Contents

Module 1: Sequences and Series 1

Module 2: Functions, Inverses, Logarithms.................... 16

Module 3: Financial Mathematics 32

Module 4: Remainder and Factor Theorem... 41

Module 5: Differentiation / Calculus.............................. 44

Module 6: Analytical Geometry 66

Module 7: Trigonometry........... 77

Module 8: Sine, Cosine and Area Rule 88

Module 9: Euclidean Geometry 96

Module 10: Data.............. 108

Module 11: Probability.................................................. 114

Memorandum

Order form End

 ULE1: S8qU8nC8SandS8~8S
- * st term d - common difference
- < mber of terms or r - common ratio
~ osition of term l - last term
- value of k th term or T; - value of nth term

(common difference ... d)

3- T2 = T2- T1 =d Isequence: a; a+d; a+2d ; a+3d ... I

Series

Sum of:

=a + (k- l)d or

It =a + (n -l)d

(common ratio ... r)

5equence: a, .. ar , ar2. , ar3., .....

Series
. eneral term:

or . r> 1
I

. r
I
<1
a:f= a,r:f= a
 L Sigma notation .• Sum of
8 8
I(2k -1) ..... 8 terms I(2k - 1) ..... 5 terms
k=l k=4

Number of terms:
t
L····· n = (t-p) + 1 use sum formula
k=p

e.g. T8 = S8 - S7

Infinite geometric series

Converging series: -1 < r < 1

5
00
.::«.
l-r
More series.
Find the qeneral term of:
A. 1; 4i\....J9;'---.--I~6 B. - 7' 19' 37' 61
'-../ ''-----.J G 0
357 12 18 24
<:: \....J ~~

2 2 6 6
2nd difference -7 quadratic 2nd difference -7 quadratic
2
:. Tn = an2 + bn + c :. Tn = an + bn + c

1. Let 2a = 2nd difference 1. 2a = 6

:. 2a = 2 :. a =3
:. a = 1
.......................................................... , .
2. c - term before 1st =To 2. c - term before 1st =To
19 37
00 "---.-J~
1 3 5 6 12 18
~2 <c:>
2 .·.c=O
~
6
'<::
6 :. c = 1
·····:::··T~···~··i~2'·+··b~··+··O·····················
. :. Tn = 3n2 + bn + 1
but Tl =1 but Tl =7
= (1)2 + bel)
:. 1 :. 7 = 3(1)2 + b(l) + 1
:. b = 0 .. b = 3
:. Tn = n2 :. Tn = 3n2 + 3n + 1

The questions in the worksheets are very easy at the beginning and can
be used as examples.

2
 nd answers off to 2 decimal olaces,
orksheet 1 A Worksheet 1 D
i,rmd the general term for each of the 3. The first term of an arithmetic
Iifollowing sequences: series is 25 and the 7th term is
3; 8; 13; . 115. Determine the first 3 terms
of the sequence.
1; 5; 9; 13; .
-2; 0; 2; 4; . 4. The 4th term of an arithmetic
-15; -11; -7; . series is -8 and the 8th term
is -24. Determine the first 3
20; 23; 26; . terms of the sequence as well as
" Worksheet 1 B the 11th term.

etermine the 12th term of the 5. Determine the first 3 terms of the
. following: sequence as well as the 15th term
3; 5; 7; . if:
-1; 2; 5; . 5.1 the 11th term = 81 and the
4th term = 25
16; 21; 26; .
5; 7; 9; ..... 5.2 Ts = 17 and TlO = 32.
5. 13; 16; 19; ..... Worksheet 1 E
1. Tk = 16 + (k - 1)(5)
Determine:
Which term in the sequence
36; 25; 14; ... has a value of -527 1.1 the common difference

2. Which term in the sequence 1.2 the 15th term.

1; 6; 11; .... has a value of 267
3. Which term in the sequence
2. T19 = 11 and T3i = 5
Determine:
19; 16; 13; ... has a value of -44?
2.1 the first 3 terms
4. Which term in the sequence
-2a; -5a; -8a; .... has a value of 2.2 the 10th term
-32a?
2.3 which term = 14.
. Worksheet 1 D
1. Given: 27; 23; 19; ..... 3. The 2nd term of an arithmetic
Determine: sequence is 1 and the 8th term is
'1.1 the 11th term -11. Determine:

'1.2 which term = -53. 3.1 the first term

3.2 the common difference
2. Given: 3~; 5; 6~; ..... 3.3 the twentieth term
2 2
Determine: 3.4 which term equals -23
2.1 the 25th term Worksheet 1 F
2.2 which term = 11. 1. a + 2; 4a; 6a + 4 form an
arithmetic sequence. Calculate
the value of a and determine the
first 3 terms of the sequence.

3
Worksheet 1 F Worksheet 1 G
2. x + 4; 2x; x + 8 fo rm an 5. Calculate the 11th term of the
arithmetic sequence. Calculate 1. 2,. 8,. .....
sequence -,
the first 3 terms as well as the 2
12th term.
Worksheet 1 H
3. 2x + 2; 3x - 6 and 5x + 2 form an 1. Which term of the sequence
arithmetic sequence. Determine 2; 4; 8; ... has a value of 5127
the first term and the common
difference. 2. Which term of the sequence
3
-,
1
-,
1.
-, .. has a value of--.
1 7
4. Given: T, = 3k - 2. Determine: 4 4 12 324
4.1 the first term
3. Which term of the sequence
4.2
4.3
the common difference
the twentieth term
32; -16; 8; .. is !?
4.4 which term = 88. 4. Which term of the sequence
1; 3; 9; ... is equal to 729?
5. The fourth and the seventh term
of an arithmetic sequence are -13 S. Which term of the sequence
and -25 respectively. Calculate 1; 0,2; 0,04; ... has a value of
the fortieth term. 0,00032?

6. 2x + 4; Sx and 4x + 4 are the first Worksheet 1 I

three terms of an arithmetic 1. Determine the first 3 terms of the
sequence. geometric sequence of which the
3rd term is 4 and the 5th term is
6.1 Determine x and then the nume-
16.
rical values of the first 3 terms.
6.2 Determine a formula for the nth 2. Determine the geometric
term of the sequence. sequence of which the first term
is -3 and the 5th term is -243.
Worksheet 1 G
1. Determine the general term of the 3. Determine the first 3 terms of the
following sequences: geometric sequence of which the
1.1 3; 9; 27; ..... common ratio is 2 and the 7th
term is -96.
1.2 1; 4; 16; .....
1.3 4. Determine the first 3 terms of the
2; -4; 8; -16;
geometric sequence of which the
2nd term is -14 and the 6th term
2. Calculate the 8th and the 12th
is -224 and r < 0 .
term of the sequence
27; 9; 3; ..... Worksheet 1 l
1. Determine the third to the fifth
3. Calculate the 10th term of the term of the geometric sequence if:
sequence 5; 10; 20; .....
- 5 625
1.1 T2 = - and Ts - --
4. Calculate the 15th term of the 2 16
- 2. . . 1.2 T3 = 16 and T6 = 1024
sequence 3' 2, -6, .....
1.3 T4 = S4 and T7 = 1458

4
I Worksheet 1J Worksheet 1 l
i 2. Determine the geometric 2. Calculate the sum of the series:
I sequence if the first term is 2x
5 + 10 + 15 + ..... + 205.

I 5 3. Calcuiate the sum of the series:

2x4
and the 4th term is 41 + 38 + 35 + ..... + 5.
1

13. x; x + 4; ..... isa geo::tric

sequence. Determine the third
4. Calculate the sum of the series:
12 + 9 + 6 + ..... -39.
Worksheet 1 M
term in terms of x .
1. Write the following series in sigma
4. 7x + 1; 2x + 2; x - 1 is a notation:
geometric sequence. 1.1 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15
4.1 Determine x 1.2 -2 + 5 + 12 + 19 + 26 + 33 + 40
1.3 1+ 7+ 13+ 19+ 25+ 31+ 37+ 43
4.2 Determine the first 3 terms.
1.4 159
5.1 Calculate the value of p in the -+-+-
222
following geometric sequence:
p + 1;1 - p and 2 - 5p
2. Expand:
5.2 Hence determine the first 3 terms 4

!-- __ o_f_t_he---'--se-'--!q-'-"u.....::.e_n_ce_.
~ 2.1 L (5 +3k)
Worksheet 1 K k=!

8
1. Given: SI1 = ~ (511 + 3112).
2.2 ~)2+2k)
k=3
Determine the first 3 terms of the
! series.
3. Calculate the value of the
I! 2. Given: S" = 2n + n2. Determine
following:
8
the values of the 5th and the 6th
I term. 3.1 L(3k-6)
I k;l

13. Given: S" = T' - 1. Calculate the 12

!
!
value of the 10th term. 3.2 L:<11-3k)
k;O
!
! 1)11 108
! 4. Given: S; = 6 - 6 ( 2 Calculate 3.3 L(2+2p)
I p=3
I
the value of the 20th term.
j
i 4. How many terms of the series
35 + 32 + 29 + ..... will add up to
! 5. Given: s, = .!. (2 - 2(-2)").
220 ?
i 3
! Determine the first 3 terms.
I Worksheet 1L 5. How many terms of the series
5 + 11 + 17 + ..... will add up to
,1. Calculate:
i 320?
1.1 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 ..... to 10 terms.
, -1 1 3 6. How many terms of the series
1.2 - + - + - + ..... to 15 terms. 5 10 15 .
! 2 2 2 - + - + - + ...wlll add up to 150?
! 4 4 4

5
Worksheet 1 N Worksheet 1 P
n
1. In an arithmetic series, the
1. Determine n if: L(2p+1)=288
p=l
sixth term is 8 more than the
fourth term. The sum of the
n first 5 terms is 70. Calculate
2. Determine n if: ~:C8p - 6) = 182 the sum to 8 terms.
p=l
2. Determine the arithmetic
n series if the 5th term is 15
3. Determine 11 if: l)4p-2)=242 more than the 8th term and
p=I the sum of the first 9 terms
equals O.
4. What is the smallest number of terms
n
for which : L)14-5k)<-125 3. The first term of an arithmetic
k=l series is 11 and the sum to
15 terms is 690. Determine
5. What is the greatest number of the 20th term.
terms for which :
n 4. The 10th term is 10 times the
L(60 + 20p) < 1440 first term and the sum of the
p=l
arithmetic series is 55 times
Worksheet 1 0 the value of the first term.
1. Determine the sum to 15 terms of the Determine the number of
arithmetic series whose 6th term is 29 terms in the series if the first
and whose 10th term is 53. term does not equal O.
Worksheet 10
2. Determine the sum to 50 terms of the
arithmetic series of which the 7th 1. Determine:
term is 33 and the 15th term is 65. 1.1 3 + 6 + 12 + ..... to 10
terms.
3. In an arithmetic series, 1.2 -2 + 10 + -50 + ... to 7
T3 = -8 and T12= -35. Determine the terms.
number of terms in the series if its
1.3
4 4
sum is -100. 4 + - + - + ..... to 8 terms.
3 9
4. In an arithmetic series,
T7 = 45 and T3 = 17. Determine the 2. Calculate the sum of the
number of terms in the series if series:
SII = 123. 2.1 2 + 4 + 8 + ..... + 256
1
5. The sum of the first 6 terms of an 2.2 -4 + 2 - 1 ..... + 32
arithmetic series is 90 and the last
4 64
term (6th) is 25. Determine the first 2.3 3+2+-+ ..... +--
term and the common difference. 3 243

3. Write the following in sigma

6. Determine the arithmetic series if the notation:
sum of the first 10 terms is 185 and
3.1 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + 243
the tenth term is 5.
1 -1 1
3.2 -1+-+-+-
248
3.3 3 +6 +12 +24 +48 +96 +192

6
 ; Worksheet 1 R Worksheet 1 T
~1. Calculate the value of: 2. Calculate the following:
i
11
2
I2(3)k-1
00

k=l
2.1 I--
11=1
511

, 1.2
2:8- 43)k
<
00 (_

, 2.2
i k=O
, 1.3
!t 3. Convert the recurring
decimal fractions to common
Determine the number of terms in fractions:
the following series: • •
3.1 2,31. 3.2 0,23
n
: 2.1 2:3P = 1092 4. For which values of x will the
p=l
following series converge?
1 + (2 + x) + (2 + x)2+ .....
1,2.2 2:2 -- 31)X-1 = 122
n

x= L
(

81
4.1

4.2 5x + 10x2 + 20x3 + .....

n
I 2.3 I5(2)k-1 < 1275 5. Hence determine the sum of
i k_=l _
the series in 4.1 and 4.2
: Worksheet 1 S (in terms of x).
! 1. Calculate:
J 2000(1,02) + 2000(1,02)2 + 6. For which values of k will the
l 2000(1,02)3 +..... to 20 terms. following series converge?
I (3 - 2k) + (3 - 2k)2 +(3 - 2k)3+ ...
i
! 2. Given: 6 + 3 + ~ + ..... Calculate
2 7. The first 2 terms of a conver-
I the first term in the series with a value gent series are k and 6. The
1 sum to infinity is 25.
I
I
less than --.
100 Calculate the value(s) of k.
Worksheet 1 U
i 3. The first term of a geometric series is
1 1 and the fifth term is 256. Calculate 1. Corlia trains for the Two
I
\
the sum of the first 8 terms. Oceans marathon. She runs
20 km during the first week.
I 4. The 2nd term of a geometric series is She increases the distance
I 6 and the 4th term is 54. Determine thereafter by 10 km per
I the sum to 10 terms. week.
I Worksheet 1 T 1.1 How many kilometers will she
I run in the 12th week?
! 1. Find the sum to infinity of the
I following series: 1.2 Calculate the total distance
I 1 1 . covered if she trains for 14
11.11+ + + ..... weeks.
2 4

1
1.2 3+1+- +
J
7
Worksheet 1 U Worksheet 1 U
2. Piet starts his career with a salary 6. Calculate Jan's debt if he wants to
of R84 000 per year and it pay it back in one year. He
increases by R16 000 per year. commits himself to pay back
His expenses are R80 000 for the RSOOin the first month, R:250in
first year and every year the second month, R125 in the
thereafter a tenth more than the third month, etc.
previous year. Calculate:
2.1 his annual salary during the 8th 7. An artwork erected in front of the
year. new Municipal building is compiled
of layers of bricks. Each layer has
2.2 his total expenses over the first 8 2 bricks more than the previous
years. one. The bottom layer consists of
58 bricks and the top layer has
3. A ball is dropped from a height of two bricks: Calculate
12 meters and bounces back to
7.1 the number of layers in the
4 of the height of each previous artwork
5
7.2 the total number of bricks in the
bounce.
artwork.
3.1 Calculate the height of the second Worksheet 1 V ( Test 1 )
bounce. 1. Anke collects a certain species of
3.2 Determine the total distance the shells. She thoroughly records
ball travels downwards when it her findings each day. Her
touches the ground for the fifth findings are as follows:
time. Dav number
1 2
3.3 Determine the total distance the 2 5
ball travels from the time it is
3 10
dropped until it comes to a rest.
4 17
5 26
4. Every bacteria in a culture splits
into 2 every minute. How many 1.1 What type of relationship exists
bacteria will be present in the between the days and the number
culture after 0,5 hours? There of shells?
were 8 bacteria present initially. 1.2 How many shells can she expect
to find on day 7 and 8?
5. A school holds a fundraising to be 1.3 Determine an algebraic pattern
able to buy new computers. The between the days and the number
price of the computers is R286 of shells.
160. The school raises R560
during the first month, R1120 2. The third and sixth term of a
during the 2nd month and R2240 convergent geometric sequence
in the third month. Each month are 24 and 6% respectively.
the funds were double the Determine:
amount of the previous month.
How long will it take to raise the 2.1 the common ratio
total amount needed? 2.2 the sum to infinity.

8
t, Worksheet 1 V ( Test 1 ) Worksheet 1 V( Test 1 )
. 3. The sum of the first k terms of a 9.2 Determine the number of rows in
sequence is 2!? + k, Calculate the the pattern.
value of the 8th term.
j 9.3 Determine the number of black
, 4. The sum of the 3rd and the 6th triangles in the bottom row of this
I terms of an arithmetic sequence is section.

I 17 and the value of the 8th term

is 19. Determine the sum of the
ftrst 5 terms.
Worksheet 1 W (Test 2)
1. Given: 160; 149; 138; ...
Calculate:
:o 5. Find the value of kif: 1.1 T25 1.2 520
k
~)24-4t) =0.
t=!
2. -3; x; y; 25 is a sequence. The
first 3 terms form an arithmetic
1 k
sequence and the last 3 terms
! 6. I .....
=2+8+ 18 + 32 ..... T7 form a geometric sequence.
1=1
Determine x and y.
6.1 Determine a formula for the
general term of this series.
J
! 6.2 Determine T7• 3. Given:
!
163 Complete the missing parts in the 5 5
! . 10 + 5 + - + - + ...
sigma notation. 2 4
3.1 Write the sum of the first 13
'7 Calculate: ::t 16(-12 )P+3 terms in I
notation.
I" p=2
3.2 Determine the sum of the first 13
! terms of the series.
! 8. Calculate p if Pi P + 3; P - 1 are
the first 3 terms of a geometric
3.3 Calculate the sum to infinity.
series.
,
I
!, 9. One section of the design of a 4. The sum of the first n terms of a
woven carpet consists of a large
j ..
series IS
5n = -5( n 2 + n) .
! triangle with small triangles on
2
I the inside.
Calculate the twentieth term.
I,
I
Worksheet 1 X (Test 3)
I,
;
1. The first term of a geometric
sequence is -5 and the common

I ..
ratio IS --.
1
5
I In the top row is one black
Calculate the sum to infinity of all
the negative terms.
triangle, 2 in the second row, 3
in the 3rd row and so on. The
I total number of black triangles in 2. ~ ; 1; .J2 are the first three
this section of the design is 105.
!! 9.1 Will this series converge? terms of a sequence.
I

! Calculate the 12th term.

9
Worksheet 1 X (Test 3) Worksheet 1 Y (Test 4 )
00
3. and in pattern 3:
3. Calculate L (p +3)k if:
1 3 9 ) sq. units
.
(-+-+-
k=l
2 10 50
7
3.1 p=-- 3.2 p = -6
3.1 Write down the area of the shaded
2
part in pattern 4.
4. The sum of the third and sixth
3.2 Determine the area of the shaded
term of an arithmetic sequence is
part in the nth pattern in sigma
34. The sum of the first seven
notation.
terms is 91. Determine the
sequence. 3.3 If the patterns continue to infinity,
calculate the area in 3.2.
5. Find kif:
Worksheet 1 Z (Test 5 )
k (l)X-l
2:(-9) -
13
= -4-
1. 3; a; b; are the first three terms of
x=2 3 27 an arithmetic sequence. If the
third term is increased by 3, the
Worksheet 1 Y (Test 4 )
three terms form a geometric
1. Consider the following series of sequence. Calculate the values of
numbers: a and b.
3; 4; 3; 8; 3; 12; 3; 16; .....
1.1 Find the next four terms in the 2. 10 and 2.
are the first and fourth
sequence if the pattern continues. 4
terms respectively of a geometric
1.2 Calculate the sum of the first 120
series.
terms of the series.
2.1 Determine the values of the'
2. Consider the series: second and third terms.
1; 11; 26; 46; 71; ..... 2.2 Determine the sum of the fr st 12
2.1 If the pattern continues, find the terms of the series.
next two terms in the sequence.
3. The 7th term of an arithmetic
2.2 Find the formula for the nth term
series is 13 and the sum of the
of the sequence. first 14 terms is 196. Determine
2.3 Use your formula to find n if the the 16th term.
nth term of the series = 521
4. The nth term of a geometric
3. In a series of patterns, every series is 3(2y-3. Determine:
pattern that follows has more 4.1 the first 3 terms
shaded circles than the previous
one. The pattern continues in the 4.2 which term has a value of 1927
same way.
The area of the shaded circle in 5. Write the following series in sigma
notation:
pattern 1 is (..!.. ) sq. units,
2 5.1 2 + 5 + 8 + ..... 68

in pattern2: (~+2)
2 10
sq. units. 5.2 3- 6 + 12 - 24 + ..... to n terms

10
· Worksheet 1 Z (Test 5 ) Worksheet 1 Z (Test 5 )
l6. Determine: 16. Determine the sum of the
following:
111
6.1 -1 + - - - ..... + -- log 3 + log27 + log243 +....to
2 4 512
10 terms.
29

