Chemistry Chapter 8 知识点总结

Chapter 8 equilibrium 1
Reversible reaction: A reaction in which the products can react to re-form

the original reactants is called a reversible reaction.
Equilibrium reaction: products react together to reform reactants at the

same time as the reactants are forming products. This type of reversible
reaction is called an equilibrium reaction.平衡反应要求正逆反应同时发生，也就是说正逆反应可在相同的条件下
进行。
An equilibrium reaction has four features under constant conditions:

 it is dynamic. （Dynamic equilibrium: means that the molecules or ions of
reactants and products are continuously reacting.）
 the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate.
 the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant at
equilibrium. 这里需要注意：不变不是相等哦。
 it requires a closed system.
Position of equilibrium refers to the relative amounts of products and

reactants present in an equilibrium mixture.
La Chatelier principle: If one or more factors that affect a dynamic

equilibrium is changed, the position of equilibrium moves to minimize this
change.
运用 La Chatelier principle 要点：
 确认发生改变了的是什么。
 找反应的哪个方向会减弱这个改变（减弱指的是可以在一定程度上恢复这个改变）。
The factors are usually:

 Concentration （如果某个物质的浓度升高，反应向消耗这个物质的方向移动。如果某个物质的浓度降低，反应向产生这个物质的
方向移动）
 Pressure （只针对气体反应，如果反应体系压力增高，平衡向气体摩尔数变少的方向移动。如果反应体系压力降低，平衡向气体摩尔
数增大的方向移动。）
 Temperature （如果反应温度增高，平衡向吸热方向移动。如果反应体系温度降低，平衡向放热反应方向移动。）
 Presence of catalyst 催化剂的使用值增加反应速率，降低反应达到平衡的时间，不影响反应平衡
Chapter 8 equilibrium-2
equilibrium constant, Kc. The subscript ‘c’ refers to the fact that
concentrations have been used in the calculations.
For a given chemical reaction:
where m, n, p and q are the number of moles in the stoichiometric equation.
 计算平衡常数要注意：
 In equilibrium expressions involving a solid, we ignore the solid. This is
because its concentration remains constant, however much solid is
present.
计算平衡常数的时候忽略固体浓度（固体浓度代入 1 即可）
 In the equilibrium expression, each figure within a square bracket
represents the concentration in mol dm−3. The units of Kc therefore
depend on the form of the equilibrium expression.
平衡常数表达式中的方括号内为对应物质的能读，指数为对应物质在反应方程式中的系数。平衡常数的单位不固定，与方程式中物质的系数相
关。
 When calculating the equilibrium constant, it is important to note that
the concentrations of all substances must be those at
equilibrium. If the given concentrations are for before reaching
equilibrium, then you must first calculate the concentrations of each
substance at equilibrium before determining the equilibrium constant.
 计算平衡常数时要注意，所有的浓度要代入！！！平衡状态！！！下各个物质的浓度，如果条件给出的浓度是为达到平衡状态时的浓度，则要
先计算平衡状态下各个物质的浓度，再求平衡常数
 The equilibrium constant is only dependent on temperature and

does not change with other factors (such as pressure,
concentration, or catalysts).
平衡常数仅与温度有关，不随其他因素（压力浓度催化剂）变化而改变
The equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressures：Kp。
We write equilibrium expressions in terms of partial pressures in a similar way
to equilibrium expressions in terms of concentrations.：
1. we use p for partial pressure.
2. the reactants and products are written as subscripts after the p.
3. the number of moles of particular reactants or products is written as a
power after the p.
简单来说，分压平衡常数 Kp 的计算表达式与浓度平衡常数 Kc.的计算表达式相似，只是将原本衡常数的计算表达式中的物质的浓度
concentration 替换成物质的分压 partial pressure 即可。
计算平衡常数时要注意，所有的浓度和分压都要代入！！！平衡状态！！！下的数字
平衡常数计算题：
 给出平衡时各个物质浓度或分压时，平衡常数的计算方法：
直接根据条件，将各个物质浓度或分压带入平衡常数表达式即可
 只描述原料添加时，平衡常数的计算---ICE 方法：
Initial：原始状态下投加的物质初始浓度，未提到的物质浓度写作 0
Change：反应达到平衡的过程中各个物质的浓度变化量（各物质的变化量数值上按照化学反应方程式的系数成比例。但反应物在减少变
化量为负，产物在变多变化量为正）
Equilibrium：物质的 Initial + change 则为平衡时该物质的浓度，计算平衡常数时带入这个浓度数字
Haber process synthesis of ammonia
Reaction condition: 200 atm. 450℃ . Fe as catalyst. 高温高压催化剂
Change Shift of equilibrium

