​ ​recall​ ​that​ ​some​ ​reactions​ ​may​ ​be​ ​reversed​ ​by​ ​altering​ ​the​ ​reaction
    conditions

    ● In​ ​some​ ​chemical​ ​reactions,​ ​the​ ​products​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​can​ ​react​ ​to​ ​produce
    the​ ​original​ ​reactants
    o These​ ​are​ ​called​ ​reversible​ ​reactions
    o The​ ​direction​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​can​ ​be​ ​changed​ ​by​ ​changing​ ​the​ ​conditions

    E.g.​ ​The​ ​Haber​ ​Process:​ ​nitrogen​ ​+​ ​hydrogen​ ​⇌​ ​ammonia

    C5.3b​ ​recall​ ​that​ ​dynamic​ ​equilibrium​ ​occurs​ ​in​ ​a​ ​closed​ ​system​ ​when​ ​the
    rates​ ​of​ ​forward​ ​and​ ​reverse​ ​reactions​ ​are​ ​equal

    ● When​ ​a​ ​reversible​ ​reaction​ ​occurs​ ​in​ ​a​ ​closed​ ​system,​ ​equilibrium​ ​is​ ​reached
    when​ ​the​ ​reactions​ ​occur​ ​at​ ​exactly​ ​the​ ​same​ ​rate​ ​in​ ​each​ ​direction.

    C5.3c​ ​(HT​ ​only)​ ​predict​ ​the​ ​effect​ ​of​ ​changing​ ​reaction​ ​conditions​ ​on
    equilibrium​ ​position​ ​and​ ​suggest​ ​appropriate​ ​conditions​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​as​ ​much
    of​ ​a​ ​particular​ ​product​ ​as​ ​possible

    ● The​ ​relative​ ​amounts​ ​of​ ​all​ ​the​ ​reacting​ ​substances​ ​at​ ​equilibrium​ ​depend​ ​on​ ​the
    conditions​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reaction.
    ● If​ ​a​ ​system​ ​is​ ​at​ ​equilibrium​ ​and​ ​a​ ​change​ ​is​ ​made​ ​to​ ​any​ ​of​ ​the​ ​conditions,​ ​then
    the​ ​system​ ​responds​ ​to​ ​counteract​ ​the​ ​change.
    o Effects​ ​of​ ​changing​ ​conditions​ ​on​ ​a​ ​system​ ​at​ ​equilibrium​ ​can​ ​be
    predicted​ ​using​ ​Le​ ​Chatelier’s​ ​Principle.

    ● Effect​ ​of​ ​changing​ ​concentration:


    ● If​ ​the​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​one​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reactants​ ​or​ ​products​ ​is​ ​changed,​ ​the
    system​ ​is​ ​no​ ​longer​ ​at​ ​equilibrium​ ​and​ ​the​ ​concentrations​ ​of​ ​all​ ​the
    substances​ ​will​ ​change​ ​until​ ​equilibrium​ ​is​ ​reached​ ​again.
    ● If​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​reactants​ ​is​ ​increased​:​ ​position​ ​of​ ​equilibrium​ ​shifts
    towards​ ​products​ ​(right)​ ​so​​ ​more​ ​product​ ​is​ ​produced​​ ​until​ ​equilibrium​ ​is
    reached​ ​again
    ● if​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​products​ ​is​ ​increased​:​ ​position​ ​of​ ​equilibrium​ ​shifts
    towards​ ​reactants​ ​(left)​ ​so​ ​more​ ​reactant​ ​is​ ​produced​​ ​until​ ​equilibrium​ ​is
    reached​ ​again

    www.pmt.education
    ● Effect​ ​of​ ​changing​ ​pressure:
    ● In​ ​gaseous​ ​reactions,​ ​an​ ​increase​ ​in​ ​pressure​ ​will​ ​favour​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​that
    produces​ ​the​ ​least​ ​number​ ​of​ ​molecules​ ​as​ ​shown​ ​by​ ​the​ ​symbol
    equation​ ​for​ ​that​ ​reaction.

    if​ ​reaction​ ​produces​ ​a... larger​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​gas​ ​(more​ ​moles​ ​on smaller​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​gas​ ​(fewer​ ​moles​ ​on
    product​ ​side) product​ ​side)

    an​ ​increase​ ​in​ ​pressure... decreases​ ​yield​ ​of​ ​reaction-​ ​equilibrium increases​ ​yield​ ​of​ ​reaction-​ ​equilibrium
    shifts​ ​left shifts​ ​right

    a​ ​decrease​ ​in​ ​pressure... increases​ ​yield​ ​of​ ​reaction-​ ​equilibrium decreases​ ​yield​ ​of​ ​reaction-
    shifts​ ​right equilibrium​ ​shifts​ ​left

    ● Effect​ ​of​ ​changing​ ​temperature:


    ● If​ ​temperature​ ​is​ ​increased​:​ ​equilibrium​ ​moves​ ​in​ ​the​ ​direction​ ​of​ ​the
    endothermic​ ​reaction​​ ​(e.g.​ ​if​ ​forwards​ ​reaction​ ​is​ ​endothermic​ ​and
    temperature​ ​is​ ​increased,​ ​equilibrium​ ​shifts​ ​right​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​more
    product)
    ● If​ ​temperature​ ​is​ ​decreased​:​ ​equilibrium​ ​moves​ ​in​ ​the​ ​direction​ ​of​ ​the
    exothermic​ ​reaction

    ● For​ ​the​ ​forwards​ ​being​ ​exo/endothermic​ ​and​ ​yield​ ​meaning​ ​the​ ​amount
    of​ ​product​ ​from​ ​the​ ​forwards​ ​reaction:
    Exothermic Endothermic
    An​ ​increase​ ​in Decreases​ ​yield​ ​of Increases​ ​yield​ ​of​ ​reaction-
    temperature... reaction-​ ​equilibrium equilibrium​ ​moves​ ​right
    moves​ ​left
    A​ ​decrease​ ​in Increases​ ​yield​ ​of Decreases​ ​yield​ ​of​ ​reaction-
    temperature... reaction-​ ​equilibrium equilibrium​ ​moves​ ​left
    moves​ ​right

    www.pmt.education

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