LC3k+ 2) Worksheet 1 AA (Test 6)

k=O
1. Tsheko makes articles for a craft
market. He uses different sizes

( 6.3 ~6(~Jk+l
L...J
and colours of beads to make
handbags. He uses black and
k=l 2
white beads.
,
I 11 On one side of bag 3 he USE~S 15
~7. Find n if LC2p+2) = 990. black and 40 white beads.
p=1

t
l8. Determine the difference between
\r~
..........
5 5 888:8888
500 and 55 of 5 + - + - + .....
2 4 000.0000
coocoeoocoo
~~8
, .
, 9. For which values of x will the 1.1 Complete the following table.
i following series be convergent?
On one side
~~~~~------.---,---.~--,-~
s 3(1 - 2x) + 3(1 - 2x)2 + 3(1 - 2x)3 + ...
Handbag 1 2 3 4
! Black beads
t 10 C I I 1 + 5 + 9 + ..... + 61 White beads
I . a cu ate:
2 + 5 + 8 + ..... + 62
!
1.2 Determine a formula for the
! 11. Determine the sum of of the first number of black beads (on the
300 uneven numbers. one side) in handbag n.
i 1.3 Determine a formula for the
i 12. Write the recurring fraction, number of white beads (on the
3,1 to a common fraction. one side) in handbag n,

2. Consider the sequence:

Determine the sum of the
following: 4; 7; 12; 19; .
log 3 + log 9 + log 81 + ..... to 2.1 Find the next two terms in the
10 terms. sequence.
I 2.2 Determine a formula for the
114. How many terms of the series: th term of the sequence.
11
678
log - + log - + log - + .....
567 3. The sixth term of an arithmetic
must be added to give a sum of 1? series is 18 and the sum of the
first eight terms is 168.
,
Determine the series.
115. Determine the sum of all the
I uneven numbers between 0 and 4. The sum of the first k terms of a
I 300. sequence is ki]: + 1). Determine
the 15th term.

11
Worksheet 1 AA (Test 6 ) Worksheet 1 5B (Test 7 )
5. Given: 1. Given: 5; 9; 15; 23 .
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ..... 998 + 999 + 1.1 If the pattern continues, find the
1000 next 2 terms of the series.

5.1 Determine the sum of the series. 1.2 Determine the formula for the
nth term of the series
5.2 The powers of 3 are removed
from the set of integers above. 1.3 Calculate n if thg 11 th term := 243
Determine the sum of the
remaining integers. 2. The 2nd term of a geometric
series is 20 and the fourth term is
6. Given: 45. Determine:
3(2)5 + 3(2)4 + 3(2)3 + ..... 2.1 the common ratio
6.1 Will the series converge? (Give a
2.2 the first term
reason for your answer.)
2.3 the sum to infinity.
6.2 Calculate 5 00

3. Given:
6.3 Calculate 57.
-2; 8; -2; 14; -2; 20; -2; 26 .....
6.4 Use the answers in 6.2
3.1 Write down the next 2 terms of
00

the series.
and 6.3 to determine 2:3(2)6-k
k=8 3.2 Calculate 560

7. The nth term of a geometric 4. Calculate kif:

sequence is TI1== -2(-4)"+1.
Calculate 56. ±(4 - p) -4
p=l 2
==

8. Given: 2 - 4 + 8 - 16 + 32 + ...
S. The first term of a geometric
8.1 Decide whether this is an
arithmetic or geometric series. series is 12 and the eighth term
(Reason?)
is - ~. Calculate:
8.2 Calculate 520• 729

9. A student in Botany researches 5.1 T4

the growth of certain plants. He
5.2 58
observes that the plant grows to
80 mm in the first year. In the
second year the height increases 6. The third term of an arithrnetic
with 30 mm. The annual growth sequence is -1 and the twelfth is
from the third year is rs
of its 26. Determine:

growth of the previous year. 6.1 the first term and the common
9.1 Determine how much the plant ratio.
grew during the third year.
6.2 Tso
9.2 Prove that the plant will reach a 6.3 SlO
maximum hei ht of 230 mm

12
 I Worksheet 1 BB Worksheet 1 CC (Test 8)
: 7. Calculate kif: 2. Given:
10
I log
p=l
k3p-2 = -435
f;k)+lf;kr +2f; kJ'+...
~ 2.1 For which values of k will the
1 8. The first 4 terms of a series are
series converge?
I 5 x 3; 6 X 32; 7 X 33; 8 X 34.
'8.1 Write down the next 2 terms. 2.2 Determine the 10th term Lt.O. k.
(Leave answer in exponentialform.)
Find the formula for the general
term.
1 3. 5" = ~ [7n + 3]
t 2
: 9. The n-th term in the sequence is:
3n 3.1 Determine the sum to 27 terms.
T = , calculate
n 3n-l 3.2 Determine the 27th term.
3 3k
L-
3k-1
k=1
4. The first two terms of a geometric
9
<
sequence are 9 and J2'
. t 10. Given:
~ 16x
Prove that 50. = 9 (2 + J2).
5. Zander weighs 80 kg. He goes on
a diet and loses 800 g on tile first
day. Then he loses 10% less than
the previous day.(Answer to 2 dec.)

5.1 How much does he lose on the

sixth day?

5.2 How much will he lose in 1;~days?

The midpoints of the sides of a 5.3 Calculate what mass he will

square with sides 16x cm are achieve if he goes on losinq
joined to form another square. weight indefinitely.
This process is repeated
indefinitely.
6. Given:
Calculate the sum of the areas of
all the squares formed this way. (a - 3) + (a - 3)2 + (a - 3)3 + ...

Worksheet 1 CC (Test 8) 6.1 For which value(s) of a will the

series converge?
1. The following arithmetic sequence
is given: 18; 21; 24 ... ;75 6.2 Calculate the sum to infinity
1.1 How many terms are in the i.t.O. a
sequence?
6.3 Hence calculate Sa for the
following series:
1.2 The even numbers are removed
from the sequence. Calculate the (2,5 - 3) + (2,5 - 3)2 + (2,5 -3)3+ ...
sum of the terms of the remaining
sequence -

13
Worksheet 1 CC (Test 8) Worksheet 1 CC (Test 8)
7. Biscuits are stored according to a 11.2 Solve for x if:
specific type on different shelves
in a little shop. The total number
2
1 + 2x + 4x + 8x + ...
3
= -1
3
of biscuits on the first n shelves is
11 12. 3; x; y; -27 is of such a nature
given by: L (9p2 - 4) that 3; x; y form an arithmetic
p=l
sequence and x; y; -27 a
Show without the use of a geometric sequence.
calculator that ths number of Determine the values of x and y.
biscuits on shelf 3 is 7 x 11
Worksheet 1 DD (Test 9}
8. Given: 7(5)3 + 7(5)2 + ... 1. The quadratic pattern
8.1 Explain why the series -3; 4; x; 30 is given. I
converges. Determine the value of x.
II
8.2 Calculate Sa. 2. For which values of x willi the
8.3 Calculate the sum of the first series converge?

8.4
eight terms. (4 dec.)
Use the answers in 8.2 and 8.3
f 4(3X + lJI1
11=2 2
to calculate the following
(3 dec.): 3. The following pattern of numbers
L 7(S)4-k
00

is given:
k=9
1+2=3
4+5+6=7+8
9. The first 10 players in a tennis 9+10+11+12=13+14+15
tournament receive cash prizes 16+17+18+19+20=21+22+23+24
as follows: The player in tenth 25+26+27+28+29+30=31+32+33+34+35
place received R100, the one in 3.1 Determine the first term of the
ninth place, R200 and each expression in the 15th row.
subsequent prize winner gets
twice as much as the one behind 3.2 Determine the term that appears
him. (Show complete calcula- after the equal sign in tile
tions, using formulas.) n-th row.

9.1 How much prize money in total 4. The following sequence is a

was available for players? combination of an arithmetic and
geometric sequence:
9.2 How much money did the player
in the first place receive? 2; 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 16; 14.....
4.1 Write down the next two terms
9.3 Sam received R12 800. What
was his place in the tournament? 4.2 Calculate: Tzz - T21.
4.3 Prove that all the terms: in this
10. Determine the number of terms infinite sequence are divisible
for which, by 2.
19 + 14 + 9 + ..... < -120?
5. For which values of a is the
3
11. Given: 1 + 2x + 4X2 + 8x + ... following convergent?
00

~L_ For which values of x will the L (a2 - a -l)P

series converge? p=l

14
 Worksheet 1 DO (Test 9) -I·

12. The sum of the first two terms of

a geometric sequence is 5 imes
the sum of the following two
terms. The sum to infinity is 5.
etermine the sum of the first 20 Determine r and write down the
terms. row(s) if r *- ± 1.
eterrnine the 20th term.
13. Given:
Prove that the n-th term of the
sequence is 2n+3 .
1 1 1
-' 2' 5' -' 8'
4 ' , 8' , 16' ,
k + 1; 1 - k and 2 - 5k are the 13.1 Give the next two terms of the
first three terms of an infinite sequence, if the pattern
geometric series. Determine: continues.
the value of k,
13.2 Calculate the sum of the first 40
the value of r for which the terms of the sequence. (1 clec.)
series converge?
the sum to infinity of the series. 14. The first two terms of an arith-
metic sequence and geometric
The first two terms of a sequence are the same.
convergent geometric series are The first term is 10. The sum of
p and 4 respectively. The sum to the first three terms of the
infinity is 16. Calculate the value geometric sequence is 40 more
of p. than the sum of the first three
terms of the arithmetic sequence.
The sum of the first 8 terms of
Determine the possible values of
an arithmetic sequence is -32.
the common ratio of the
The sum of the foliowing eight
geometric sequence. (2 dec.)
terms is -224.
Find the values of the first term 15. Solve for a and b if
and the common difference of - 6

the series. L a(2p - 3) = 16b and a2 + 1 = 4a - 2b

p=5

O. In a geometric sequence, the

fifth term equals 5 x + 1, the 16. Prove that:
seventh term is x + 1 and the 11

L:(4p-l)n=n2(2n +9)
ninth term is x - 2.
p=3

10.1 Calculate the value of x if all the

terms are positive. 17. If px2 +2kx + c = 0 has equal
roots, prove that p; k; c.. forms a
10.2 Calculate Sa.
geometric sequence.
11. Given:
18. Given, the geometric series:
a = 3 + 12 + 48 + ... to 10 terms. 3P + 3p+1+ 9.3P ....••••••
~11.1 Write the series in sigma Determine the value of p if the
notation. sum of the first 8 terms of the
series is 29520.
11.2 Determine the value of a.

15
MODULE 2: Functions, Inverses, logarithms
Functions: one corresponding y value for every x value.

Inverses: axis of symmetry y = x ( x replaces y / y repaces x).

reflection of f about the line y

]1 .... = x.
If f[g(x)] = x and g[f(x)] = x: 9 is the inverse of f and f is the inverse of g.

Axes of symmetry:
1. v-axis 2. x-axis )Y
y
• (1 ;2)

• (1 ;2)

e(1 ;-~ )

(x replaces -x) (y replaces -y)

--------+--
3. v =x 4. v = -x
(1;2)
.....•........ y =x

~(2;1)

/
(x replaces y) ex replaces -y)
(y replaces x) (y replaces -x)
5. Origin (OiO}
y

~.(4;2)
I /\ x
~J
(-4;-2)~

(x replaces -x)
, (v replaces -y)

16
 Eksponential and Log functions:
I f: x --7 aX or y = aX a > 0; a =1= 1; X E R
,iReflection about the v - axis ex = 0)
I y

I
~

,i
1

I
1

y =ax ----+- y = a-x - x replaces x

1 Reflection about the x - axis (y = 0)
i
y
t1
x
~----~~------~ ~

I
- y=aX -. y=-aX - y replaces y
A Logarithmic function is the inverse of an exsponential funcjtion.
f Reflection about the line y =x
..-
.. ..'.'
11=X •• •••
.
'
.··v=x
}'

.'.'

.'
.'
... .
.'..'

.'.'
.'
.'
.. .'.'

.'.' .' '

.'.'
x ,.' .'
.'

I Reflection about the x - axis

y
y = log
a
X ~ Y = -log a
x

y = log IX
a
x

17
 Logarithms
Laws:

l. logamn = logam + logan

2. 109a m
n
= logam - logan

3. I09ax11l = m I09ax INB logaa= 1 I

Use laws only when bases are the same.

NB logam n
:. ~a~
= Log form -? exponent form
I Bases stay the same

NB Definition:

I_Y__ I_O_Q_a_x
__ a__>_Oi_a_*_l_i _x_>_O_i_X_,_y_E_R ~
More deductions:

e.g. log 1a = -log3 a

x 3

logm = = 510g2 = 5
IOQa m = -=-I-=--- e.g. log832 log 32
310g2 3
Oga log 8

log3 10 3= 1093 = log3 =-1

log33 = --=1
1093 g~ log3-1 -log3
Remember:

27
log 3 = log 27 - log 3 = 3 log 3 - log 3 = 2 log 3 but

log 27 = 3 log 3 = 3
log 3 log 3

log 1 = 0 log 10 = 1 log 100 = 2 log 1000 =3 log 0,1 = -1

18
 Equations:

Change mloga ---. log am. l092x = 4 - 31092x

',,~,
. 2. l092x + 1092x3 = 4
All logs on the LHS = RHS (number)
l 1092 ex. x 3) = 4
< 3. Write as one log (laws)
" 1092 x4 = 4
Write in exponent form and solve. " x4 = 24
Check!! (Definition)
x=2
': Examples:
1 Domain and Range
~

y = logax y = IOQa (x - p) + q
f~l
x> 0; a> 0; a::t: 1; yE R
.' q - vertical shift
P - horizontal shift
, Given: y = log3(2x - 3)
,-
'I'; Domain:
2x-3>0
..;::
2x> 3
J!
It x>
3
- . XE R
~ 2 I
Range: yE R
2. Exponent form ---+ log form
&

$
:
=3
~. :.10923 = x
2x
t~ 72 7-J
x- +
Y 2 x =2Y +2
=
:.log2x r: log2x = Y + 2 x- 2 = 2Y~
[, x>O =y
;( :.log2 x - 2 = y; :.1092(- 2)
x>O x>2
-
How to write the inverse of: y = 2X
1. x replaces y .. x= 2Y
2. Write in log form . . I09~~x= Y

3. Log form --7 exponent form

e<.
.1 log28 = 3 3.2 log x = 3 3.3 109 (x + 1) = 0
-:» x = 103 X + 1 = 10
0

:. 2 3
= 8 x + 1= 1
:.X =0
.4 loq, X =y NB. log x = IOg10 X I
:. 3Y = x I

19
4. Laws (only when bases are the same)
Simplify:

6x30
4.1 log 6 + log 30 - log 9 - log 2 = log --
9x2
= log 10 = 1

4.2 2 log24 + 2 log23 - 2 log26

2 . 2 2 16 x 9
= IOg24 + log 23 - log26 = log2--
36
= log24 = log222 =210g22 =2
4.3 log327 = log333 = 310g33= 3

4.4 log48 = log 8 = 3 log 2 = 3

log 4 2 log 2 2

4.5 log 18 = -log28 = -log223 =-310g22 = -3

2

4.6 logo,225 = log 1 25 = log 25 = 2 log 5 = -2

5 log 5-1 -log 5

4.7 log32. log727 . log449 = log 2 x 3 log 3 x 2 log 7 = 3

log 3 log 7 2 log 2

5. Bases not the same

Simplify:
5.1 2x+1 = 5 5.2 3.5x+1 = 45
:. log 2x+1 = log 5 3.5x.51 = 45
(x + 1) log 2 = log 5 5x 3
x
=
log 5 =: log 3
x + 1 = log 5 :.x log 5 == log 3
log 2
log 3
x +1 = 2,32 ..... x = ..
---"-
log 5
:.x = 1,32 :.x == 0,68

Revise graphs, module 6 in grade 11 X Factor when preparing fl

exams.

20
 Worksheet 2 A Worksheet 2 B
1. Draw the graphs on the same 2. Given: g(x) = 3-x
set of axes: (x ,yE R)
2.1 Draw the graph of g.
Give the axes of symmetry in
each case: Hence draw on the same set of
axes the following graphs: and
1.1 (a) y = 2x write down the equation of each:
(b) y = 2-x
2.2 the reflection of 9 about the
1.2 (a) y = 3-x y-axis.
(b) y = 3x
2.3 the reflection of g about the
, 1.3
,
(a) y =
5 x
x-axis.
, (b) y=- 5x
\
11.4 (a) y :::::2-x
,i (b) y :::::-2-x
I
11.5 (a) y = z- 3. Given: hex) = (~J>:
(b) y :::::log2x
I11.6 (a) y = 3x
3.1 Draw the graph of h.
(b) y :::::10g3X 3.2 Hence draw on the same set of
!
I axes the following graphs and
11.7 (a) Y =
2-x
write down the equation of leach:
I (b) y = log lx
2 3.2.1 h-1
1.8 (a) y :::::3-x
3.2.2 f, the reflection of h
(b) y = log lX about the y-axis.
3

11.9 (a) y=log3x 3.2.3 g, the reflection of h

about the x-axis.
i (b) y = log3( -x)
!
11.10 (a) y = log 3 X 4. Given: j(x) = log3x
I (b) y = -log3 X
Determine the equation of:
I Worksheet 2 B
4.1 the reflection of j about y
11.
I
Given: f(x) = 4"'
:= X

I 1.1 Draw the graph of f 4.2 the ~eflection of j about th1e

(show all the intercepts). y-aXIS
Hence draw on the same set of
4.3 the reflection of jabout the
axes the following graphs and
x-axis.
write down the equation of each:
1.2 the reflection of f about the
y-axis.
1.3 the reflection of f about the
x-axis.
1.4 the inverse of f.

21
Worksheet 2 C Worksheet 2 C
1. Fit the equations to the correct 1.5
graphs.
A. y = 2-x x
x
B. y = 2
C. y = _2x

D. y = IOg2x
E. y = -I092X 1.6
y
F. y = IOg2( -x)
G. y = -2-X x

1.1
y

x 1.7

1.2
x
y

x 2. The graph representing the

function, g(x) = a", cuts the
1.3 y-axis at A(O;l). B(2;2~) is a
y 4
point on g. Determine:
y

x
1.4

2.1 the equation of function g

2.2 the equation off, the reflection of
g about the .e-axls
x 2.3 the range of f.

22
~----~------------------------,-----~--~~----------------~
Worksheet 2 C Worksheet 2 D
3. 2. Given: g(x) = x2 + 1for x ~ 0
Sketch g and g -1 on the same set
of axes.

3.1 Sketch, on the same set of axes

the graphs of 1 and 1-1 if
j(x)=x+1.

if 3.2 Determine the equation of the

The sketch represents the graph inverse of r:
in the form
I-lex) = ...
ofj(x) == a'. The point 8(-1;3)
lies on the graph and A is the
y-intercept off 4. Given: p(x) = ~X2

3.1 Determine the value of a.

4.1 Determine the equation of the
3.2 Find the coordinates of A. inverse of p in the form y = ...
3.3 Determine the equation of r', 4.2 Sketch p and p-l on the same set
the inverse off, in the form of axes.
1-1(x) = .
4.3 State whether the inverse
3.4 Sketch the graph of 1- 1. represents a function. If not so,
how can you restrict the domain of
3.5 Determine the domain of j-1 p so that its inverse is a function?
3.6 For which value(s) of x Worksheet 2 E
is j-1(x) ~ -1
Write the following in log form:
4.1 Sketch the graph of: 1. 23 =x
=
4.2
j ex) 2x2.
Determine the equation of the
inverse of j in standard form and
2. Gr =y

sketch the inverse on the same 3. 4 X

= 64
set of axes as f. 4. x" =b
4.3 State whether the inverse
represents a function. Give a
reason for your answer.
5. (lr
3 = 27
4.4 Determine the domain of the
Worksheet 2 F
I inverse. Write the following in log form:
Make y the subject.
i Worksheet 2 0
11. Given: jex) = -x2 for x s 0 or
1 x =
3Y
I XE~oo~ 2. x = 3Y + 1

11.1
I
Write down the equation of
in the form j-lex) = .
r: 3. x = 3Y - 2
4. x =
p" + 4
1.2 Sketch 1 and 1-1 on the same 5. x = 2y-2 - 1
set of axes.

1.3 Determine the range of r'. 6. x = (i)>'

- -2
2

23
Worksheet 2 G Worksheet 21
Write the following in exponent form: Solve for x:
1. log28;;::;;3 1. logx32;;::;; 5

2. log327 = x 2. log3x = -3

3. logab ;;::;;
y

4. log x = 1 4. log (x - 2) = 1

5. log x;;::;; 5
5. log9 = 2
logx
6. log2 x == -1

7. log3 x = -2 6. logxO,49 = 2

8. 1091X=-3 Worksheet 2 J
"2 Solve for x:
1.
Worksheet 2 H
1. Simplify: (simplest log form)
2. 5x+1 = 30
1.1 log8
1.2. log25 3. (O,3Y = 3
1
1.3. log- 2.10x = 16
2 4.

1.4 210g9
1 5. 2;\: . 3-'+1= 60
1.5. log-
3
1 6)X
1.6. log- =
g 6. ( 1+ --100 248

2. Simplify:
7. 5x • 2-'+2== 56
2.1 log28
2.2 log327 8. 15x+1 = 30.8x
2.3 109116
2
9. 55(l,025y-1= 300
2.4 10919 Worksheet 2 K
3
Give the domain and range of:
2.5 log327 + log28 + log525
1. 10gJX= Y
2.6 2 109216 + log39 - 3 log749

2.7 109832 + log327 + log 0,001

1 3. log2(3x - 2) = Y
2.8 log 1 27 - 1092-
- 8
3 4. y = log3(x2 - 2x - 3)