Insert some more N2/H2 To the right/ forward
remove N2/H2 To the left/backward
Insert some more NH3 To the left/backward
Remove NH3 from the reaction To the right/ forward
Increase the pressure of the reaction To the right/ forward
by reduce the volume/ insert more
reactant
Increase the pressure of the reaction No change
by insert noble gases
Increase temperature To the left/backward
Decrease temperature To the right/ forward
Adding catalyst No change
虽然提高温度反应平衡逆向移动不利于提高 NH3 产量，但是温度高可以加快反应速率。出于效率考虑，此反应工业上选择高温。
Contact process：production of sulfuric acid
Reaction condition: 1-2 atm. 450℃ . V2O5 as catalyst. 高温不太高压催化剂
Change Shift of equilibrium

Insert some more reactant To the right/ forward
remove reactants To the left/backward
Insert some more product To the left/backward
Remove product from the reaction To the right/ forward
Increase the pressure of the reaction To the right/ forward
by reduce the volume/ insert more
reactant
Increase the pressure of the reaction No change
by insert noble gases
Increase temperature To the left/backward
Decrease temperature To the right/ forward
Adding catalyst No change
虽然高压有利于反应正向进行，但是由于常压反应程度已经较大，所以出于经济因素考虑，此反应的压力并没有很大。
虽然提高温度反应平衡逆向移动不利于提高 SO3 产量，但是温度高可以加快反应速率。出于效率考虑，此反应工业上选择高温。
neutralisation reaction：A salt is a compound formed when an acid reacts

with a base (or alkali). This type of reaction is called a neutralisation reaction.
Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases

Acid：a proton donor.
Base：a proton accepter.
Weak/strong：according to the extent of dissociation in solution.

acids/bases which dissociate almost completely in solution are called strong
acid/bases. Acid/Bases which dissociate to only a small extent in solution
are called weak acid/bases.
 pH：-log「H+」
水的电离平衡常数为 10-14，纯水中氢离子浓度=氢氧根离子浓度=10-7 mol dm-3
acids have pH values below pH 7
alkalis have pH values above pH 7
a neutral solution has a pH value of exactly 7.
strong acid: 强酸完全电离

 1M (mol dm-3), pH= 0;
 0.1M pH=1;
 0.01M pH=2
weak acid: 弱酸不完全电离 pH usually 3-4
strong bases: 强碱完全电离

 1M (mol dm-3), pH= 14;
 0.1M pH=13;
 0.01M pH=12
weak bases: 弱碱不完全电离 pH usually 10-11
 indicator：指示剂的反应可看作它的电离平衡：
H+浓度高时，平衡逆向移动，逆反应方向主导，体系显示 HIn 的颜色

H+浓度低时，平衡正向移动，正反应方向主导，体系显示 In-的颜色
 中和计算：
n（H+）= n（OH-）
n=CV
n is the mole of H+/OH-, C is the concentration of H+/OH-, V is the volume
of solution
 滴定实验的 indicator（指示剂）选择：
强酸强碱：瞬变区间大，indicator 随便选
强酸弱碱：瞬变区间再 pH<7 一侧，需要选择变色点在酸性 pH 值的 indicator
弱酸强碱：瞬变区间再 pH>7 一侧，需要选择变色点在碱性性 pH 值的 indicator
弱酸弱碱：无瞬变区间，无法用 indicator 指示
 滴定曲线，titration curve：
 确定起点终点 pH
pH 起点看 baker 里面的溶液
pH 终点看 burette 里面的溶液
强酸 1-2 弱酸 3-4 强碱 13-14 弱碱 10-11 碱 10-11
 计算中和体积（titra）
n（H+）= n（OH-）
 画清楚瞬变区间

Chemistry Chapter 8 知识点总结

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Chapter 8 equilibrium 1

Reversible reaction: A reaction in which the products can react to re-form

Equilibrium reaction: products react together to reform reactants at the

An equilibrium reaction has four features under constant conditions:

Position of equilibrium refers to the relative amounts of products and

La Chatelier principle: If one or more factors that affect a dynamic

The factors are usually:

For a given chemical reaction:

where m, n, p and q are the number of moles in the stoichiometric equation.

 The equilibrium constant is only dependent on temperature and

Haber process synthesis of ammonia

Reaction condition: 200 atm. 450℃ . Fe as catalyst. 高温高压催化剂

Change Shift of equilibrium

虽然提高温度反应平衡逆向移动不利于提高 NH3 产量，但是温度高可以加快反应速率。出于效率考虑，此反应工业上选择高温。

Contact process：production of sulfuric acid

Reaction condition: 1-2 atm. 450℃ . V2O5 as catalyst. 高温 不太高压 催化剂

Change Shift of equilibrium

neutralisation reaction：A salt is a compound formed when an acid reacts

Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases

Weak/strong：according to the extent of dissociation in solution.

strong acid: 强酸完全电离

strong bases: 强碱完全电离

H+浓度高时，平衡逆向移动，逆反应方向主导，体系显示 HIn 的颜色

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Reaction condition: 1-2 atm. 450℃ . V2O5 as catalyst. 高温不太高压催化剂