(domain only)
2.9 log 1 81 - log2~ + log3.J3
-
9
32

24
.-----------~------------------~------------------~--"---------~
Worksheet 2 L Worksheet 2 L
1. Given: j(x) = log 1x
5. {-1;3~
3
1.1 Calculate:
1
""A
1.1.1 1(1) and/(~J !-.---?-
~-.---+-
1 I....
''s,
X
1.1.2 x if I(x) = -1

1.2 Sketch the graph off. The graphs of ; and h intJ!rSect at A.

5.1 If p (x) = d' and (-1"~:) lies on p,
2. The graph represents the function 1
of g (x) = 10gbkx. (1;0) and (2;-1)
are points on the graph of g.
5.2
show that a = 3'

If h = p-l, write dOW the equation '

5.3
of h in the form y ....

If k is the reflection )1'p in the

x-axis, write down the equation
l of
k in the form y = .
5.4 Explain how you will use the graph
of p to read off the answer of
log 13.
Determine the values of band k. 3
Worksheet 2 M
3. Given: g (x) = 3-x 1. Solve for x: (without the use of a
calculator)
3.1 Determine the value of g-l(3).

1.1
1
3.2 For which values of x is log2 512 =x
g -lex) defined?

3.3 For which values of x is 1.2 2 IOg3x = 6

4.

4.1
g (x) > 0

Given: g (x) = log lX

Draw the graph of g.

2
1.3

1.4
5+
x 3
=

4.2x+2 - 6= 70
(r 1
2 5

4.2 If g(x) = -3, determine the value

2. Given: g(x) = -2x + 1
of x.
2.1 Determine the equation of g-l(x).
4.3 For which values of x is
2.2 Sketch the graphs of g, g-l and
4.3.1 log lX < -3? j(x) = x on the same set of axes.
2
2.3 Determine the point of
(use the graph and the answer in 4.2)
intersection of g and g-l and show
4.3.2 g -lex) < 8 the coordinates on the sketch.

25
Worksheet 2 M Worksheet 2 M
3.1 Sketch the graph of 5.5 Explain why the inverse of lis not
g(x) = log 1 x. a function.
3 5.6 Write down two ways to restrict
3.2 Determine the domain of g. the domain of f for 1-1 to be a
function.
3.3 Determine the equation of g-l and
draw a sketch of g-l on the same 5.7 Determine the equation of g if g is
set of axes as g. the reflection of h about the
x-axis.
3.4 Determine the equation of j, the
reflection of g-l about the 5.8 Determine the equation of t if
y-axis. t is the reflection of I about the
y-axis.
4.1 Sketch the graph of 5.9 For which values of x is
p(x) = I09a(x) if 0 < a < 1. fix) decreasing?
Show the coordinates of all the 5.10 Determine the equation of kif
intercepts with. the axes. k(x) = fix - 1) -3.
4.2 Determine the equation of the
reflection of p(x) about the 6. Given: j(x) = _x2 + 4 and
x
x-axis in the form y = ..... g(x) = 2
4.3 Determine the equation of the 6.1 Determine 1-1 in the form y = .....
graph that is symmetrical to p(x)
6.2 Determine g -lex) = .....
with respect to the line y = x.
6.3 Determine the restrictions of the
5. The diagram represents the domain of Iso that the inverse is
2 a function.
graphs of j(x)=ax + bx + c
6.4 Sketchjandj-1 on the same set
and hex) = pX + q. I touches
the x -axis at (-2;0) and the two of axes by using the restric:ted
graphs intersect at (0;3). domain.
A(-1;6) lies on the graph of h. 6.5.1 Hence sketch g on the same set
of axes asj for x 2: O.
6.5.2 Read from the graph for which
value(s) of x is j(x) - 3 = g(x).

7. The diagram shows the graphs;

g(x) = logkx and j(x) = ax2 + bx.
D is the turning point off. The
graphs intersect at D as well as A
on the x-axis. The point (2; 1) lies
x on the graph of g.
5.1 Determine the equation off y

5.2 Determine the values of

p and q.

5.3 Determine h-1, the inverse of h,

in the form y = .....
5.4 Determine the x-value(s) for
which h-1(x) < 0

26
 Worksheet 2 M Worksheet 2 M
7.1 Determine the value of k. 9.2 Determine the equation of the
inverse of g in the form g-l(x) = ...
7.2 Determine the coordinates of
A. (show all calculations) 9.3 Determine the range of g-l.
Worksheet 2 N (Test 1)
7.3 Determine the coordinates of
the turning point, D. 1. Given: I(x) = 2""
1.1 Describe the transformation of:
7.4 If D is the point (~ ;-1) , show 1.1.1 f leading to k(x) = -IOg2x
that a = 4 and b= - 4. 1.1.2 f leading to hex) = (i)""
"2' + 1
7.5 Write down two ways to restrict
the domain of j for to be ar: 1.2 Determine the range of
y = 2x - 3.
function.
1.3 Determine the equation of g if g is
7.6 Determine the equation of h if h obtained by moving j 2 units to
is the reflection of f about the the right and then reflected about
y-axis. the x-axis.
7.7 Determine the domain of g-l. 1.4 Sketchfex) and j-lex - 2) on the
same set of axes.
7.8 Determine the coordinates of the 1.5 Use the graphs to solve the
turning point of k if following if log2(x - 2) < 1..

1 2.1 Sketch the following graphs on

k (x) = f (x+ - ) + 1
2 the same set of axes.

8. The sketch shows the parabola,/,

that is symmetrical about the
f(x) = 2(~r, g(x) = 2(2)"
x -axls and passes through the and hex) = -fex)
origin. g is a hyperbola with
2.2 Determine the equation of j-l(X).
.
equation, y = -;
k x < 0. 3.
x
jand g intersect at (-2;1).
y

.•. (}) .x of: ~ ~'\ .1"'\.,......- )x

I
, 8.1 Determine the value of k.

18.2 Determine the equation off ..y..:7.~.~ H · .

I
t 8.3 Write down two ways to restrict
f
1;
the range of I forj to be a
function. k(x) = logp x , F1(x) and g(x) are
I
1 sketched. R(2; ~) is a point on k.
19. Given: g(x) = 2(x - 1)-1
i! 9.1 Determine the domain of g. 3.1 Prove that p = 4.

27
Worksheet 2 N (Test 1) Worksheet 2 N(Test 1)
3.2 Determine the coordinates of A, 5.1 Determine the values of a for
the x-intercept of k. which the function is defined?
3.3 Determine the equation of k-1(x). 5.2 Determine the value of a if
3.4 Determine hex) if hex) = k-1( -x). (1196;2) is a point onj.
3.5 Given g(x) = a(2-X) + q,
Determine a and q. 5.3 Determinej-l in the form y = .....
5.4 Determine the equation of the
4. The graphs of reflection j in the y-axis.
j(x) = ax2 + bx + c and
g(x) = 3x - 9 are sketched below
5.5 ABl.x-axisand B(~;O).
A(0;3) is the y-intercept of f.
y Determine die length of AB.
5.6 For which values of x is
I09aX ~ O?

6. Given/ex) = 2.3x. Determine:

x 6.1 the equation of p(x), the reflection
of j(x) in the y-axis.
6.2 the equation of g(x), the
reflection of j(x) in the line y=x.

6.3 the value of x for which

hex) = j(x) if hex) = 100.Y
(2 dec.).
4.1 Determine:
4.1.1 the coordinates of Band C. 7.

4.1.2 the equation of k(x) if

k(x)= g(2x) + 9.
4.1.3 the equation of k-1 in the form
y = ..... x
4.1.4 the equation of h if h is the
reflection of k-1 about the
x-axis.
g is a hyperbola and j an
4.2.1 Determine the equation of j(x) exponential graph. A( -1;3) is the
reflection of a point B in the line
2 4
y = x. Determine:
4.2.2 Calculate: .L f(t) - .L fet)
1=0 1=3 7.1 the coordinates of B.
5. 7.2 the equations of j and g.
y 7.3 the equation of P, the reflection of
g in the y-axis.

7.4 Determine whether point B lies on

x the graph of j-l. Give a reason
f(x) = logax for your answer.

28
 Worksheet 2 N (Test 1) Worksheet 2 0 (Test 2)
8. 1.
y
,

!
i,
!
f
x
I
j
Given: g(x) = 2x and
i, a
f j(x) = x + q; x > 0
" I 8.1 Determine the values of a and q. Sketched lex) = -p"~ + q and
! 8.2 Write down the equations for the g(x) = ax2 + bx + c. Determine:
i, following transformations: 1.1 the values of a, band c.
1 8.2.1 k, the inverse of g in the
form k(x) = ..... 1.2 the values of p and q.
'--'- I 8.2.2 p, if it is obtained by moving 1.3 the equation of k, the reflection of
f I 2 units to the right and 4 g in the x-axis,
I units down.
1.4 the equation of t, the reflection of
IS.2.3 t, if it is obtained by reflecting g in the y-axis.
t g in the y-axis.
1.5 the new equation of g if it is
-, ! S.3
'8.3.1
For which values of x is:
g(x) ~ lex)?
moved 5 units to the left.

I
1
!
8.3.2
S.4
k(x) < 07
Calculate the value(s) of x for
1.6 the equation of h if

1. 7
hex) = -/(x) - 3.
the equation of h-1(x).
I -
,I which 2g(x - 2) = fi.
I 2.1 Draw sketch graphs of the
19. Given: lex) = --J32x ;x ~ 0 following on the same set of axes:
y = 2x
I 2.1.1 I(x)

I
-+-_~~ __ .x 2.1.2 g(x) = 2x-3 - 1

2.2 Determine g-1(X) and then draw

the graph on the same set of axes
f as 2.1.1 and 2.1.2.
( show x- and y- intercepts.)
I (2;-8) 3.
y

9.1 Use the sketch to determine x if

I(x) ~ -8.
9.2 Write 1-1 in the form y = ..... g(x) = log lX
9.3 Sketch 1-1. 2

9.4 Describe the transformation of

I to h if hex) = -J32x; x ~ O.

29
Worksheet 2 0 (Test 2) Worksheet 2 0 (Test 2l
3.1 Calculate the value of g(8). 8. Given: j: y = 2x+l

3.2 Calculate the value of x if Write the equation of the

g(x) = -3. reflection of j in in the line y = x

3.3 For which values of x is g(x) ::; O?

in the form y = .....
3.4 Determine the equation of 9. Given, the graphs:
p(x) if p(x) = g-l(X). g(x) = -(x + 1)2 + 3 and
3.5 Determine the equation of p(x) = a.Z" + q . A is the point
f(x) , the mirror image of g(x) in of intersection of the 2 graphs as
the y-axis. well as the turning point of g.

4.1 Draw sketch graphs of

j(x) = log 3X and p(x) = log 1X
3
on the same set of axes.

4.2 Use the graphs to solve the x

following inequalities:
4.2.1 log 3x 2:: 0

4.2.2 log 1 x ;::::0 9.1 Determine the equation of p.

3
9.2 Give one restriction on the domain
of g so that g-l will be a function.
5.1 Draw a sketch graph of:

(l)X
10.
g(x) = 2 - 2.

5.2 Determine the equation (in the +- ~~---T~ __~x

form y = ..... ) of the mirror image
of gin:
5.2.1 the x-axis
5.2.2 the line y = x
j(x) = -2x2 and
5.3 Determine the domain of the
answer of 5.2.2 g(x) = logax.
The graphs intersect at
6. Given: j(x) = 3x + 6 A(O,5;-O,5).
6.1 Write 1- 1
in the form y = ..... 10.1 Determine the value of a.
6.2 Determine the point of intersection 10.2 Give the equation of g-l in the
of jand j:', form y = .....

7. g(x) = 3x - 2
10.3 Give the equation of r' in the
form y = .....
7.1 Determine the y-intercept of
lOA Determine the values of x if:
g-1(x).
10.4.1 j(x) ;::::
g(x); x >0
7.2 Determine the domain of g-l.
10.4.2 g-l(X) > 0

30
I Worksheet
I
2 P Worksheet 2 P
11. The graph of g is given: 3.1 Determine whether f is a function.
1 y 3.2 Determine the equation of the
!i inverse of f in the form flex) = ....
= 3.3 Determine the equation of g, the
reflection of f in the y-axis.
+- ~ __~ ~x
4. Given: k(x) = TX +1 and
9 p: x--2x +6

1 4.1 Sketch the 2 graphs on the same

If g(x) = logaX for x ~ 3 I
set of axes.
determine the value of a. 4.2 Determine the value of a if (a;4) is
Sketch the the inverse of the the point of intersection of the
above graph. two graphs.
Use your graph to determine the
4.3 Write down the equation of k-1(x)
value(s) of x for which:
in the form y = .
g-l(x) > _
1
4.4 Use the graph to determine the
3
value(s) of x for which k(x) > p(x)
Write the inverse of the graph in
the form y = ..... , if 5. The graphs of g(x) = -x 2 + b x + 3
k
_.4.1 x::; "31 ; 1.4.2 x> -
1
- 3
and f(x) = --
x+h
are drawn.

Use the graph to answer the

following:
y

K is the x -intercept of g and B is the

Determine whether the graph of g y- intercept of g and f. The line
is a one-to-one function. Explain. through K is the asymptote of f.
Draw a graph of the inverse
5.1 Determine the values of b, hand k.
of g.
5.2 Determine the equation of g in the
Determine the range of g. form y= a(x - p)2 + q and give the
Explain why the inverse of g is coordinates of A.
not a function. 5.3 Describe in words the transforma-
tions of f(x) if the new equation is
he graph of y= ±-Jx-2 is k
sketched. h(x)= -+2
x
Y f
5.4 Determine the coordinates of the
turning point of the image of g(x)
if it undergoes the following
transformation g(x - 3) + 2

31
MODULE 3: Financial. Mathematics
Simple interest: IA= P(l + i.n)
AI Fv =
Accumulated
I amount or
Compound interest: I A = P(l + i)"
I
Future value
P = Principal amount
Once off investment
n = time in years

Inflation 1=-
. r
100
Compound interest: I A = P(l + i)"
x = instalment

Hire purchase agreement

Simple interest: I A = PCl + i.n)

Monthly payment = (A ) + insurance premium

time monthly

Nom ina I interest !:; _E;.:.ff.:..;e=-c=-t=i~v...;::e:....:..:i

n;.:.t=;e=:r:::::e=:s::=t=-
__ ---=- ,
m - number of times interest is
compounded in one year

i eff - effective

i (Ill) - nominal

i
Quarterly: ......... n X 4 Monthly: ........ n X 12
4 12
1
Daily: ....... n X 365 Semi-anually: - n X 2 or
365 2
Half-yearly:

Depreciation
Straight-line: A = P(l - i.n)
I I
Reducing balance: I A = P(l - i)" I or
I F
v
= P (1 - i)n
v I
Remember: Individual savingsplan .... Annuity
Company savingsplan •... Sinking fund

32
 .2 Accumulated amount: I Sn ~ a~n ~1)
'I I r --
J
, 2. Future value (need money after a certain period)

(sinking fund)
1 p(+ interest) = L:repayments(+ interest)
J

or
f~------------------~

payment

i 3.
f
Present-value (Need money now)
n
I (loans)
p = x[l-(l+it
v i
]

I
Payment P.i
n I
I l_'f_ __
'--x_=_1_--_(1_+

4. Balance on loan remainina oeriod --

-..
xl (1+ i)n --1 J x[ 1-- (1+ i)- nJ
:. Balance = P(1 + i)n -- l.
1
or Balance = i

5. Time period A =P(l+it

A=(l+i)n
p
A
log - = 1llog(l + i)
P
A
log-
n= p
log 1 +i)

33
Example 1

R2000 is deposited at the beginning of each year for 4 years. The

interest rate is 11% p.a. compounded annually. Calculate the
accumulated amount of each deposit at the end of the 4 years.
To I Tll ~2 T31~~
2000 2000 2000 2906
A = P( 1 + i) I (1 + 0,11) = 1,11 . ..'
~ -----.. .

:.A = 2000(1,11) + 2000(1,11)2 + 2000(1,11).;"+ 2000(1,11)4

Now calculate the total accumulated amount at-the end of 4 years .

.
•
'

.5 = 2000(1,11)[(1,11)4 -1]
•• n ,
111-1
= R10 455,60

or

a =
first term = 2000(1,11)=x = R10 455,60
r = common ratio = 1,11 = (1+0
n = number of terms
Example 2
I buy a car and take out a loan from the bank for Rl15 000. The bank
charges interest at 200/0 p.a. compounded monthly. Calculate my monthly
repayments if the loan is repaid over 4 years. The repayments start one
month after the loan was drawn.
Loan (+ interest) = repayments (+ interest)

115 000 ( 1 + 020)48

~2 (0
= x + x 1+ -t-
20)1 + x ( 1 + 020)2 -t- .....48 payments
115 000 (1 + 0,20)48 =
X[(1 + 0,20
12
r -1]

12 (1+ 0i~O)-l
X= p(l+i)n.i
[(1+ i)n -1]
1150001+~ ( ° 20)48(0 20) ~

x = [( 1+--
0 20)48
1
-1
]
12

= R3499,49

34
or
Example 2 Use the present-value formula to calculate loan repayments

020)
P.i _ 115000 ( ~
x=---~
l-(l+i)-n
x- ( 0 2°)-48
1

1- 1+12

= R3499,49

Example 3

Determine the balance on the loan in example 2 at the end of 2 years

(immediately after the 24th payment)

Balance = 115 000 ( 1 +

020)24
tr -
3499,49[(1 +
(O~~OJ
~r -1]

= 170995,1811 102 237,1702

r24]
= R68 758,01

3499,49[1-( 1 +~
or Balance = Balance =
i 0,20
12

Example 4

Elna invested R10 000 at an interest rate of 9,4% p.a. compounded

annually. Her savings grew to R22 315,60. For what period did the
investment run?

I A = P(l + iyl
22 315,60 = 10 000(1 + 0,094Y
:.2,23156 = (1,094Y
:.n log 1,094= log 2,23156
:.n = 8,9347 years

:.8 year and 0,9347 x 12

::::8 year and 11 months

Revision: Do Worksheets 5 A - J in x-Factor grade 11.

35
Round answers off to 2 decimal places
Worksheet 3 A Worksheet 3 A
1.1 Leon deposits R1200 every 4.3 Calculate how much money would
month into an account to save be paid in total if the loan is
for his retirement. Calculate repaid over 25 years.
how much money he has paid
into the account if the last 5.1 Zaan buys a car for R122 000.
payment is made one month She pays 10% of the cost in cash
before his 55th birthday. He and takes out a bank loan for the
started the payment on his 25th balance. The bank charges
birthday. The interest paid is interest at 15% p.a. compounded
10,2% p.a. compounded monthly. Calculate the monthly
monthly. repayments on the car if the loan
1.2 How much money will be in the is repaid over 5 years.
account if the last payment is
made on his ss'' birthday? 5.2 How much money would be paid
in total for the car?
2. A building contractor sets up a
Worksheet 3 B
sinking fund to be able to replace
his trucks in 6 years time. The 1. Francois buys a house for
first payment of R2000 is made in R950 000. He pays 20% in cash
one month's time and last pay- and takes out a loan for the
ment is made at the end of the six balance. The loan is repaid over
years. The interest rate is 9,6% 20 years. The interest rate is
p.a. compounded monthly. How 15,5% p.a. compounded monthly.
much money will be in the fund at 1.1 Calculate the monthly repay-
the end of 6 years? ments.

3. Mr Murray plans an overseas 1.2 Determine the balance on the

holiday for himself and his family loan at the end of 10 years
in 4 years time. Considering immediately after the 120th
inflation, he estimates that he will payment.
need R160 000 at the end of 4
years. Calculate how much he will
need to save each month if the 2. Jans decides to renovate his
interest rate is 8% p.a. house and takes out a loan for
compounded monthly? R110 000 to be able to pay for the
renovations. The bank charges an
4. The Smith's buy a holiday home interest rate of 11% p.a. com-
at a cost of R700 000. They pay pounded monthly. His agree-
R100 000 in cash and take out a ment with the bank is to pay back
home loan for the balance. The the loan within 8 years.
interest rate is calculated at 14% Determine:
p.a. compounded monthly. 2.1 the monthly payment
4.1 Calculate the monthly repayments
on the loan if the loan is repaid 2.2 the balance at the end of 3 years,
immediately after the 36th
over 25 years.
payment.
4.2 How much would they need to
repay each month if they decide
to repay the loan over 15 years?

36
; Worksheet 3 B
, Worksheet 3 C
; 3. Tsheko starts his own business 3.3 Nico decides to buy a
, and takes out a loan of R50 000. 4 x 4 vehicle to the value of
He repays the loan by means of R320 000 in 5 years' time. He
equal quarterly payments, starting sets up a sinking fund to make
three months after the loan was provision for sufficient cash to buy
drawn. The loan is repaid over 5 the vehicle. The account used
years, and the rate of interest is offers 10,1% interest p.a. com-
12% p.a. compounded quarterly. pounded monthly.
Calculate his quarterly payments. (He will trade in the used car)

Liesl invests R26 000 at an 3.3.1 Is 10,1 % a nominal or effective

interest rate of 10,5% p.a. com- interest rate?
pounded annually. For what
3.3.2 Determine the effective interest
period of time did the investment
rate per annum.
run, if she withdraws R48 512,30
at the end of the investment 3.3.3 Payments are made at the end of
period? each month. Calculate the
monthly payment into the
Daniel invested R15 000 at an sinking fund.
interest rate of 8,9% p.a.
compounded quarterly. After how 4. Research shows that the
many years was the amount in his population of a certain species of
savings account R35 ODD? fish decreases at an annual rate of
orksheet 3 C 8% of its total at the beginning of
each year. The population is
How long will it take for the price of
100 000 at present. Determine
an article to triple if the annual rate
how long it will take for the
of inflation is 9% p.a. compounded population to decrease to 22 000.
haIf-yea rly?
5. The cost of a truck is Rl,5 million.
How long will it take for the value It is expected that the value of the
of a truck to decrease to 25% of
truck will decrease to R521 650 at
its original value? The depreciation
an annual depreciation rate on the
is calculated at 18% p.a on a
reducing balance. The annual
reducing balance.
inflation rate on trucks is
14% per annum.
Nico buys a car at a cost of
R184 000. He plans to replace the 5.1 Determine the yearly depreciation
car in 5 years' time with a new rate of the truck.
one. The trade-in value for the old
car will be R108 500 in 5 years' 5.2 Calculate the value of the sinking
time. The inflation rate on cars is fund if the truck has to be
6,8% p.a. replaced in 6 years' time. Assume
that the old truck will be trade-in
Determine the expected cost of a
at its book value of R521 650.
new car in 5 years' time.
Determine the annual depre- 5.3 Determine the percentage
ciation rate on a reducing balance increase in the price of the truck
which was used to calculate the in 6 years' time. -
trade-in value of the car.

37
 Work!;heet 3 C Worksheet 3 D (Test 1)
5.4 In order to have enough money to 5.1 Mr De Villiers starts a new
buy a new truck in 6 years' time business and buys electronic
they start a sinking fund. equipment on a hire purchase
Calculate the equal monthly agreement over a 4 year period at
payments that they have to invest a value of R25 000. Interest rate
in this fund. The interest rate is is calculated at 14,9% p.a.
8,7% p.a. compounded monthly. 5.1.1 Determine the total amount that
All the payments are made at the has to be paid back.
end of each month.
5.1.2 Calculate the monthly payment.
Workslheet 3 0 (Test 1)
5.2 Mr De Villiers decides to start a
1. Albert deposits R6000 in a sinking fund in order to replace
savings account and 2 years later the equipment in 5 years' time.
he deposits a further Rl0 000.
The interest rate is 13% p.a. 5.2.1 How much will the equipment
cost in 5 years' time if the yearly
compounded quarterly for the
first year and then 12% p.a. com- inflation rate is 7,5% p.a.?
poundded monthly. The money is 5.2.2 The sinking fund starts in 3
left in the account for 7 years. months time and the last
1.1 Represent the information on a payment is made at the end of
time line.
the 5th year. The interest rate is
10% p.a. compounded quarterly.
1.2 How much money is in the Calculate the quarterly payment
account at the end of 7 years?
Worksheet 3 E (Test 2)
Zanele receives R21 000 on her 1. R22 000 is invested for 14 years.
21st birthday. She invests the The interest rate for the first 4
money on fixed deposit at 16% years is 8,8% p.a. compounded
p.a. compounded monthly. How monthly. The interest rate de-
long will she have to wait for the creases to 7,1% p.a. compounded
investment to grow to Rl million? daily for the next 2 years. There-
after it increases to 11% p.a.
3. Marais invests R30 000, expecting compounded yearly for the rest of
R1 million in 30 years' time. the period. Determine the value
Determine the interest rate per of the investment at the end of
I annum if the interest is: the 14thyear.
I
i 3.1 . I
srmpie.
2. Convert an effective annual
3.2 compound. interest rate of 9,1% p.a. to a
nominal annual interest rate
14. Coenie invests Rl00 000 for compounded daily.
5 years. The amount in the
I account is R215 000 at the end of
the period. Calculate the effective
3. Renet buys a car for R155 000
and pays a deposit of 18%. The
I
1
j
interest rate that the bank is balance is paid by using a bank
paying per annum if the interest loan. Interest is charged at 16,5%
of the investment is compounded p.a. compounded monthly over
monthly. 4112years.
3.1 Determine the monthly repay-
ments.

38
 Worksheet 3 E (Test 2) Worksheet 3 E (Test 2)
3.2 Determine the outstanding 7.1 What is the investment worth at
balance on the loan after 24 the end of 10 years?
months. 7.2 He leaves the money in the

,4. The value of a car is depreciating

account for another year. How
much money will be available at
at 15% per annum on a straight the end of that year?

I
I
line basis. The value of the car is
R64 500 after 3 years. Calculate
the original value of the car.
8. Thandi's starting salary at her new

I
I 5. Francois and Suzanne are just
job is R2 000 per month. She
receives an increase of 2%
every 2 months.
I married and want to buy a house.
ii They can afford a monthly 8.1 Determine her salary at the end
of the first year.
payment of R6000. The bank can
i
i offer them a home loan at 16% 8.2 How much money did she earn in
i p.a. compounded monthly, over a total during the first year?
period of 25 years. Worksheet 3 F (Test 3)
;, 5.1 What is the maximum loan that 1. The cost of a new car is R260 000.
they can afford? The depreciation on the car is
, 5.2 Interest rates are always increa- calculated at 14% p.a. on
i
sing. They decide to obtain a reducing balance.
home loan for R420 000. Will they 1.1 Calculate how long it will take for
be able to afford the new payment the car to depreciate to 25% of
if the interest rate increases by its original value?
2%?
1.2 How much will the car cost in 6
Stefan bought a motorbike for years time if the yearly inflation
R18 000 at the beginning of 2004. rate is 9% p.a.?
Unfortunately he is involved in an
accident at the beginning of 2009. 1.3 I open a savings account to
The insurance company will enable me to buy the car within
replace the bike if the cost to 6 years. I receive a rate of 8%
repair the bike is more than 65% p.a., compounded monthly. How
of the book value of the bike. much should I save monthly to be
able to buy the car cash in 6
6.1 Determine the book value of the years time?
bike if the depreciation rate is
12% p.a. on a reducing balance. 2. Ane negotiates a loan of R300 000
,
at a bank. She can repay R5000
6.2 Will the insurance company
per month. The final payment will
replace the bike if the cost to
be less than R5000. The repay-
repair the bike is R5 800?
ments start one month after the
granting of the loan. Interest is
Werner opens a savings account
fixed at 18% p.a. compounded
with R750 to pay for his son's
monthly.
education. Thereafter he deposits
the same amount at the end of 2.1 Determine the number of
each month for a period of 10 payments required to settle the
years. The interest rate is fixed loan.
on 22% p.a. compounded 2.2 Calculate the balance outstanding
monthly. after the last RS 000 was paid.

39
Wor'ksheet 3 F (Test 3) Worksheet 3 F (Test 3)
2.3 Calculate the value of the last lop 1.1A loan of R80 000 for 5 yea rs at
payment. a simple interest rate of 13%
2.4 Calculate the total amount repaid. p.a. The loan is then paid back in
equal monthly payments over 5
3. years.
IOp2.1A loan of R80 000 which is paid

1:::::~
back in equal monthly payments
over 5 years. Compound interest
of 20% p.a. is charged. The first
payment being made at the end
of the first month.
a 2 4 6 8 10 6.1.1 Calculate the monthly
The graph shows how the value of repayments if he chooses
a car decreases yearly. Calculate option 1?
the rate at which the value of the
6.1.2 Which option is the best for
car decreases as a percentage.
Thabo? Justify your answer
with appropriate calculations.
4. Enje requires a loan to buy a plot
for R250 000. The interest 6.1.3 What interest rate should
charged on the loan is 10% p.a. replace 13% in Option 1 so
compounded monthly. Calculate that there is no difference
his monthly repayments if the loan between the two options?
is amortised over a period of 9
years. 7. Mina invests her inheritance of
R200 000 at 11/5% p.a.
4.1 Calculate the monthly repayments.
compounded quarterly.
4.2 Calculate the balance of the loan at After 10 years she uses the
the end of 8 years. return on her investment to build
4.3 \AJhatpercentage of the 96th a house at a cost of Rl 850 000.
payment wi!1 be used to repay She borrows the balance needed
interest? (2 dec.) from the bank.
A loan for 25 years at an interest
5. Daniel inherits R900 000 and rate of 12% p.a. compounded
invests the money at a rate of monthly was allocated to her.
10/5% p.a., compounded monthly. 7.1 Calculate the effective interest
He withdraws R18 000 at the end rate on the original investment.
of each month, starting at the end (1 dec.)
of the first month. Calculate how
long he will have money in the 7.2 What is her investment worth in
bank. 10 years time?
7.3 How much will she still need to
6. Tabo wants to buy instruments for borrow from the bank to be able
his band. The cost of the to buy the house?
instruments is R80 000. He wants
to borrow the money and plans to 7.4 Calculate her monthly payment.
repay the full amount over a
7.5 Calculate the balance after 15
period of 5 years in monthly
years.
payments. He has two options.

40
 'orksheet 3 F (Test 3) Worksheet 3 G (Test 4)
~fi How much interest did she pay 5. A dealer adds 20% to the
after she had repaid her loan after cost of an item. He then gives
25 ears? discount on the marked price to
. orksheet 3 G (Test 4) his customers. He still makes
a profit of 5%.
Thandi would like Rl 000 000
Determine the discount as a
saved on her 48th birthday. She
percentage of the marked
chooses an annuity that grows at
price.
15% p.a. compounded annually.
Calculate the monthly payments if
she starts saving on her 23rd 6. Peet started saving on his 25th
birthday and would like to stop on birthday by paying R500
her 48th birthday. She withdraws quarterly. Calculate how much
the money a month after her 48th money he had saved the day he
birthday. celebrated his 60th birthday.
He made his first payment on the
day he was 25 and his last
Stephan decided to invest payment three months before his
R600 000 of his retirement 60th birthday. Interest is calcu-
package in a growth fund. lated at 10.4% p.a, compounded
The investment gives him 12% quarterly.
interest p.a., compounded
quarterly. 7. Koos bought a house for R900000.
What regular quarterly payments He received a loan from the bank.
may be withdrawn from the fund He agreed to pay monthly
so that the fund will last for 12 instalments of Rll 000 on a loan
years? which incurred interest at a rate of
12% p.a. compounded monthly.
In Sinking fund is set up to replace 7.1 Determine after how many
equipment in 6 years time. months the loan would be paid
Initially R40 000 is invested and off.
then a further R20 000 at the
beginning of each subsequent 7.2 Koos was unable to pay any
year until the equipment is six instalments at the end of the
years old. 100th, 101st, 102nd and 103rd
The interest rate on this account months. At the end of the 104th
is 8% p.a. compounded annually. month he increased his payment
so as to still payoff the loan in
The equipment costs R200 000.
the same period as in 7.1 by 69
How much money is still required
equal monthly payments.
to replace the equipment?
Calculate the value of the new
instalment.
4. Given: A = PCl - i.n)
P and i are positive constants. 8. How many years will it take for an
.1 State whether the graph of A is article to depreciate to half its
linear or exponential? value according to the reducing
balance method at 8% interest per
~.2 Draw a possible graph of A as a annum?
function of n.
""7.3 What is the effect on A if n
increases.

41
MODUlE 4: Remainder and Factor
Theorem
P1olynomials

• degree of polynomial - highest power of variable

• exponents E No
• coefficients E R

Linear polynomial - (x+2 ) degree 1

Quadratic polynomial - (x2 -3x+5) degree 2

Cubic polynomial - (2x3 +3x2 -5x+6) degree 3

Et=luations
Rloots or zeros - values of x such that a(x) = 0

Linear equations - one answer (one root)

Quadratic - two answers (roots)

Cubic - three answers

Zeros can be equal or non-real

Diivision

NI3 26° = 3 remainder 2

:. 20 = 6 x 3 + 2

d·IVI
l. ~~t· ien t remain. d er
~d en d d ivrsor quo

Rt!mainder Theorem Factor theorem

f(x) = (ax + b)Q(x) + R If f(- ~) = 0,

!
divisor quotient
I !
remainder (ax + b) is a factor of f(x) and
f(x) is divisible by (ax + b)
 Examples
1. Divide: 2x3 - X2 - 13x - 6 by (x - 3)
Division algorithm (Write polynomial in descending order)
2x2 +5x + 2
x-3)2x3 _x2 -13x-6
2x3 -6X2

5x2-13x

5x2 -15x

2x -6

2x -6

o :. q(x) = 2x2 +5x + 2 and rem. = 0

2. Determine the remainder if 3. Determine the value of k if

f(x) is divided by b(x) x + 2 is a factor of
f(x) = 5x3 + 5x2 + 3x + 2
f (x) = 3x3 + kx2 - 2x + 6
and b(x) = (x + 2)

f( -2) = 5(-2)3 + 5(-2)2 + 3(-2) factor:. f( -2) = 0

+2 :.3(-2)3 + k(-2)2 - 2(-2) +6=0
= -40 + 20 - 6 + 2 - 24 + 4k + 4 + 6 = 0
.. 4k = 14
:. Rem = -24

:. k = -7 = 3-
1
2 2
4. Solve for x if 4.2 Now factorise the following
completely.
x3 + 4x 2 - l1x - 30 = 0
f(x) = x3 + 4X2 - 11x - 30
. 4.1 Find a linear factor. ~
= (x - 3) (x2\'t px + 10)
II Identify potential factors of the
constant term 30.
:. f(x) ,
,
\

:. p x2 - 3 x2 = 4x2
I :. ±1 ±2 ±3 ±10 ..... :.p x2 = 7x2
*0
I
i f( -1)
f(l) = 1 + 4 - 11 - 30
= -1 + 4 + 11 - 30 *0
:.p = 7

! :. f(x) = (x - 3) (x2 + 7 x + 10) = 0

f(3) = 27 + 36 - 33 - 30 = 0
1
j II (x - 3)(x + 5)(x + 2) = 0

!, :. (x - 3) is a factor / :.x = 3 or x = -5 or x = -2

43
Worksheet 4 A Worksheet 4 C
Divide f(x) by b(x) in order to find the 4. Determine the value of a if
quotient Q(x) and the remainder. ex - 2) is a factor of
2x3 + x2 - ax + 6.
1. f(x) =
2x3- 5x2 + 3x + 8
b(x) = 2x + 1
5. Determine the values of a and b if
2. f(x) = 4
3x - 2x3 - 4x2 + 5x + 1 (x - 1) and (x + 3) are factors of
b(x) =x + 1 ax3 + 3x2 - bx + 3.

Worksheet 4 B
6. Determine the values of a and b if
Use the Remainder Theorem to (x + 2) and (x - 3) are factors of
determine the remainder if p(x) is x3 + ax + b.
divided by hex).
7. Determine the values of a and b if
l. p(x) = x3 + 3x - 8
ax3 - 22x2 + 4x - b has remainders of
hex) =x+3 -3 and -122 when divided by
(3x - 1) and (x + 2).
2. p(x) = x3 - 3x2 - 6
hex) =x- 4
Worksheet 4 D
3. p(x) = 3
3x - 22x2 - 4x - 2 Solve the following equations.
hex) = 3x - 1
1. x3 + 2x2 - 9x - 18 = 0
= 5x2 - 3x - 6
3
4. p(x) 2x +
hex) = 2x + 1 2. x3 + 8x2 + 11x - 20 = 0
5. p(x) = 2x3 + x2 - 13x + 6
hex) =x- 2 3. 2x3 + 5x2 - 4x - 3 = 0
Worksheet 4 C
l. Determine the value of a if 4. 3x3 + 10x2 - 27 X - 10 = 0
ex - 1) is a factor of
2.,,3 + ax2 - 8x + 3. 5. 5x3 + 4x2 - 31x +6 = 0

2. Determine the value of kif

x3 + 6x2 - kx - 8 has a
remainder of 15 when divided
by (x - 2).

3. Determine the value of t if

tx3 - 6x2 - 5x - 3 has a
remainder of 4 when divided by
(2x - 3).

44
MODULE 5: Dinereutiationl Calculus
1. Average gradient CmJ. m == f(a+h)- fraY
h
between 2 poi nts
or

2. Gradient of curve
at a point Pea ; f(a» fl(a) == lim f(a + h)- fray
h~O h

Derivative of f at x fl(x) = lim f(x+h)- f(x)

h-70 h
(differentiation)

fl(x) = gradient of a tangent to a curve at a specific point.

3. Rules for differentiation y =x n

(see examples)
dv
J
dx
= nx n-l

4. Rates of change
Distance Set)
Speed Sl(t)
Acceleration 5" r»

45
Examples

Question: Answer:
••.. , 2
1. I(x) = x2 +X f (x) = x +x
1(4) = (4)2 + 4 = 20
Determine the average f(3) = (3)2 + 3 = 12
gradient of fbetween
:. m = 20 - 12 = 8
x = 3 and x = 4. 4-3

2. •
A body travels Set) metres in Set) = 4t2 + 1
t seconds where s(3) = 4(3)2 + 1 = 37
Set) = 4l + 1. s(2) = 4(2)2 + 1 = 17
s(3)-s(2)
:. average speed = ~--=--~~
Determine the average 3-2
speed between t = 3 and
t = 2 seconds. 37-17
3-2
= 20 m.5-1

3. Limits . x2-9
Determine: 3.2 I1m --
x-?3 x-3
3.1Iim(2x+4) = lim (x - 3)(x + 3)
x-?2
x-?3 x - 3
=8 = x-?3
lim (x + 3) = 6

•
4. Determine the derivative of fix) = _2x2 + x
I from first principles I(x+h) = -2(x+h)2+ (x+h)
= -2(x2 + 2xh + h2) +X + h
f(x) = _2x2 + x.
= _2xz - 4xh - 2hz + x + h

f'ex) = lim f(x+h)- f(x)

h-?O h

222
-2x -4xh-2h +x+h-(-2x +x)
= IiIl1
h-~O h
- 4xh - 2h2 + h
= lim
h-?O h
h(-4x - 2h + 1)
=: lim
h-?O h
= lim (-4x - 2h + 1)
h-?O

= -4x + 1 Check by using short

method
-

~6
 Examples

>
5. Determine the derivative of I(x) = 2x2

1
f(x) = 2x2 at x = 1 from f(l + h) = 2(1 + h)2
"

= + + h2)
I first principles.
=
2 (1

2 + 4h + 2h2
2h

Ji
¥
f(l) = 2(1)2 = 2

I f'(l) = llm 1(1 + h) - 1(1)

h~O h

·i
f 2 + 4h + 2h2 - 2
= lim
; h-')O h
J 4h + 2h2
l = lim
h-,>O h
ti h(4 + 2h)
i
= lim
-}
11-,>0 h
,
I
, = lim (4 + 2h)
h-,>O
J
!J =4
!
,
~6. Rules for Differentiation
,
, NB derivative of a constant = 0
,
~
I 6.1
I
J
¥
I(x) = 2x3 + 3x
6.3 Dp[ p3 - p~ + p + 1]
! f'(x) = 6x2 + 3
! = o, [p2 _p + 1+p-l]
= 2p - 1 - P -2 = 2p - 1 - ~
p2

6.4 f(x) = (2X> - ~J

f(x) = 4x4_4x+ ~
x

221 = 4x4 - 4x + x-2

=3x+---
x3 -1 df(x) = 16x3 - 4 _ ~
x2 dx x3

Answers always with positive exponents.

47
Examples

--+ 3 2
7. Tangent to a curve f(x) =x - 2x - x + 2
Determine the equation of the 1. fl(x) = 3x2-4x-l
tangent to the curve
2. I 1(1) = 3(1)2 - 4(1) - 1
3
I (x) = x - 2x2 - x + 2
= -2
at the point x = 1.
.. gradient of tangent to

Need m and coordinates of a f (x) at x = 1 is -2.

point to determine the equation
of a line. I fel) = -2 = mtangent I
3. f(l) =(1)3 - 2(1)2 - (1) + 2 =0

f'ex) = m ~ subst. x-value in (subst. x in original equation)

I (x) =
derivative
Point ~ subst. x-value in
I f{l)=O -+ Point(l;O) I
ortclnal equation y = -2x + c
(1;0)/ 0 = -2(1) + c
:. c = +2
:. y = -2x + 2

8. Gradient of tangent known,

---. I(x) = 2x2 - 4x + 6
determine point of contact. II(X) = 4x - 4

mtangent = -2
Determine the x-value of the :. f'ex) = -2
point of contact of tangent :.4x - 4 = -2
y = -2x + 5 and the curve 4x = 2
I (x) = 2x2 - 4x + 6 :.x = 112

-f--+
9. Distance, s that a body travels 9.1 distance set) = St2
in t seconds is given by set) = St2 s(2) = 5(2)2
= 20 m
9.1 Determine the distance
travelled in 2 seconds.
9.2 speed s'{t)= lOt
9.2 Determine the speed at
s'(Z) = 10(2)
t = 2seconds.
= 20 rn.s"
9.3 Determine the acceleration of
the body. 9.3 acceleration s"(t) = 10 m.s ?

48
 .,Agplications of differential calculus
['(x) --7 derivative at a point
--7 rate of change at a point
--7 gradient of tangent to a curve at a point
creasing and decreasing functions
- ['(x) > 0 - function increases ~
fl(x) < 0 - function decreases ~

Sketching of cubic gra hs

i Summary Example 1
f (x) = ax3
+ bx2
+ ex + d [(x) =x 3
+ 3x2 - 9x
.~.1. Turning-I stationary points 1. Turning points

[ '(x) =0 [ '(x) = 3x2 + 6x - 9 = 0

x2 + 2x - 3 = 0
Find x-values (x + 3)(x - 1) = 0
x = -3 or x = 1
Subst. in [(x) for y-values
:.f (-3) = (-3)3 + 3(-3)2 - 9(-3)
= 27
:.TP -3;27 and 1;-5
2. - intercept = 0
(y = 0) 3. x- intercept

[(x) =0 ri» = 0
x3 + 3x2 - 9x = 0
2
Use factor theorem x(x + 3x - 9) = 0
if necessary -3±.J45
x = 0 orx = ---
2
:. x = 0 or x = -4,9 or x = 1,9 I

4. Investigate stationary points 4. Tpt. Tpt. I

[I(X) > 0 - [increases
fl(x) < 0 - [decreases l.f~x) I ~4 -0 I
3
I ~ I ~ I !I
(-3;27) - relative maximum
and (1;-5) - relative minimum
Sketch
y

x
(1 ;-5)

49
Example 2

f ex) = - ex + 3) 3 + 1
I(x) = -x3 - 9x2 - 27x - 26 y

x- intercept -(x + 3)3 + 1 = 0

ex + 3)3 = 1
)(
x+3=1
:.x = -2

y- intercept = -26

Stationary point flex) =0 -26

- 3x2 - 18x - 27 = 0
x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
ex + 3f = 0
:. x =-3

-2 :. (-3;1) is an INFLECTION POINT

x ---700 Y ---7 - 00

x ---7-00 y ---7 +00

Inflection point and concavity

1. Inflection point if f"(x) =0

2. Concave down if I"(x) <0
3. Concave up if f"(x) >0
Example
I (x) = x3 + 6x2 - 15x - 10
2
f'ex) = 3x + 12x - 15
("(x) = 6x + 12
1. Inflection pt. if f"(x) =0 2. Turning pt. if flex) = 0
:.6x + 12 = 0 2
:. 3x + 12x - 15 ~ 0
.. x = -2 ...(-2;36) X2 + 4x - 5 = 0

3. Concavity Infpt. Tpt. (x + 5)(x - 1) = 0

-5 2 1 :.x=-50rx=1
I ['~x) I - I -0
I + I
:. concave down for x < -2 TP. (-5;90) and (1;-18)
concave up for x> -2

50
 Rates of change
I-Instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x is:
I f'~) or dy
dx

_ Average rate of change: - Do NOT differentiate, m = f(b)- f(a)

b-a
Example
i The temperature Toe in a building is 1.
-x z
T = ----+20
x
i given by: 10 10
I Average temperature
I
'!T= - x 2 - x + 200 - 9 3 94
T(3) = 10 - 10 + 20 = 5=18,8
-----
i 10
I
,
x represents the distance from the
T(O) = 20

fireplace. T(3) - T(O) _ 18,8- 20

3-0 3
1. Determine the average rate of
= -0,4°C per metre
(colder the further from the fireplace)
change of the temperature
between x = 0 and x = 3.
I 2.
- x2
T(x) = ---+20
x

I 2.
! Determine the instantaneous
10
- x
10
1
I rate of change of the T(x) = ---
5 10
I temperature with respect to the
distance at the point where ,
T(3)
-3
= --- 1
= -0 7°Cjm
.
I x = 3. 5 10 '
Maximum and Minimum
i Know theory! Determine Maximum or Minimum
I
Eg: Volume:

H(d Vol = n:r2H

S.area 2n:rH+2n:r2 1. Find all the measurements in
terms of ONE variable..
I

b C 2. Determine the volumr Vex).

HU
Vol = f. .b.H
S.area 3. Determine V'(x)
= 2(i + b)H+2ib 4. Let V'(x) = O.
5. Solve for x.

H~ Vol =
S.area
1habH

=2(1hab)+(a+b+c)H
6. Subst. x -value in 2. for
maximum volume.

51
ExamDles
1.
·
The capacity of a cylinder I 2.
is one litre. Determine

1.1
Ed the minimum surface
area of the closed
cylinder.

1£ = 1000 ern:'
:. Vol = 1000
7tr2H ::: 1000
1000 0( • lP 'I~ 4-
:. H = --2- (one variable)
nr

1.2 surf. A(r) ::: 27trH + 21tr2

= 2ttr (1000)+2
2 tir 2 f(x) = -6x2 + 6x + 36 en
nr g(x) = -12x + 36
= 2000 + 21t,-2
Determine the maximum le"lgth of
r
AS.
1.3 A(r) = 20001'-1 + 21tr2
2.1 AB = f(x) - g(x)
= -6x2 + 6x + 36 - (-l2x+36)
A'() r= - 2000
2 +nr4
r 2.2 AB = -6x2 + 18x

1.4 A'Cr) 0 = 2.3 AB'(x) = -12x + 18

- 2000 2.4 AB'(x) = 0 :. -12x + 18 ;;;:0
:. ") + 4nr = 0
r 3
2.5 ... x .--
- 2
1.5 :. 41tr3 = 2000

1.6
3
:. r = 159,1549
:. r = 5,4 and H = 10,9
2.6 Max. AB = -6m 2
+ 18(~)
Min Surf. Area: = 13l units
2
= 21t(S,4)(10,9) + 2n(S,4)2
= 553,05 units".

3. The sum of 2 positive numbers is 9. Determine the numbers when

their product is a maximum.
3.1 Let one number = x; :. other = 9 - x

3.2 Product: P = x(9 - x) = 9x - x2

3.3 P'(x) = 9 - 2x
3.4 P'(x) = 0 :. 9 - 2x = 0
3.6 :. x = 4,5
3.7 :. Both numbers: 4,5

52
 Sketches not to sca e. Round answers off to 2 decimal places.
I Worksheet 5 A Worksheet 5 E
l
! Determine the limits of the following: 1. Determine:
'1. lim 2x + 1 1.1 f'(x) if f(x) = 5xz - 3x + 1
x-,>l
1.2 f'ex) if f(x) = -3x3 +2x2 - x
! x 2
- 4
j 2. lim 1·3 dY'f 2 1
x-,>2 -I y=x +2-1
,
,
x-2 de x

i 3. lim
2(1 + h)2 - 2 1·4 dp'
-- f I P = 3
St - 3t - -
2 1
+ '\jt:t
17-,>0 h dt t3
r
~

,
{ 4. lim
17-,>0
j(2 + h) - j(2)
h
if f(x) == 2x 1.5 :" C~- 1~ + ~)

! 5. lim
f(x + h) - f(x)
if f(x) = k
1.6 Dp[P4+;2+1]
I
, h-,>O h
x2 -16 Worksheet 5 F
6. lim
x-,>4 x2 - 4x Determine:
-
-
X2 +X - 6 1. g'(x) if g(x) = X4 _ 4
.7. lim x
x-,>-3 x +3
Worksheet 5 B 2. dy if y = (x + 2)(2y + 5)
Determine the gradient of the curve dx
at a specific point from first principles.
c":';;":' ~-,-_
3. dp if p = (3r)2 - ~
1. f'(x) = X2 at (2;4) dr 2r
. 2. f(x) = X2 - 3x + 5 at (1;3)
3. f(x) = _2x2 - 3x at x = 0
.~--~~--------~~~~-------
4· '( ) of
pxl
()
px= .r;
3Fx - 4
* Worksheet 5 C
5. Dx[(3x - 2)2]
t Determine f 'ex) from first principles.
• 1. f(x) == -3x2
Worksheet 5 G
1. Determine the gradient of the
, 2. fex) = _4X2 + x
tangent to the curve:
3. fex) = 2 x+ 1
1.1 f(x) = x3 - 22 + 2x at x == 2
.. f(x) 6 =
1.2 g(x) = 2X2 - 5x + 6 at x == -3
Worksheet 5 0
etermine the derivative of the
;: lIowing functions at a specific point 2. Determine the equations of the
from first principles. following tangents to:

~ f(x) = 3x + 2 at x = 3 2. 1 P(x) = 2x3 - 5x2 + 6x at (1; 3)

2.2 y = x2 - 2x + 3 at x = -2
fex) = _2x2 atx = 1
2.3 hex) = 2x3 - 5x2 - 4x +3 at
3. fex) = x2 + x at x = -2 x=l
f(x) == 2x2 + 5 at x == 5 2.4 fex) = x3 - 6x2 atx = -1

5. p(x) = 5 at x = 1 2.5 f(x) = 3x2 - 12x + 9 at x = 2

I I

53
 Worksheet 5 H Worksheet 5 I
1. Determine the point where the 4. Given:
gradient of the tangent to the
curve of: y = - 5x xS
1.1 f(x) = 2X2 + 1 equals 4 ~

1 Determine:
1.2 g(x) = - 2 X2 + 2x equals 0
dy
4.1
1.3 f(x) = 3x 2
- 7x equals 11 dx

2. Determine the point(s) on the

curve of: 4.2

2.1 f(x)= x3 - x2 - 8x + 12 where the

tangent to the curve is parallel to 5. Given:
the liney = 8x + 2. p(x) = (x6 - 6x-1)(X6 + 6x-1)
2.2 f(x) =y = 2x3 - 4x - 6 where Determine:
the tangent to the curve is 5.1 p'(x)
perpendicular to the line . ..
1 5.2 ~ [p"(X)]
y = --x - 5. dx
2 4. -
Worksheet 5 J
Worksheet 5 I
1. A body travels set) metres in t
1. Given: seconds where Set) 5l. =
f(x) = 3x 4 + 2x3 - 3x2 + 6x +2
1.1 Determine the average speed
Determine: between t = 2 and t = 3 sec.
1.1 f '(x)
1.2 Determine the speed at
1.2 f "(x) t = 4 seconds.

1.3 d3 1.3 Determine the distance travelled

-3 [f(x)]
dx in 5 seconds.

2. Given: 2. A stone is thrown from a cliff, 200

metres above sea level and its
1 5 motion is described by set) = 6t2•
g(x) = - X
S
- 3x 4 + 2x3 - - +6
2 x
2.1 Determine the height of the stone
! Determine: above sea level after 5 seconds.
12.1 g'(x) 2.2 g"(x)
2.2 Determine the speed of the stone
I 3.
! Given:
at 5 seconds.
-.or .•.
!
2.3 At what time will the stone be
176 m above sea level?

2.4 Determine the time it takes the

ete mi e: stone to reach sea level.
'~-
.. - ~
'; I·~
\-}
.•
3.2 p"(l) 2.5 Determine the speed of the stone
when reaching sea level.
I

54
 . Worksheet 5 J Worksheet 5 J
}, 3
ll.-.-The distance, s, that an athlete
." 5. The displacement of a particle is
l;
still has to travel in t seconds is given by:
given by Set) = 15 - 3t m.
2
set) = -t3 - 3t
3.1 Determine the speed at 3
2 s, 3 sand 4 s.
< Determine the acceleration of
1 3.2 Explain the answer. the particle at t = 3.
; 3.3 How long will it take the athlete to Worksheet 5 K (Testl)
f reach his destiny? 1. If fex) = 2x2, determine the
•
, 3.4 Determine the speed of the derivative of f(x) from first
athlete when reaching his destiny. principles.
i
"f 4. A stone is thrown vertically 2. Let f(x) = 2x2.
upwards. Its height, s,(in metres) 2.1 Determine the average gradient
t;
4
at any given time after t seconds of f between the points x = -2
! is given by Set) = -5t2 + lOt + 75. and x = -2 + h.
2.2 Determine the gradient of the
14.1 Determine the initial height above
tangent to f at the point
the ground.
J (-2;8) and then write down the
14.2 Determine the initial speed at the equation of the tangent.
I moment when the stone is
thrown. 2.3 Determine the point where the
i gradient of the tangent to the
4 Determine the average speed curve equals 4.
1 .3 between t = 2 and t = 3 seconds.

14.4 Determine the average speed 3. Determine dy if y = x5 _ 5.

during the 4th second. dx x

4.5 Find an expression for the Worksheet 5 L (Test 2)

instantaneous speed of the stone l. Determine g'(x) from first
in terms of t. principles if g(x) = X2 - 2x.
4.6 Determine the speed at t = 2s.
2. The distance a car travels in the
4.7 At what time will the stone hit the first 12 seconds is given by
ground? Set) = 3t2 m.
4.8 Determine the speed when hitting 2.1 Determine the average speed of
the ground. the car during the 7th second.
4.9 Determine the height of the stone 2.2 Determine the average speed of
above the ground at t = 45. the car between
t = 3 and t = 3 + h.
4.10 When will the stone reach
2.3 Hence determine the speed of the
maximum height?
car at t = 3.
4.11 Determine the maximum height. 2.4 Determine an expression for the
4.12 After how many seconds is the instantaneous speed of the car. I
speed 2 rn.s "? 2.5 Determine the speed at t = 4 s.

I
55
Worksheet 5 l (Test 2) Worksheet 5 M (Test 3)
3. Determine f "(1) if
7. . Determine dy if
f(x) :;;: _4x4 - 2 + 2E. dr
x
Y = -2 ( 4"\1' r - - I 3X) + 5x 2 .
r 4
4. Determine the equation of the
tangent to
8. Determine f 1(2) if
f(x) = 3x3 - 4x2 - 3x + 1 322
at the point x :;;:1.
f(x) = x +x - x
x-l
5. The gradient of the tangent to Worksheet 5 N (Applicatiollls)
f(x) = 2x2 + 2x at the point (p;q) Determine for each of the following:
is 10. Determine the values of
(i) the inflection points
p and q.
(ii) stationary points
Worksheet 5 M (Test 3)
1. Determine: (iii) where function is concave up or
concave down
1.1 li
1m x2 -1 1. p(x) = x3 + 2x2
.\"---71 1- x
2. f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 9x - 4
1.2 ~(~ _ 3)
dx x
3.
4.
f(x)
g (x)
= -(x
= - 2x3 +
+ 2)3
5x
+
2
1
+ 4x - 3

1.3 D,[2X + ~J2

2x
Worksheet 50
Sketch the following graphs: I
1. f(x):;;: x3 - 2X2 - 4x +8
2. Given:
2. f(x) = x3 - x2 - X + 1
hex) = 2,2 and p(x) = x
3. f(x) = -x3 + 6x2 I
Determine: ~ [hex) + 2.p(x)]
dx 4. f(x) = -x3 + 4x2 + l1x - 30
3. Determine the equation(s) of the 5. f(x) == (x + 2)(x - l)(x - 6)
tangent(s) to
6. f(x) = x3 + 3x - 4
2
f(x) = 2x 3
+ !x2 .-10 x , if
7. f(x) = 2x3 - 5x2 +4 I
the tangent(s) are parallel to the
Worksheet 5 P
Ii n e y = 5x + 1.
Use the information to draw neat
4. The line p(x) = 2x + 3 is a tangent graphs of the function
to the curve of function g at the f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + ex + d ; x, y E R
point where x = 1. (no calculations needed)
Determine g(l) + gl(l).
1. f(O) = 3, f(-3) = a
5. If f(x) = 2x2 - 2, determine
f I(X) from first principles. f I(-1) = f 1(2) = 0

f(x) < 6 if x ::; 0 and

6. If f(x) = 2, determine f I(X) from
first principles. f(x) 2': 2 if x > a

56
 eet 5 P Worksheet 5 0
\.-2) = 0, f(l) = 0, f(7) = 0 2.
y
f'(-l);;; 0, f'(4) = 0
'-:~(x) > 0 if x < -1 orx > 4
. f '(x) < 0 if -1 < x < 4

)= 4 x

(-2;0), (5;10), (9;0) and (0;8)

a e points on the graph.
The curve is defined by the
f '(5) = 0 and f '(9) ;;; 0
equation:
r- II (7) ;;; 0 and f "(x) > 0 fa r x > 7 - x3 15x2
g(x) = T--8--3x+2.
~ .•(x) < 0 for x < 7
Band C are the turning points.
1(.,:) > 0 for x < 5 and x > 9 AC II the x-axis. Determine:

f(-6) :;;:0, f(O) = 5 2.1 coordinates of Band C

2.2 00
f '( -2) = 0, f( -2) = 3
2.3 PC
f '(x) > 0 for x < -2 2.4 AC
f '(x) > 0 for x > -2 2.5 the gradient of the curve at A
oTksheet 5 2.6 the x-coordinates of the points
where 2y + 3x = k touches the
The diagram shows the graph of graph.
y = x3 + bx2 + ex + d.
3.
Y
y

x
x

B is a turning point and there is a

relative minimum at C. Determine
the:
A section of a cubic graph is
values of b, c and d 11
drawn. A(-l;p) and B(3;q)
coordinates of C are the turning points.
1.3 coordinates of the point of 3.1 Use the graph to determine for
inflection which value(s) of x is:
1.4 equation of the tangent to the 3.1.1 f(x):;;: 0 3.1. 6 f(x) > 0
curve at x = 3. 3.1.2 f '(x) = 0 3.1.7 f(x) < 0
3.1.3 f "(x) = 0 3.1.8 f "(x) > 0
3.1.4 f '(x) > 0 3.1.9 x.f(x):> 0
3.1.5 f '(x) < 0

57
Worksheet 5 0 Worksheet 5 R
3.2 Draw a sketch graph of f '(x), 1..
only showing the x-intercepts on
the graph.

3.3 If f(x) = k: has only one real root,

determine the possible value(s)
of k.
The measurements of a
4. rectangular dam are as follows:
length = 60 - 2x, width =
2x and
x
depth = - Determine the:
2
1.1 volume of the dam i.t.o. x
1.2 value of x for which the volume of
x the dam is a maximum
1.3 maximum volume.

4.1 B is one of the turning points of 2. The length of a rectangular block is

g(x) = x3 - 3x + 2. Determine: 4 times the breadth and the total
4.1.1 OC surface area is 600 sq units. Let
the breadth= x:
4.1.2 OD 2.1 Determine the length i.t.o. x,
4.1.3 DB 2.2 Show that the height;
60 4x
4.1.4 OA H= ---.
x 5
4.1.5 the coordinates of the inflection
2.3 Hence determine the value of x for
point(s).
maximum volume.
4.1.6 the average gradient of the
curve between x = -1 and x == 1 3. A square piece of cardboar~, with
sides 15 cm, is used in the
4.1. 7 the equations of the tangents to manufacturing of a contain r.
the curve at the turning points. Equal squares with sides xJm are
cut out at each corner. Th~
4.1.8 the point(s) on the graph where remaining piece .IS f 0 Ide d .Int 0 an
the gradient is 24. open box.
x

4.2 The tangent to the curve at B,

• UII x

also cuts the curve at E.

Determine the coordinates of E.
lScIT
r
4.3 Determine the equation of the
tangent to the curve at E.
~ •• ill

Determine the:
3.1 length, width and height i.t10. x
3.2 the value of x for maximurrr
volume.

58
 ; Worksheet 5 R Worksheet 5 R
I
J
14 • * In an experiment, a drop of olive 6.3 What can be deduced from
oil is placed on a water surface 6.1 and 6.27
f and a circular layer of oil is 6.4 Determine the average speed
i formed. The diameter D of the during the 4th second.
I circle t seconds after the drop has
i been placed is directly propor- 6.5 Determine the acceleration at

j
! tional to t 2. The diameter is
16mm at 2 seconds. 6.6
1second.
Determine the distance covered in
5 seconds.
Determine the value of the
constant factor. Worksheet 5 S (Test 4)
x2
4.2 Determine the rate of change of D
1. Given: f(x) = x + "2
with respect to t at 4 seconds.
I Determine f '(x) from first principles.
• I
! 4.3 Determine the average rate of
f· r change during the 2nd second. 2. Determine:
I 2.1 p'(x) if p(x) = 3x5 - 6x3 + lOx - 8
is. The volume of a container with a

-I rectangular triangle as base is

given by: hex) = 2x3 + x2 - 5x + 2
2.2
dy
dx

I
i
1
2.3

1
'-' .••..
·~f
I
X2 - 4
i 2.4 lim
x~2 2- x

I5 1 Determine an algebraic expression

3. g(x) = 6x - 2x2

for the area of the base if the Determine the:

1 .
height of the container is (x + 2) 3.1 average gradient of the curve
units. between x = 2 and x = 5
I
15.2 Determine the value of x for 3.2 gradient of the curve at x = 5
maximum volume. 3.3 equation of the tangent to the
I! 6. The distance in metres
curve at x = 5.

travelled by a body in t seconds, 3

is represented by the form ula: 4. Given: f (x) = ~-10x

3
I Set) = 8t + t2 -
t
-.
3
3x2
1
3 g(x) = 2
6.1 When will the speed equals 07 Determine the x values for which
the functions of f and g change at
6.2 Determine the speed at 5 sec. the same rate.

59
Worksheet 5 5 Worksheet 5 S
5. Given: 6.6.8 h(x).h'(x) 2:: a for x ~ 0
f(x) = 2x3 - 5x2 - 4x +3
7. The capacity of a cylindrical tin is
Determine: 500 ml. The height is hand
5.1.1 the x-and y-intercepts of f radius is r. The material used in
the manufacturing of the tin is
5.1.2 the coordinates of the stationary
such that the cost of the bottom
points
and the top is 3 times more than
5.1.3 the coordinates of the inflection that of the curved area.
point(s) of f and explain why it is

hbd
an inflection point
5.1.4 the intervals where the graph of
f is concave up or concave down.

5.2 Sketch the graph of f and show all

the points above. 7.1 Determine h i.t.o. r.
7.2 Show that the cost C of the
6.
. I' IS C = 6ttr 2 + --
materia 1000
r
x 7.3 Determine the radius of the tin if
it has to be manufactured at
minimum cost.
Worksheet 5 T (Test 5)
1. Determine f '(x) from first
Given:
hex) = x3 - 3x2 - 9x - 5
principles if f(x) = 2.
x
6.1 Determine the coordinates of P
and R, the turning points of hand 2. Determine:
Q, one of the x-intercepts.
dr . 2 1
6.2 Determine the equation of RS if
2.1 - If r = (2t) --
dt St

[2V -3]
RS is a tangent to h at R.
6.3 Determine the coordinates of 5, 2.2 Dx I
the point where the tangent again "I/x

cuts h.
6.4 Determine the length of RS.
2.3 f '(x) if f(x) = (x - 2)(x - 1)2

6.5 Determine the equation of the 2.4 dy if 2x = ~y - 2

tangent to h at S. dx
6.6 Determine for which values of x is:
3. Given:
6.6.1 hex) ~ 0
f(x) = 2x3 + X2 - 5x +2
6.6.2 hex) = 0
3.1 Determine:
6.6.3 h'(x) > 0
3.1.1 fex) = 0
6.6.4 h'(x) <a
3.1.2 fe-i) + f '(-i)
6.6.5 h"(x) = a

6.6.6 h"(x) < 0 3.1.3 the inflection point(s) of f.

3.2 Sketch the graph.
6.6.7 x. h (x) < a

60
W,orksheet 5 U (Test 6) Worksheet 5 U (Test 6)
6. Determine:
2.2 6.1 the initial height above the ground
6.2 the initial speed

2.3
dy
ify=
3Fx - 2x2 -
------
V; 6.3 the speed at 3 seconds
dx x 6.4 the maximum height reached
6.5 the acceleration at t =1 see
3. Given:
6.6 the average speed during the
p'(x) = 2x3 and f '(x) =x third second

Determine: ~ [p(x) + 4f(x)] 6.7 the speed of the object when it is

dx at a height of 45m above the
ground on its way back to the
4. Given f(x) = -x3 + 6x2 - 9x + 4. ground
6.8 the speed of the object when it
4.1 Show that (x - 1) is a factor of hits the ground.
fex).
4.2 Hence factorise f(x). 7.

4.3 Sketch the graph of f, show the

coordinates of the turning points
and the intercepts.
4.4 ' Determine the equation of the x
tangent to the curve at x = 3,5.
4.5 Determine the average gradient of
the curve between x = 1 and x = 2
f (x) = _2x2 + 6x and g(x) = 3x
4.6 Determine the coordinates of the
turning points of h if Determine the maximum length of
hex) = f(x + 2). AB.
Worksheet 5 V (Test 7)
3
X 2 1. Given: g(x) = 2x2 - 3
5. f(x) = -- 5x -15x
3
g(x) = _4x2 Determine: g(x + h) - g(x)
1.1
h
Determine the values of x for
which the tangents to the curves 1.2 Hence determine:
of f and g are parallel. u1m g(3 + h) - g(3)
h-tO h
6. An object is thrown vertically
upwards from a point above the 1.3 Explain the answer in 1.2.
ground and its motion is described 1.4 Hence determine the equation of
as Set) = 21 - 3t2 + 18t where s is the tangent to g at x = 3.
the distance above the ground in
metres and t the time in seconds. 2. Determine from first principles:
Questions in next column f '(x) if f(x) = k.

62
 ~ksheet 5 V (Test 7) Worksheet 5 V (Test 7)
Determine: 6. The equation of the tangent to
3
dy . - 3x 13 f(x) = ax + bx + 4 at the point
Ify = ---x
dx ~ (1;-2) is y- 2x = 8 I

Determine the values of a and b

f '(x) if f(x) = (x4 + 4£1)(x4 - 4x-1)
7.

x3 - 2x2 - x +2
lim
.1: ....• 1 x - 1

3
f '(2) if f(x) = x + 2x2 -15x
x-3
Given: f(x) = x3 + 5x2 - 8x - 12
Given: f(x) = x3 - 3x - 18 Band D are the turning points.
Show that the graph of f has only Determine the:
ONE real x-intercept. 7.1 coordinates of Band D
Determine the stationary points of 7.2 average rate of change of f from B
f. to D
Sketch the graph of f. Show all 7.3 turning point of g if
the turning points and the g(x) = f(x - 1)
intercepts.
7.4 the value of k for which
Determine the turning points x3 + Sxz - 8x - 12 = k has three
of g if g(x) = f(x) + 1 unequal real roots.
Determine the values of k if 7.5 the equation of the tangent to
x3 - 3x2
has three real
- 18 = k I
f at x = 2.
roots of which two are equal.
7.6 Determine the value of p
for which f(x) - p has only one
A pump is connected to a dam.
real positive root.
The volume of the water is given
by: Vet) = 60 + 8t - 3t2 where 8.
VCt) is the volume in thousands y
of lltres.
Determine the rate of change of
the volume with respect to the
days at t = 3. x
1
15.2 Did the volume increase or

! decrease at the end of 3 days?

(explain)
Given: The graph of
5.3 Determine the maximum volume
f '(x) = _x2 + 2x +3
of water in the dam. When was
this maximum reached? 8.1 For which values of x is f
decreasing?

8 .2 Determine the x-values of the

15.4 __W__h_e_n_w_i_"_t_h_e_d_a_m
1

__b_e_e_m
__p_ty_? ~ turning points of f. ~

63
Worksheet 5 V (Test 7) Worksheet 5 V (Test 7)
8.3 Determine the x-value of the 12. Given: f '(x) = -x2 +5x + 6
maximum turning point of f. 12.1 Determine the gradient of the
8.4 Determine the gradient of the tangent to fat x=2
tangent to f at x = O. 12.2 Determine the x values for which f
8.5 Determine the values of a, b, c and increases.
d if f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + ex + d Worksheet 5 W (Test 8)
and f(O) = 6. 1.1 Determine:
=
9. 1.1.1 f'ex) if f(x)
.:
(x - 3)2

1.1.2 f'(e) if fee) = [e; - 36 ; J

1.1.3 dy if k2 -1
I y =
dk 2k + 2
The diagram shows the graphs of
hex) = 5x2 + 14x + 8 and
1.1.4 dy if y = x(3x2 + k) + ~
9 ex) = x3 2
+ bx + ex + d. dx x
hand g intersect at points if k is a constant
. P and Q on the x-axis and
y-axis respectively. Point R(2;0) is 1.2 Determine the derivative of:
one of the turning points of g. 2k -.Jk +5
1.2.1 y=
9.1 Determine the coordinates of
P and Q.
Jk
9.2 Show that b = -2 and c = -4.
1.2.2
10.

2. Determine the equation of the

tangent:

Given the graph of

2.1 to fex) = E at x = 4

f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + d. P(4;32) and 4

2.2 to f(x) =x + 2" at (1;5)
R(O;O) are the turning points of f. x
Determine the values of a, band d.

3. Given: lex) = -x2 - 4x + 12

11.* Given: g(x) =.:1+1 and a point
x 3.1 Determine the equation of the
K( -3;-2). Two tangents to g are tangent atx =-1.
drawn from point K.
Determine the x value of one of 3.2 For which values of p will the line
the points where the tangents y = -2x + p not intersect the
touch the graph of g. parabola?
( a sketch will help!)

64
\ll\Iorksheet 5 W (Test 8) Worksheet 5 W (Test 8)
4. Given: k(x) = 2x + 6x + 10
3
8. A particle moves from a point 0
Explain whether it is possible to along a straight line, according to
draw a tangent with a negative the equation of motion:
gradient to the graph of k. Show set) = 2t2 - 13t + 10.
all the calculations. Determine:
5. 8.1 the initial speed
y
8.2 the rate at which the velocity
Q x changes at t seconds
8.3 after how many seconds will the
particle be closest to the fixed
point.

Given: Q(-3;0) and p(p;_p2) Given:

9.
lex) = -x2; x::; a Determine: f(x) = 3x - 2
5.1 PQ2i.t.o. p Solve for x if f-lex) ==2f' ex).
5.2 the value of p that will minimize
PQ. 10. Determine dk if pk + k = p2 - 1
dp
6.
y
11. Determinef'ex) from first
principles if f(x) = - 2.
x

12. If f is a linear function with

f(2) = 6 and 1'(2) = 6,
x
Determine the equation of j.
6.1 Determine the equation of ED
13.
i.t.o. p and q.
6.2 Determine the length and width of
the rectangle i.t.o. p and q
so that the area of the rectangle x
ABeO will be a maximum.
6.3 Draw a conclusion by looking at
the results in 6.2. Q

7. A rope of 8 m in length is cut and I(x) = x3 + bx2 + ex, points

bend in the the shape of a circle P(-1;3,5) and Q(2;-10) are
and square. The length of the given. Determine:
rope used for the circle is a meter
long. 13.1 the equation off
7.1 Determine the length (f) of a side 13.2 the average gradient between
of the square and the radius(r) of P and Q
the circle i.t.o. a.
13.3 the equation of the tangent to
7.2 In what lengths must the rope be the curve at x = -1.
cut so that the sum of the areas of
the sha es will be a rnnurnurnr

65
Worksheet 5 W (Test 8) Worksheet 5 W (Test 8)
13.4 the x-coordinate of the inflection 15.
point off

13.5 the value of k for which

332
X --x - 6x + k = 0 has ONE real
2
root, assume that b = -~ and Given: The graph of fl(x).
2 Draw a rough sketch of f if :
c = -6. (use graph) f(-2) = -8 and f(-l) = -9

13.6 how many roots will

16.
x3 - ~ X2 - 6x = k have if y

-10 < k < 3,57

13.7 for which values of x is

f'ex)< 0 7

13.8 for which values of x is

j(x) concave down?

Given:
14. hex) is a cubic expression in x.
The cubic graph j with inflection
Given, the graph of hr(x). point (-3;1). Draw the graph of
the derivitave if it is given that
y
the gradient of f is -27 if x = a

17.
y

Determine:
14.1 the x-coordinate of the Given, the graph of g(x) = 16 - x 2
inflection point of h. PQRSis a rectangle within the
parabola. Points 5 and R lie on the
14.2 the gradient of the graph of h at x -axis, P and Q(x;y) lie on the
the point where x = O. parabola.
Determine:
14.3 the equation of the parabola. 17.1 the coordinates of P and Q l.t.o. x

14.4 for which values of x is h 17.2 the area of PQRS Lt.O. x

increasing. 17.3 the maximum area of the
rectangle.

66
 MODULE 6: Anaillieal Geomelrv
1
\
~
'l. Gradient:
m= Y2 - Yl
X2-xl
I
I

! 2. Distance between two points A and B: ~(X2 -xli +(Y2 - yll

: 3. Coordinates of midpoint: ( x, + x, .Yt + Yz J

1 2 ' 2
I
.1
I
y- Yl =m(x-x1) or y=mx+c
L 1 .
Equation of a straight line:

15.
, Inclination of a line: tans =m
I1 (angle between line and positivex-axis)
,
I
16.
(
Collinear points A, Band C: mAB = IDBC
i
' 7. Parallel lines: ml =m2
1__ -
!
8 Perpendicular lines: ml XID2 =-1
1 .
r-----
I
19. Circle with centre (0;0): x2 + y2 =r2
i
!
!
110. Circle with centre (a;b):
I
(x-a)2 +(y-bl =r2
I

<1
111. Altitude:
Line from vertex perpendicular
to opposite side.
I -...........
I
112. Median:

I
I
Line joining a vertex and the
midpoint of the opposite side. \2>
13. Perpendicular bisector: h
Line through midpoint and perpendicular to

14. Parallelogram: both pairs of opposite sides II

15. Rhombus: parallelogram with one pair of adjacent sides =

16. Rectangle: parallelogram with one angle = 90°

17. Square: parallelogram with one pair of adjacent sides =

and one angle = 90°

67
E)j;amples

1. Determine the equation of the Imedian AK.

I
A(1 ;6)
1. midptsc = (- 4 + 4 . - 4 + 2)
2 ' 2
K(O;-l)
:>C(4;2)
6-(-1)
2. mAK = 1-0 =7

3. eq.AK / y - 6 = 7(x - 1)
:. y = 7x - 1
B(-4;-4)

2. Determine the equation of the altitude CPo

1. 6-(-4) = 10 == 2
mAB = 1- (-4) 5

1 C(4;2)
2. mcp = - 2

3. eq.cp / y - 2 = - -1(x - 4)
2
1
:. y = -x +4
2
8(-4;-4)

3. Determine a.

1. mAS = -4 = -2 I \
6 3
2 I
:. tan x = -
3
:. x = 33,69 ... ° •• 7' 4 "" EB \Y! ,X
2. mAC = -5
:. tan e= -5
:. e = 180° - 78,69 ... °
= 101,309 °

3. a = 101,3 .... ° - 33,69 ..... ° (ext L of Li)

= 67,6°

68
4. Given, the equation of the circle.
Find the centre and the radius of the circle.
I
Given: X2 - 8x + l -lOy - 59 = 0 I

1. Leave space for completing the square:

X2 - 8x + ..... + y2 - lay + ..... = 59

2. Complete the square:

x2 - 8x + 16 + y2 - 10y + 25 = 59 + 16 + 25

3. Write in centre-radius equation form:

(x - 4)2 + (y - 5)2 = 100

:.centre = (4;5)
radius = 10

5. Determine the equation of the tangent to a circleD

X2 - 8x + y2 - 10y - 59 = a at the point (10;13).

1. Determine the centre of the circle as in example 4.

:. (x - 4)2 + (y - 5)2 = 100

:.Centre = (4;5)
Point (10;13)

8 _ 4
2. mradius = "6 - 3 tangent..l radius
m-; x m 2 = -1
3
3. :. mtangent = - 4

3
4. :. equationtangent: y-13 = --(x-10)
4
3 1
y = - -x + 20-
4 2

69
Sketches not to scale. Answers should be rounded off to 2 decimal places.
,Worksheet 6 A Worksheet 6 A
1. Given: 3.4 What kind of quadrilateral is
PQRS? (reason)

4.
B(2;2)

Determine:
1.1 AB.
A(-3;-4)
1..2 the coordinates of the midpoint of
4.1 Determine the circumference of
AC. L1ABe.
1.3 the gradient of AC. 4.2 Determine the equation of AB.
1.4 the inclination of the line Ae. 4.3 Determine the equation of the
1.5 the equation of line BC. perpendicular bisector of AB.
4.4 Determine angle ABC.
1.6 the equation of the line parallel to
line BC and passing through point 4.5 Determine the equation of the
A. altitude AK.
1.7 the equation of the altitude AK. 4.6 Determine the equation of the
median BP.
1.8 the equation of the median BP.
1..9 the coordinates of the x-intercept 5. Given: A(x;5), B(0;4) and
C(-1;3). Determine the value(s)
of the median.
of x if:
2. Given: P(-1;4), Q(-2; -2) and 5.1 A, Band C are collinear.
R(3;2), the vertices of ~PQR. 5.2 AB = BC
2.1 Determine the equation of the 5.3 AB 1.. BC
median PK.
5.4 AB = s.fi
2.2 Determine the coordinates of S, if
PQRSis a parallelogram. Worksheet 6 B
1.
3. Given: P(0;4), Q(6;7), R(3;1)
and S(-3; -2).
3.1 Show that PQRSis a
parallelogram. c x
(8;0)
3.2 Prove that the diagonals of PQRS
bisect each other perpendicular.
3.3 Determine the lengths of PQ and
QR.
1.1 Determine the gradient of Be.
1.2 Determine the coordinates of D.

70
 Worksheet 6 B Worksheet 6 C
1.3 Determine the inclination of line 1. Draw rough sketches of the
AB. following circles:
1.4 Show that 8, D and Care 1.1 x2 + / = 16
collinear.
1.2 / = 7 - x2
2.
y 2. Determine the equations of the
following circles with its centre at
c B the origin and:

x 2.1 with a radius of 5.

2.2 with a radius of .J5 .

2.3 with a radius of 2 -J5 .
2.4 (2; -1) a point on the circle.
y +x + 2 = 0 and 2.5 (-2;3) a point on the circle.
-4y + 2x - 8 = 0 are two straight
lines. Determine e. 3. Determine the equations of the
following circles with centre:
3. Given:
3.1 (1;4) and a radius of 3.
A(-8iY), 8(-3;3) and C(x;5)
3.2 (-2; 2) and a radius of 4.
B is the midpoint of AC.
3.3 (-2;5) and point (2;3) lies on the
Determine the value(s) of circle.
x and y.
3.4 (1;3) and point (-2;5) lies on the
4. circle.

4. Determine the centre M, and the

AHO=a radius of the following circles:
4.1 x2 = 9 - /
8(4;1 ) 4.2 2x2 + 2/ = 5
x 4.3 x2 + (y - 1)2 = 8
4.4 x2 + /
+ 4x + 6y - 10 = 0
4.5 x2 + 2x + y2 - 14 = 0
4.1 Determine the gradient of AB.
4.6 4x2 + 4y2 + 12x + 16y - 8 = 0
4.2 Determine n,
Determine the value(s) of k. 5.1 Determine the equation of the
circle that has the line segment
Determine the coordinates of H, joining points A( -2;3) and
the y-intercept of AB. B(2; -3) as the diameter.
4.5 Determine the coordinates of the 5.2 Determine two possible values for
I14.6 midpoint of Be.
Determine the equation of the line
kif (ki 1) is a point on the circle.

passing through the point Band 6. Determine the equation of the

I
47
parallel to AC.
Does the point (8; 11) lie on the
circle that has the line segment
joining points A(2;4) and B(6;6)
1 . llne in 4.6? as the diameter.
i

71
WCirksheet 6 D Worksheet 6 D
l. 3.
y y

x
~--~------~----~--+

AB is the diameter of the circle.

o is the centre of the circle. The
point R(6;8) is on the circle. P is
1. Determine: the point of intersection of the
1.1 the length of AS circle and the y-axis. RQ and PQ
are tangents to the circle.
1.2 the equation AB Determine:
1.3 the equation of the circle 3.1 the equation of the circle.
1.4 the equation of the tangent to the 3.2 the equation of the tangent RQ.
circle at point B 3.3 the equation of the tangent PQ.
1.5 whether point K( 4; 1) lies inside 3.4 the coordinates of point Q, the
or outside the circle. (show all point of intersection of the two
caIculations). tangents.
Worksheet 6 IE
2. 1.
y
y

+,+----r:=:-~r___---+-.x

M(-2;-2) is the centre of the

D(--2;-2) is the midpoint of the
circle. K is a point on the circle.
radius OK. M is the centre of the
KMP is a straight line. P(l;O) is
smaller circle. Determine:
on the circle. Determine:
2.1 the coordinates of K. 1.1 the equation of the circle.

2.2 the equation of the larger circle. 1.2 the coordinates of K.

1.3 the equation of the tangent to the
2.3 the equation of the smaller circle.
circle at K.
2.4 the equation of the tangent at 1.4 the coordinates of A, the point of
point H, the point of intersection intersection of the circle and the
of tile smaller circle and the y-axis.
y-axis.
1.5 the area of ~PAK.

72
 Worksheet 6 E Worksheet 6 F
2. The line 3y - x + 5 = 0 intersects 3.1 Determine die radius and the
the circle x2 + l -6x + 8y - 25 = 0 coordinates of the centre of
at P and Q. circle A.
2.1 Determine the coordinates of the 3.2 Determine the radius and the
centre M, and the radius of the coordinates of the centre of
circle. circle B.
2.2 Determine the coordinates of P
3.3 Determine whether the two circles
and Q.
touch each other.
2.3 Determine the equations of the
tangents to the circle at P and Q. 3.4 Determine the equation of die
common tangent of the two
2.4 The tangents at P and Q intersect circles.
at R. Determine the coordinates
of R. 4.
2.5 Show that RP = RQ.
2.6 Determine the size of angle PRQ. x

3. Determine the equation of the

circle that touches the x-axis and
has the point (-2; 3) as its centre.

4. A(x; 3) with x > 0 is a point on the

following circle:
I x2 + 8x +l -6y = O.
14.1 Determine the coordinates of the Q
I centre and the radius of the circle.
t 4.2 Determine the value(s) of x. P and Q are the x - and y-intercepts

'
I 4.3 Determine the equation of the
tangent to the circle at point A.
of tangent PQto the circle at the

H(-l;;-l~J.
e,
I
,1.
1
}l\Iorksheet 6 F
Determine the equation of the
circle that touches the y-axis at
point

the centre of the circle.

Determine:
M(-l; -1) is

, (0;3) and passes through the 4.1 the equation of the circle
f point (-4;3).
4.2 the equation of tangent PQ
12.
, The line segment joining points 4.3 the coordinates of P and Q
P(3;k) and Q(-2;3) is the
diameter of a circle. M(a;-3) is 4.4 the area of ~POQ
the centre of the circle.
Determine:
4.5 the size of e
1; 2"1 the values of k and a. 4.6 the equations of any two other
~ tangents to the circle.
I 2,,2 the equation of the circle.
5. Determine the equation of the
Given the 2 circles:
tangent(s) to circle x2 + l
= 16
A: x2 + l + 12x - 16y = - 51 from the point P(-2;6) outside
and B: X2 + y2 = 9 the circle.

73
Worksheet 6 G (Test 1) Worksheet 6 H (Test 2)
1. The straight line y = +x + 2 1. Y
(-1 ;2)
intersects the circle
x2 + l = 34 at P and Q. P(8\
1.1 Determine the coordinates of P
and Q.
1.2 Determine the equations of the
tangents to the circle at P and Q.
1.3 Determine the coordinates of R,
the point of intersection of the
two tangents.
1.4 Determine the length of cord PQ. R(3;-10)
1.5 Determine the coordinates of M,
PQRSis a quadrilateral with
the midpoint of cord PQ.
vertices P(-1;2), Q(4;-3),
1.6 Prove that OMP = 90°. R(3;-10) and S(-2;-5).
1.1 Determine the equation of PQ.
2. Given: 1.2 Determine the size of 8, the
X2 + 4x + l -10y = -4. inclination angle of PQ.
h

2.1 Determine the coordinates of the 1.3 Determine the size of SPQ.
centre and the radius of the
circle. 1.4 Determine the length of PRo
1.5 Determine the coordinates of A,
2.2 Determine the equation of the
the midpoint of SQ.
image of the circle after it has
been rotated clockwise about the 1.6 Show that PRand SQ bisect each
origin through an angle of 90°. other perpendicular.

2. M is the centre of the circle. The

3. Point A(3; -2) is a point in the
circle intersects the x-axis at C.
Cartesian plane.
ABC is a straight line. B is a point
Determine the equation of the on the circle.
circle with the centre a rotation of
A about the origin through 1800
and with a radius of 5.

4. Given the circle:

x2+ l- 6x + 18y - 4 = O.
Determine the equation of the
image of the circle after it has
been rotated about the origin
through 180°.
A(-10;-11)
5. A(2;k) and B(P;3) are two points 2.1 Determine the equation of AC.
on the circle;
2.2 Determine the coordinates of C.
(x + 2)2 + (y - 3)2 16. =
Determine the possible values of 2.3 Determine the coordinates of M,
p and k.
the centre of the circle.
2.4 Determine the equation of the
circle.

74
 V\,orksheet 6 H (Test 2) Worksheet 6 I (Test 3)
2.5 Determine the equation of the 1.3 Hence prove that the
tangent to the circle at point coordinates ofT are (5;-7).
6(-6;-7).
1.4 Determine the value(s) of c.
2.6 Determine B', the image of B that
is reflected about the straight line 2.
through M, perpendicular to the y
x -axis.
2.7 Determine K if K is the image of
B that is reflected about the c M(4;2)
straight line through M, •
perpendicular to the y-axis.
~ ~~ ~ __ ~x
3. The tangent y - x = 8 touches
the circle with centre M(l;-l) at
P(x;y). Determine the equation
The circle with centre M(4;2) is
of the radius MP.
given. The points A(O;O) and
I B(2;p) are on the circle Determine:
j 4.1 Determine the coordinates of
1
point P, the point where the line 2.1 the equation of the circle.
I
t y = x + 6' touches the 2.2 the equation of the tangent AC.
circle, x2 + l = 18
f 2.3 the value of p.
! 4.2 Determine the equation of the
2.4 the coordinates of point C, the
, radius OP. (0 is the centre of the
point of intersection of the
t circle.)
tangents.
f Worksheet 6 I (Test 3)
11. M is the centre of the circle. RQ is 3.
y
~,: a tangent to the circle. The
, equation of the circle is,
1 X2 - 4x + l + 8y + 2 = O.
i The equation of the tangent QR is
y = x + c.
y

The straight line y = x - 4 intersects

the circle X2 + y2 = 40 at P and Q.
3.1 Determine the coordinates of P
and Q.
3.2 Determine the equations of the
Q
tangents PR and QR.
Determine the coordinates of the 3.3 Determine the coordinates of R,
centre M and the radius of the the point of intersection of the two
circle. tangents.
Determine the equation of the. 3.4 Determine the lengths of PRand
radius MT. QR.

75
Worksheet 6 I (Test 3) Worksheet 6] (Test 4)
3.5 Make a deduction, considering 3. Given, the circle with centre
the tangents drawn from the
same point outside the circle.
E(-1; -1) and radius 2J5.
GEF = OCB = a. EF II y-axis and
3.6 Determine the coordinates of A, EF = 5. ABC is a tangent to the
the midpoint of cord PQ. circle.
3.7 Prove that OA 1- PQ. y
A

3.8 Determine the size of QRO

Worksheet 6 J (Test 4}
x
1. Given: QR = ST
RD, QT and SU are the diameters
of 3 equal circles.

Determine:
3.1 the coordinates of F.

3.2 the length of FG.

3.3 the gradient of AC.

3.4 the coordinates of point B

and C.

3.5 the equation of the radius.

The equations of the bottom and area .6.EFG
middle circles are respectively: 3.6
area ~BOC
X2 + y2 + 8y = 65 and
x2 + (y - 8)2 = r2
4. Given:
Determine:
X2 + / + 2xp - 6py + 9 = 0
1.1 the equation of the upper circle
4.1 Determine the coordinates of the
1.2 the length of QR. centre as well as the length of the
radius of the circle in terms of p.
2. The lines 2x - 4y = 2 and
4.2 If (sin e - r: cas e + 3p) is a point
y - 2x + 7 = 0 are diameters of on the circle, determine the
2 value(s) of p.
a circle that intersect at A.
Determine the equation of the 4.3 For which values of p, is this not
circle if the circle passes through the equation of a circle?
the origin.

76
 Worksheet 6 l (Test 4) Worksheet 6 J (Test 4)
5. A(O;4), Be-4;k), C(O;-6) and D(x;y) 6.4 Determine the coordinates of
are the vertices of rectangle ABCD. point P.
y
6.5 Determine the lengths of:
A
6.5.1 BS 6.5.2 PB
6.6 Prove that PRSBis a kite.
1\

6.7 Determine the size of PQB.

7. Given:
y

c
5.1 Determine the value of k.
5.2 Determine the coordinates of
point D.
5.3 Is it possible that AC can be the
x
diameter of the circle if B is a
point on the circle? (Reason)
5.4 Hence determine the equation of
the circle with AC as the ciiameter.
The equation of the circle is
5.5 Hence show that D is a point on (x + 2)2 + (y - 3)2 = 20. PAB is a
the circle. tangent to the circle with
equation y = -2x - 11. Given
6. Given:
A(-6;1) and B(-4;p).
Y C
7.1 Determine the value of p.
7.2 Prove that Be is a tangent to the
circle.

8.

PQ is the diameter of the circle

with centre R(-2;-3). The circle
touches the y-axis at S. Line AC
A
is a tangent to the circle at P with
3x M is the centre of the circle with
equation: y = -4 + 1. equation: x2 + i + 4x - 2y ::::4.
6.1 Determine the coordinates of 5 A(P;-p) is a point on the tangent
to the circle.
16.2 Determine the equation of the
circle in the form: 8.1 Determine the coordinates of M.

I (x - a) 2 + (y - b) 2 = r2 8.2 Prove that AB2 = 2p2 + 6p .: 4.

\6.3 Determine the equation of'.the

diameter PQ.
8.3 For which values of p willi AB be
a maximum?

77
MODULE 1: Triuonomatrv
Revision

Sin
. e =-0 sin e = y
h r
a x
cos e = - cos e = -
h r
o
tan e = - tan e = E
a a x
Second quadrant Co-functions
sin(1800- e )=sin 8 sin(90°- e ):=cos e
cos( 180°- 8 ) = -cas 8
tan(1800- e )=-tan 8 cos(900- e )=sin e
(1800- 8) Third quadrant sin(900+ e )=cos8
180 0
S A 00
tan(1800+ )=tan e e cos(900+ e )=-sin e
T C 3600 c05(1800+ 8 )=~C05e
sine180°+ e )=-sin e
(180o+ e) (360 0
- e)
Fourth quadrant
~ ~
270 0
cos(3600- 8 )=cos 8
sin(3600- e )=-sin e
tan(3600- )=-tan 8 e
Special Traingles KNOW! Negative angles
cos (-A) = cos A
sin (-A) = -sin A

tan (-A) = -tan A

General solution
NB!
1. sin A = 0,5
If sinx = cosx A = 30° + k.360° or A = 150° + k.3600;
k r= Z
(+cosx)
sinx cosx
--=--
2. cos 2x = -0,5
cosx cose 2x = 180 -60 +k.360°
0 0
or 2x = 180 +60 +k.360°
0 0

cosx * :. tan x = 1
0
2x = 120° + k.360° 2x =
240 + k.360° 0

:.x = 60° + k.180° :. x = 120 + k.1800; 0

.. x = 45° + k.1800; k E Z
k E Z
3. tan A = -1
A = 180°-
45°+k.180°
:.A = 135° + k.180o; k E Z

78
 Theory grade 12
Study the following theory well.

Compound-angle identities
cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

Double-angie identities Identities

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A sin2A + cos2A = 1

., cos2A = 1 - sin2A
cos 2A = cos2A - sin2A
= 1 - 2 sin2A and slrr'A = 1 - cos2A
= 2 cos2A - 1
tan A _ _s_in_A_
I tan 2A = 2tanA cosA
l-tan2A

Rule for proving identities

Remember to work with the LHS and RHS separately
Write compound- and double angles - as single angles (theory)

Simplify quadratic identities

14. Write everything i.t.O. sin A and cos A

/! 5. Fractions: put on LCM
,
6. Numerator:- Theory or
- Factorise
Simplify. (consider the other side to determine how far you have to
simplify)

Sometimes necessary to replace [!] with sin2A + cos2A

Do revision of Module 10 in gr 11 X Factor, especially

the Trigonometric graphs!!!!!
Worksheets are from easy to more difficult. Use as examples.

79
Revision- worksheets module 10 (X-FACTOR gr. 11).
Revision: gr. 11 Revision: gr. 11
1. Given: XOB = aand B(3;-3vf3) 5. Solve for x:

5.1
x
5.2 cos (2.;r - 80°) = sin (x + 20°)
x E [0°;90°]

B(3;-3)3)
6. Determine the general solution of:
Determine the following:
1.1 OB 6.1 sin ex + 15°) - cos 133,23° = 0

1.2 cos (-a) 6.2 tan 3x - 1,64 = 0

1.3 sin (180°+ a)

7. Simplify:
1.4 -- 1. sma + 2
J3 cos(90° - x) sin(180° - x) cas 180°. tan( -x)
cos(90° + x)(sin 270°) tan(540° + x) sine-180° - x) .
2. Simplify, without using a
calculator:

2sin2166°tan194° 8. For which value(s) of x is the following nol

cos824°sin 14° valid?

3. If 3 cas A + 2 = 0, sin x 1
-------+----
A E (180°;360°) and 4 sin B = 3 ; (sin x + l)(cos x) (sin x-I)
tan B < 0, determine without x E [0°; 360°]
using a calculator the value of:
5 7
-~-+--=-- 9. Solve for x if x E [-270°;360°].
tarr' A cos' B
9.12sin3x=O,842
4. Prove the following identities:
tan (x + 20°) = -0 25
1 + cos x - si n2 x 9.2 3 '
4.1 = cas x
1 + cas x
9.3 cos (2.;r - 100) + 0,756 = 0
tan x + 1 sin x + cas x
4.2 = ------- 3 tan x + cos 243° = 0
tan x-I sin x - cos x 9.4
2

80
 Worksheet 7 C
Simplify: 1 - tan x 1 - 2 slrr' x
3. = -------------
1 + tan x 1 + 2 sin x cos x
cos(90° - x )sin(180° + x )cos(x - 540°)
sinlx - 3600)sin2 (90° - x)
4. 1 t 8J2 1 - sin 8
( cas e- an = 1 + sin e
tan (360° - x) cas (180° + x) sin (x -180°)
sin x tan (180° - x) tan (90° - x) COS x t 1 - 2 sin2 x
5. -- - an x =
sin x cas x sin x

(_CO_s_x
tan x
+ sin x) cos x . tan x

2 COS x . 2
COS x + . tan x + Sin x
sin x

- tan 315° - sin (180° + 8)

cas (90° + 8) - sin (-8) sin (360° - 8)
Worksheet 7 B
Simplify:
cos (-8) sin (90° + 8)
(sin 270° + sin 8)(sin 8 + sin 90°)

cos(720° - x )sinx + sinx

(1- sin2x )+ cosx

cas (90° + 8) sin (180° + 8)

cos2(90° - 8) + cos2(180° - 8)] sin (90° + 8)

cas (180° + 8)

5.
sin (x-90°) [cas (-x) + tan (360°-x) sin (-x)]
Worksheet 7 C
Prove the following identities:
sin x sin x 2 sin x 1.2 cas 105°
+
1 - sin x 1 + sin x cos/ x
1.3 sin 15°

2. 1.4 cas 165°

(cas x + sin x)(cos x - sin x) = 1 - 2 sin2x

81
Worksheet 7 E Worksheet 7 G
2.1 Prove that: cas 13° sin 130
sin(30° + A) + sin(30° - A) =cos A 1.5 cas 300° cas 2440
2.2 Hence determine the value of:
1.6
sin 75° - sin 15°
2 sin 400( cas 65° cas 25° + sin 65° sin 25°)
Worksheet 7 F cas 10°
1. Complete:
1.1 sin 2 A = . 2. If cas 20° = p, determine the following
i.t.O. p:
1.2 cas 2 A = .
2.1 cas 160°
2. Simplify without the use of a
calculator: 2.2 cas 40°

2.1 2 sin 22,5° cas 22,5° 2.3 sin 20°

2.2 cos222,5° - sin222,5° 2.4 sin 140°
2.3 sin 22,5° cas 22,5°
3. If sin 16° = k, determine the following
2.4 2 sin 15° cas 15° i.t.o. k;

3. Simplify: 3.1 cas 16°

3.1 cos215° + sin215°
3.2 sin 32°
3.2 1 - 2 sin215°
3.3 cas 328°
3.3 cos215° - sin215°
3.4 tan 196°
3.4 2 C05275° - 1
3.5 sin (-14SO)
3.5 2 sin 75° cos 75°
3.6 (cas 22,5° - sin 22,5°)2 4. If cas 10° = p, determine the value of
2 sin 20° i.t.O. p.
3.7 cos 45° - 1
2
3.8 2 cos 45° - 1 5. Determine, without the use of a
f-W-o-rk-s-h-e-e-t-7-G--------1 calculator, the value of:

1. Simplify: 5.1 sin 22,5°

sin 40° cas 40°
1.1 5.2 cas 22,5°
cas 120° cas 190°
Worksheet 7 H
sin 54° cas 54° 1. Simplify:
1.2 -
sin 18° cas 18° cos70° c0510° + c0520° c0580°

2. Simplify:
sin 33° cas 33°
1.3 -
sin 11° cos 11° cas 195° cas 285°
cos(60° - x)cosx - sin(60° - x)sinx

82
 t Worksheet
>
7 H Worksheet 7 I
~ 3 1. Write the following i.t.O. 8:
.: 3. If sin 8 = - and 8 < 90°,
5 8 8
determine without the use of a 1.7 sin 2 cas 2
calculator the value of:
; 3.1
~
sin 28 1.8 cos 38
. 3.2 cos 28
1.9 sin(45°-8)
3.3 tan 28
2. Simplify:
4. If 13 sin x + 12 = 0 and
5 sin 98 cos 98
x E [90°' 270°] and cos y = --' 2.1
, 13 r sin 38 cos 38
y > 90°, determine without the use
of a calculator the value of: 1- cas 28
2.2
sin ex - y) sin 28
cos (x + y) 2.3 cas49 - sin48
sin 2x
sin 28
tan 2y 2.4
1 + cas 28
If 3 sin A = -1; A E [90°; 270°]
3 sin 28 + sin 8
and ta nB = ~; B E [90°;360°], 2.5
4 cas 28 + 1 + cas e
determine without the use of a Worksheet 7 J
-t
i calculator the value of:
l'
! Prove the following identities:
15.1 cos (A - B)
f 1. (sin x + cas x)2 = 1 + sin 2x
, 5.2 cos 2A - cas 25
~
,
cos 2x
i 6. If 3 cos 2A - = 0 andFa 2. ------ = cas x + sin x
1 cas x - sin x
A E [90°;360°], determine
J
without the use of a calculator the 3.
~
value of:
cos 2A
! 6.1 sin 2A sin (45° - A) sin (45°+ A) = 2

16.2 sin A cos A

I Worksheet 7 I 4.
I
i 1. Write the following i.t.o. 8:
1+ sin28] 2
11.1 cos 28 (
2
cos 8
cas 28 = 1 - tan 8

11.2 sin 28
iI 1.3 tan 29 tan 2x cos 2x + 1
5.
tan x
= cos 2x
! 1.4
! sin 38
! 8
11. 5 1 - 2 sin 2 2
6.
1 - sin 2A
sin A - cos A
= sin A - cos A
1 8
11.6 2 cos" 2 - 1

83
Worksheet 7 K Worksheet 7 M
Prove the following identities: Prove the following identities:
cas x 2 1. sin 2x - sin x sin x
1. tanx + = --- -----
sin x sin Zx cas 2x + cas x 1 + cas x

Z. cas 3A = 4 cos3A - 3 cas A sin 2A 1 sin A + cas A

2. +--- =
cas 2A cas 2A cas A - sin A
sin3x cos3x
3. --- =2
sinx COSx 1 1
3. +------
1 - cas (180° - x) 1 - sin (90 x) 0
-

4.
(cos? X - strr' x? = cas 2x
cos" x - sin" x cas A + 2 cas 2A - 3 cas A - 1
4. =----
5 sin A + 2 sin 2A sin A
5. cas 4A = 8 cos4A - 8 cos2A + 1
5. cas 6A + cas 2A = 2 cas 2A cas 4A

Worksheet 7 l
Prove the following identities:

1. 2 sin SA cos 3A - sin SA = sin 2A

1 2 cas 2x
2. tan x - -- =
tan x sin 2x

3. 4 sin x cos3x - 4 cas x sin3x = sin 4x

Sin2(900-X)]
4. tan(540° + x)cos(180° - x) cos(900+x)+
[ . () = 1
Sin -x
Worksheet 7 N Worksheet 7 N
Prove the following identities: Prove the following identities:

sin x 1 - cas x
1. -------
1 + cas x sin x
=
sin x
4. (1 - cas 2x)(1 + 1)
tan 2 x
= 2

2. 2 sin x - sin 2x cas x

1 cas A - sin A 5. -----~~-- = tanx
---- tan 2A = ------ 2 cas x sin2 x
cas 2A cas A + sin A

cos2A cas A - sin A

3. ------ = -----
(cas A + sin A)3 1 + sin 2A

84
 Worksheet 7 0 Worksheet 7 R (to 2 dec.)
Prove the following identities: Determine the general solution of the
following:
cos 2x 1 - ta n x
1. ==
1 + sin 2x 1 + ta n x 1. 3 ta n 38 + 5 = 0
4
2 + cas x - cas 2x cas x + 1
2. = 2. 2 sin(2x + 5°) = tan 150"
3 sin x - sin 2x sin x
3. sin(x + 25°) = cas 25°

casx(l- cas 2x)(tan2 x + 1) 1 4. 5cos 3x = -3

3.
sin 2x tarr' x sinx 5. tan x = 2tan33 °

1 - cos 2x - sin x 1 6. cos 2x - sin 2x = 0

4. =---
sin x (sin 2x - cos x) cos x 7. sin(-2x) = -cos(180° + 4x)

5. sin3A = 3sin A - 4sin3A ~1 + sin x = cas x 8.

t-W-o-r-k-s-h-e-e-t-7-p---(-to-l-d-e-c.-)--------l Worksheet 7 S
Solve for x ; x E [0°;360°]: Answer the questions in this worksheet
without the use of a calculator:
1. sin (x - 10 0
) = sin 30 0

1. Given:
2. cas (2x - 20 0
) = cas x
J2 sin(90° - x) = 1,
3. sin 2x = -cos (x - 10 0
) x is an acute angle.

4. cas (x - 10 0) == sin (x + 200

) Determine:
5. cas (x - 40°) = -sin (2x + 10") 1.1 the size of x

6. tan x = -tan 20° 1.2 sin2x + .fi sin x + tan (-x)

Worksheet 7 0 (to 2 dec.)
Solve for e; e E [00;3600]: 2. Determine the general solution of:

1. 3 case = 2
2 sin(2x - 20 0) + cos 44° = 0
sin 314°
2. sinee + 10°) = -0,56

3. 4 tan48 = 8 3. Solve for x; x E [-360";360°]:

4 cos'x - 3 = 0
4. 2 sin28 - .!. = 0
2
4. Determine the general solution of:
5. 3 tan (e - 100) = cas 1120 0
2 tan(x _ 100) =2 sin (90 - x)
6. cas (B + 10 0
) = sin 100 + cas 50° sin (450° - x)

8S
\
Worksheet 7 T (2 dec.) Worksheet 7 W
; Determine the general solution of: 7. 1 + ta n23x = 3 ta n 3x + 5;
1. sin2x - cas x - 1 = 0 x E [-180°; 180 0
]

2. sin8cos20° + cos8sin20° = OA Worksheet 7 X

3. sinx sin15° + cosx cost s- = 0,5 For which values of A is the following
not valid?
4. 2 - 2 sin x cas x = -1
1. 1 - sirr' A
5. sin x cos x = 0,3 ------ = sin A - cos A
sin A - cos A
6. 2 sin x = cas x
Worksheet 7 U (2 dec.) cos A 2
2. tan A + =
Determine the general solution of: sin A sin 2A '
1. sin A sin 2A + cas 2A = 1 A E [-180°;180°]

2. sin 3A - sin2A = 0 sinA 1 - cos A

3. --- .-
3. cas 2x + cas x = 0 l+cosA sinA sin A
4. 2 sin x + sin 2x = 0 Worksheet 7 Y (Test 1)
5. sin 3x - 2 sin x = 0 Sketches not to scale
2
6. 6cos x +3cos x - 4 sinx cas x= 2sin x 1. Given:
Worksheet 7 V (2 dec.) 3
cos A = - 5; A E [-90°; 180°]
Determine the general solution of:
Determine without the use of a
1. sin 4x = -sin x calculator the value of:
2. 3 sin 2x - 2 ta n x - sin x = 0 1.1 tan 2A
3. 4 sin x cos x - 1 = -6 sin x2
1.2
A
cas -
4. sinSA cos3A-cosSA sin3A= cosA 2
5. cas 2x - 1 = sin x sin 2x
2. Solve for x ; x E (0;360°)
6. 2 tan x + 3 cas x = 1 + 6 sin x
(without calculator)
Worksheet 7 W
Solve for x :
cos(x + 42°) + cos(x - 42°) = cos42°

1. sin 2x + 1 = cas 2x;

xE 3.1 Prove that:
2. 2 cas x - 1 = cas 2xi 1 - cas 2A
tan A = . 2A
x E [-360°;360°] Sin

3. 3 cas x + cas 2x = 1; 3.2 Hence, determine without the use

x E [-360;360°] of a calculator the value of
4. 4 cos2x - 2 = 3 cas x sin xi tan 22,5°
x E [-90°; 180°]
5. sin2x = sin 2x + sin x cas x; 4.1 Prove that:
x E [-180°; 180°]
2 cos2(45° - A) = 1 + sin 2A

6. 3 sin 2x cas x - 3 sin x = 0 4.2 Hence, determine without the use

2 of a calculator the value of cos15°

86
Worksheet 7 V (Test 1) Worksheet 7 V (Test 1)
5. Simplify: (without calculator): 9.2 Determine the values of x if:

-1 sin J3 cos 15°

. 1650 - ----- 9.2.1 g(x) < f(x); x E [-180°;0]
2 2
9.2.2 f(x).g(x) 2: 0
6. Given: f(x) = -3 cas x
9.2.3 g(x) - f(x) = 0,5 (one root)
Determine the period of f(3x).
9.2.4
7.1 Prove without the use of a x
calculator that: sin 2 > cosx cos30° + sinx sin30°

cas (x + 60°) = ! cas x - J3 sin x,

9.3 Determine the j-Intercept of g.
2 2
(without calculator)
7.2 Hence, determine the solution of:
9.4 Determine the y -Intercept of h
cos (x + 60°) = -2 cos x:
XE [-150°;180°] if hex) = g(x) _ J3
2
8.1 Prove the identity:
9.5 Determine the values of x for
tan2A (COS2ASin2A) 4 cos 2A which:
=
tanA cosAsinA
9.5.1 g(x) < 0
f(x)
8.2 Hence, simplify:
cas 2A sin 2A tan 2A 9.5.2 g'(x) = 0
--- --- --- - 2 cos 2A
cosA sinA tanA
10. Determine the general solution of:
9. The diagram shows the graphs of: sin2 x cos x - cos2 x sin x = 0,5

f(x) = sin x and g(x) = cas (x - 30°)

2 Worksheet 7 Z (Test 2)
x E [-180°;180°] 1.
y

~1 Given: OA = 26
x
Determine the values of:
1.1 sin e
1.2 CDS a as a + e= 180°

1.3 CDS (a - e)
9.1 Determine the coordinates of P, Q
and R, the points where f and 9
1.4 sin (390° + e)
intersect.

87
Worksheet 7 Z (Test 2) Worksheet 7 Z (Test 2)
2. 6. Prove:
y
A(a;6)g sin2A(tan315°+2COS2A) _16 -J2
4sinAcosAcos2Asin75 ° 2
.1 ---.../ 8(4;3)

'I-'
"€~ ,x
y
7. Simplify:

cos (8 - x)
10<
7.1
AOX = e and BOX = a.
sin ex + 450 0
- e)

80 = rand AO = 10 sin 117° cas 63°

7.2 +
Determine cas (8 - a). sin 21 ° cas 201 °

3. If cos 32° = k, determine, without 8.1 Prove that:

calculator: sin 7r i.t.o. k -3 cos2x - cos 2x + 2 = sin2x

8.2 Hence determine the general

4. Given:
solution of:
sin 36° =p and cos 40° = q
- 3 cos2x - cas 2x + 2 = 0
Determine, without calculator
i.t.o. p and q: 9.1 Prove that:
4.1 cas 72° sin x + 2 cos (x + 30°) = -J3 cas x
4.2 cos 4° 9.2 Hence determine the maximum
value of:
sin x + 2 cos (x + 30°)
5.1 Prove:
10.1 Prove that: (identities)
2 sin ex - y) sin x cos x cos x 2
- ------ tan x + =---
sin 2y sin y cos y sin x sin 2x

Hence show without calculator

10.2 Hence solve for A if:
that:
cas A 4
sin 15y cos 15y tan A +--
5.2 4 cos 6y = - - sin A. - J3
sin 3y cos 3y
A e [-180°;360°]
1
5.3 4 cas 36° = --- 11. If cos x = p, determine without a
sin 18°
calculator the following l.t.o. p:
5.4 sin 18° is a solution for the cubic cos(x+35°)cos(x -35°) - sin(x+35°)sin(x-35°)
equation:
Do revision of Module 10
8k3 - 4k + 1 = 0
in gr 11 X Factor, especially
the Trigonometric graphs!!

88
MODULE 8: SiDa- Cosine- and Area Rule
1. Area rule (SLS) Examples
In non right-angled L1'S
Area Ll ABC = ! ab sine
2
2. Area rule: (SLS)
2. Sine rule (SSL), (LLS)
A
sinA = ----::--
sinB = --sine
a b c
3. Cosine rule (555), (5LS)
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A
and B---~-~C
2 2 b2 4cm
cos B = a +c -
2ac Area Ll ABC = ! ac sin B
~----~------------------~ 2
Examples (Solving ~/s)
1. In right-angled Ll: area. = !x 4 x 6 sin 43°
(use trig. ratios) 2

Determine band c = 8 ,2 cm2

median - divide area of ~ in two

b
equal parts
c

B 41° C
5cm
1.1 .£ = tan 43°
5
:. c = 5 ta n 43° = 4 f 7 em

1.2 5 = cas 43°

b
5
:.b = = 6,8 em
cas 43°

89
Examples Examples

Cosine rule: (5,5,5) (5LS) Sine rule: (LLS) (SSL)

C
2
=b 2
+ a2 - 2ba cos C sinA
-
sinB =--
sine
a b c
3.1 Determine AS (e) 4.1 Determine AC (e)
A
A

B
c
c
c a
c2 = b2 + a2 - 2ba cas C sinC
=--
sin A
c2 = 9 + 36 - 2(3)(6) cos 40°
c 2
C2 = 17,42 sin46°

:. C = 4,1

3.2 Determine C 4.2. Determine it..

A

c
C
sinA sinB
=~-
a b

sin A sin 43°

cos C =
16 + 36 - 9
2
= 4
2(4)(6)
. A 2sin43°
Sin = ---
cos C = 0,895 ... 4
sin A = 0,
:. C = 26,4°
:. A = 19,9°

90
Problems in different planes

1. p Q, T and 5 are in the same horizontal plane.

LlPQTand LlRTSare in vertical planes.

2. A Remember: buildings, trees, towers etc.

(vertical planes are always perpendicular to
horizontal planes.)

AB is a tower. B, C and D are in the same

horizontal plane. :. AB 1- BD and AS 1- se.

3. A Angle of elevation- from horizontal

upward.
Angle of elevation of A from D is 20°.
:. ADS = 20°.

c~------------~

Angle of depression - from horizontal

downwards.

Angle of depression of D from A is 8.

Remember: 2 horizontal lines are parallel

A

:. ADB =8

C~-----~D

91
Example 1 PS is a tower. Q, Sand R are in the
same horizontal plane. The angle of
p elevation of P from R is 50°. Determine
the height of the tower.

1. PS is a tower. :. PSR and PSQ = 90°.

2. Angle of elevation ---7 PRS = 50°

(complete sketch)

3. Always start with the II in which

sufficient information has been given.
( ---711SQR)

p 4. Determine the common side to the

2 ll's. (in this case SR).

5. Find the rule to be used to determine

the unknown (gr. 11 theory).

Common side ---7 SR

Sufficient information llSQR ---7 eLLS) :. sine rule
SR 20
llSQR: ---=---
sin32° sing2°
SR = 20 sin32°
sin92°

= 10,6048 .... m
llPSR: right-ang led ---7 trig. ratios
NB: Always round PS
answer off in last = tan 50°
10,604 ..
step.
:. PS = 10,604 tan 50° = 12,6 m
Example 2
Determine the length of QR. PS= 14m
p Common sides QS and SR. I
14
APQS: tan43° = -
QS
:.QS = 14 = 15,01. ....
tan43°

14
APSR: SR :::;-- = 11,747 ...
tanSO°

ASQR: (SLS) -} cosine rule I

QR2 = 15,01.2+11,47.2- 2(15,01.)(11,74.)cos100° I

= 424,64..... I
:. QR = 20,61 i

92
 Round of to two decimal places. Sketches not to scale.

Worksheet 8 A Worksheet 8 A
1. 4.
A

B o
Determine the:
~
1.1 size of A

1.2 area of ~ABC. B, C and D are in the same

horizontal plane. AB is a vertical
tower. The angle of elevation of
"
2. A from D is 59°. BCD 31°. =
CD = 280 m and BC = ¥lCD.

Determine:
4.1 the height of the tower

4.2 the area of ~BCD.

5.
PQRS is a parallelogram.
E
QS = 16 cm, PQ = 14 cm.
RT 1.. QS. Determine:
1\

12.1 51
I2.2 area ~PQS.

1 2.3 length of TR.

I
I
13.

I! The flag poles AB and ED are

equal in length. B, D and C are in
I the same horizontal plane.
AS == 18 m. The angels of
elevation of A and E from Care
40° and 50° respectively.
BDC == 118 0
Determine:
I •

13.1 AC 5.1 the area of ~DCB

I
13.2 AD
5.2 the length of BD.
I
93
Worksheet 8 B Worksheet 8 B
1. 4.
o A

B~ __ ~~ __ ~ 4D

R
C
os is a building. Q, Rand S are
in the same horizontal plane. Flag pole AE is perpendicular to
the horizontal plane BDe.
Determine the:
AD = 7 m. DEC = 58°. The
1.1 lengths of QS and SR
angle of elevation of A from B is
1.2 length of QR. 24°. The angle of elevation of A
from C is 33°. ADE = 75°.
2.
p Determine:
4.1 the length of BE

4.2 the length of Be.

Worksheet 8 C
1. EB and DC are two buildings,
20 m and 40 m high. A, Band C
Q R are in the same horizontal plane.
The angle of elevation of E from A
PS is a flag pole. Q, Sand Rare
is 64° and the angle of elevation
in the same horizontal plane.
Determine the height of the flag of 0 from A is 74°. SAC = 94°.
pole.
o
3.

c B

1. Determine:
D 1.1 the length of AC
AS is a building. B, C and 0 lie in
1.2 the length of AB
the same horizontal plane.
BD 1. DC. Determine: 1.3 the length of BC
3.1 the length of AB
1.4 the area of ~ABe.
3.2 the length of AC
"
3.3 ADS

94
 Worksheet 8 C Worksheet 8 C
2. 5.
p

pk-----1~=~Q

S~----I----J

PQ is the diameter of the circle

R with centre 0 and radius r.
S, Rand Q are in the same PQR=90o-x
horizontal plane. PQ is a 5.1 Show that:
vertical tower. SR == p meters,
5.1.1 PR = 2rcos x
The angle of elevation of P from R
is ~. PSR = ex and PR.5 =8 5.1.2 area b. PQR = r2 sin2x
5.2 Determine the value of x for
Show that:
I PQ = P sin a sin,8
which the area is a maximum

II sin (a+ e)
6.
A

13. Given: b. PQR with PQR = 120 0

~
I Show that: pr = q 2_ P 2_ r2

4.
p DL--~-----:-I'---U.L.~
C
Show that:
k sin e tanx
p= .
Slny cas e + casy Sin. e
7.
A

SQP = e, PRQ = ex and RSQ = ~ .

,
'4.1 Show that the area of
~RQS = 200 sin~ .cos/B

.,4.2 Show that

D
1 QR = 20.J2 + 2cos2 a Show that:
. AB = p tan p(cos a - .J3sin a)
95
Worksheet 8 D Worksheet 8 D
1. 4.

P\ \ Q 5 R
B

PQRS is a parallelogram.
SR = 4 and QR = 5. SRQ = e
and e < 90°. Determine:
1.1 the area of the parallelogram a sin C
tan A =
PQRS l.t.o. of e b - a cas C
1.2 the value of B for which the area
of the parallelogram = 10.J3. 5.
1.3 the value of 8 for which the area
B c
of the parallelogram will be a
maximum.

2.
A

Prove that:
cas B c - b cas A
=
cas C b - c cas A

BV £..0 I~C 6.
c
2.1 Determine:
2.1.1 DC i.t.o, o
,..
2.1.2 C1 i.t.o. e
2.1.3 Be
2.2 prove that BD = 4 cos 28 - 2.

Use the sketches to prove the Given: A=B

following:
3. Prove that:
A
1 + cas B ;:;: 2a + c
2a

Prove that:
a = b cos C + c cos B.
96
MODULE 9: Euclidean Geometrv
SimilaritY
Revise the theor of module 12 in the rade 11 X-Factor.
Ratio and Proportion
1. Ratio
20
AB=10:;;1 or AB:BC=1:2
• 10 • e BC 20 2
A B c

AB 10 1
_10 •• 20 -=-:;;- or AB:AC = 1:3
A B C
• AC 30 3

:. 3AB = AC
1
:. AB ;::; -AC
3
2. Proportion
AB DE
When 2 or more ratios are equal. ---
AC EF
1. Midpoint theorem
A A
1.1 If AD = DB 1.2 If AD = DB
and AE = EC and DE II Be
then then
DE II Be and AE = EC
BL------>C
DIE = 1hBC

2. Area of Jl = 1f:z.buh
2.1 ~son the same base or equal bases and between the same
parallel lines are equal in area.

area ~ABC = area ~DBC area .D.ABC;::;area L1DEF

2.2
A area .6.ABD BD
area ~ADC DC

LlABD and LlADC have the same height

c

97
Stud the roves of the followin theorems:
Theorem 1 (a)
A line parallel to one side of a A divides the other 2 sides in the
same proportion.
A AD AE
-=- [DE II BC]
DB EC

AD AE
or - =- [DE II BC]
AB AC

AB AC
or -=- [DE II BC]
B C DB EC

Theorem 1 (bl
If a line divides 2 sides of a A in the same proportion, then the line
ls parallel to the 3rd side.
A
A
AD· AE
If ---
DB EC
then

BL------~C DE II BC

Theorem 2 (a)
If the corresponding LS of 2 4s are equal, then the corresponding
sides are in proportion, and thus the AS are similar.

LlABC IIILl EFK (LLL)

C E
L F
AB
-=-=-
EF
BC
FK
AC
EK

Theorem 2 (b)
If the corresponding sides of 2 AS are proportional, then the LS are
equiangular, and thus the as are similar.
A AB BC AC 1
-=-=-=-
KE EF KF 2
K
.. A K, B E C F
C 5N
Ef---6>F
= = and =

:. ABC III LlKEF

B

98
 ,orem 3 Pythagoras
any right-angled 4, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to
sum of the squares on the other 2 sides.
A

(Prove the theorem with similarity)

LlABC III LlAOB AC ..L BO and AB ..L BC

:. AS2 = AC.AO

2. LlABC III LlBDC AC ..L BD and AB ..L BC

:.BC2
.= AC.OC

3. LlADB III LlBOC AC..L BD and AB ..L BC

:. B02 = CD.DA

1. If you have to proof that 2 AS are similar then proof that:

. 1.1 2 pairs of angles are equal or

all pairs of corresponding sides are in the same proportion.

2. If you have to proof that polygons are similar then prove that:

2.1 all pairs of corresponding LS are equal AND

2.2 all pairs of corresponding sides are in the same proportion.

NB: ORDER - of the similar f1s is very importantl

If LlABC III LlKEF
AB BC AC
-=-=-
KE EF KF

99
IExamples

1.1 Prove AD.EC = DB.AE

A 1..2 Calculate x.

Answer

1.1 A~~AE I DE II BC
DEY' """EC

:. AD.EC = AE.DB

1.2
J I
3.5 = 6.x
B :.6x = 15
:.X = 2,5

2. Prove that:
2.1 .6.ABC III LlAED
A 2.2 AS.ED = AE.BC

Answer

2.1 In .6.ABC en .6.AED

" "
A = A common
B" "
= El ext. L cyclic quad.
C = 61 ext. L cyclic quad.
Br-----..l :. b.ABC III b.AED LLL

2.2 :. A~
AI?''''''
BC = (AC) I b.ABC III .6.AED
ED
.--- AD
-------- NB order!
:. AB.ED = AE.BC

Remember:

AB BC
If ---
KE EF

AB KE ..
a --b
then --- .-
BC EF c d

Worksheets are from easy to more difficult. Use as examples.

100
 Sketches not to scale. Round answers off to one decimal place. Give reasons
with all answers .

. f ""orksheet 9 A Worksheet 9 A
1. Which of the following pairs of 2.3
polygons are not similar? A
i(a)
~

i
,
1
~,!
I
: (b)
!
0 2.4
A
B

I
I

2.
0
Calculate the unknown in the
3.
A
C

following figures:
2.1

Determine: x
~ y
B 2 C
4. Calculate the length of AC.
2.2
A A

101
Worksheet 9 A Worksheet 9 A
5. 8.

B 4 E 12 C
Prove that: AD = 9, OF = k.
5.1 LlBCA III LlCAD 8.1 Prove that: DE II AC.
5.2 AD II Be
AG 3
8.2 If FG II BC and - = -,
6. GC 4
calculate the length of OF.

Worksheet 9 B
l.

A E

QT:RT = 8:5. Calculate a and b

7. ABCD is 'n parallelogram. 8

DF
- --3 EC:EA = 3:2. AF:FB = 4:3.
FA 4
CO Determine: BK: KE.
Determine:
OE
2. Prove that: GF II Be.
F
__ ..,,0

102
 Worksheet 9 B Worksheet 9 B
3. 6.

" o is the centre of the circle.

EA is a tangent, AB II DC, Ai = x.
PS 9
PO .1 RQ and - = -.
3.1 Name 4 angles equal to x. PT 4
3.2 Prove that ~ABC III ~ADE. QT == 12 cm.
3.3 Hence show that 6.1 If PT = 4a units, determine
TO i.t.o. a.
BA = AC·DA
AE 6.2 Hence calculate the length of the
radius.
4.
........A:: .. <:::: E 17.
p
'"

K'll-...-d T

2"\1
""":""\1
C Q
AE is a tangent. Prove: I

4.1 .tl.ADE III b.CBA

7.1 ~rove that ~QSP III ~QTK.

4.2 AB2 = DE.BC I SP2QK2

7.2 Prove that PS2 = - SQ2
TK2
5.
Worksheet 9 C
1.

- .....1e A

e
! AS is a tangent to the bigger
circle. BC is a tangent to the c
smaller circle. Prove that:
I 5.1 BD = BE
Prove that ~CAD III ~CBA.
\5.2 L~BCD III ~ABE
J 5.3 BC.AE = AB,BE

103
Worksheet 9 C Worksheet 9 C
2. 4.
A
p.-----~~----~~

FI-:~----=~
x F
1 2Y
S R
B E PQRSis a parallelogram.
BEDF is a rectangle. 4.1 Name 2 angles equal to x,
2.1 Prove that flABC III boAFD. 4.2 Name 2 angles equal to y.
4.3 Determine a triangle similar to
2.2 If BC = 40 units, AS = 20 units boFED.
and AF = k units, show that
4.4 Prove that ED.PQ = QR.DF.
FD = 2k units.

2.3 Write FB i.t.o. k and show that 5.

the area of the rectangle
= -2k2 + 40k.
p.~--------~~~
2.4 Determine the value of k for
which the area of the rectangle R
wi! be a maximum.

3.

A ~--~:------~

5.4 Hence prove that PQ = PS.

AB is a tangent.
3.1 Prove that ~ABD III L'l.ACB. 6.

3.2 If DC = 5 and AD = 4, calculate

the length of AB.

3.3 If BC is the diameter of the circle,

Show that the radius, A
r = 2J5 FD bisects COB and F1 = 61,
2 "
6.1 Name 4 angles equal to D1.

104
 1 Worksheet 9 C Worksheet 9 D
\
i 6.2 Prove that: 1.3.2 numerical value of:
area van t.AFC
I FB DB
! 6.2.1 -- area van t.CBF
! FE DF
i 2.
I CF CD p
)6.2.2 --
I FB BD
I6 3 "
If BDC = 90° and DC = 5,
1 .
BC = 13, calculate the length of
I DB and FB.
I 13
. 17. S B R
.' !
PQRSis a square with length of
I the sides == k units. B1= x
Prove that:
2.1 6ASB III 6BRQ
2.2 Determine the area of bASB
l.t.o. k and p if BR == P units.
R
o is the centre of the smaller 3.
circle. 01 = 2x.
7.1 Prove that:
7.1.1 TS II PQ

7.1.2 IlSTR IllllQPR

B
7.2 Determine ST if RT:TP = 4:7. FG II AB, FG = y, AD = DF = FC = p,
PQ
BE = EG = GC = k, A = 90° .
Worksheet 9 D
1. 3.1 Determine AB i.t.o. y.
3.2 Determine:
area DFGE : area 6ABC.

4.

c
BF = 8 cm, AF = 12 cm, ED = 4 cm.
CD:DA==2:1 A
A

. AE EC:EA = 5:4, AE = 8 cm, C = x.

1.1 Determine: -.
EF 4.1 Prove that 6ABE III 6BCE.
1.2 Prove that 2FE = EB. 4.2 Calculate the lengths of:
1.3 Calculate the: 4.2.1 BE
1.3.1 length van FG. 4.2.2 DC (answer in surd form)

105
Worksheet 9 0 Worksheet 9 E
5. 1.
A
G

AD 2
CG:GB = 4:3, - = - and
DB 1 E
AC = 21 em GCE is a tangent, FE..l FC,
5.1 Calculate the lengths of: BC is a diameter and AD = DF
5.1.1 FC 5.1.2 CE 1.1 Prove that:
1.1.1 AF II GE
5.2 Determine: EH
HD 1.1.2 LlFEC III LlDAB
6. FE FD
1.1.3 ---
FC DB

1.2 Calculate the length of AB if

FC = 12 units, BD = 10 units and
FE = 6 units (Answer in simplest
surd form)

2.
A
B
Prove that:
h h

6.1 ABE = AKB

6.2 LlBEA III LlKBA

6.3 AB == -JDA.AC

7.
p

o is the centre of the bigger circle.

Q
OF " AB.
R . FC
2.1 Determine: -.
FA
PS = 3 em, PT 4 em, VR = 3 em, =
SU = 2 em, ST = 5 em 2.2 Prove that:
7.1 Determine whether LlPQR is
equiangular.
2.2.1 LlBFC III LlAFD

7.2 Calculate: 2.2.2 AF2 = FD.BF

7.2.1 TV 7.2.2 QR

106
I Worksheet 9 E Worksheet 9 E
! 5.
3
1 .

1 AB is a tangent. DE II AB. o is the centre of the circle.

I 3.1 Prove that: QRS is a tangent and TU = UP.

! 3.1.1 CDFE a cyclic quadrilateral Prove that:

I
5.1 QROU a cyclic quadrilateral
! 3.1.2 L1CDF III .I1AEB
+ UT2 = QU2 + OT2
I DA·CG AE·DF
5.2 OQ2

.I 3.1.3 =---
GH EB 6.

,4.
I

B
a is the centre of the circle. AB is a tangent to the bigger
OB II ED. AB is a tangent. 63 = x. circle. OF II BC.

4.1 Name 3 angles equal to x.

6.1 Prove that:
4.2 Determine the size of:
6.1.1 .I1BCD III .I1BEF
4.2.1 Kl
6.1.2 AE is a tangent to circle FEB
4.2.2 ADC i.t.o. x
6.1.3 .I1ABE III .I1AEF
4.3 Prove that:
6.2 If 4FB = 3AB, show that
4.3.1 OK = KC AB2 = 4Ae.

4.3.2 llACO III llADE

4.3.3 CK.AD = AC· ED

2

107
'Worksheet 9 E

7.

c
CK = 8, EK = 4, DC = 6,
DK = 3. BC is the diameter of the
circle. AB is a tangent to the
circle.
7.1 Prove that:

7.1.1 82 = A
7.1.2 AEKD a cyclic quadrilateral

7.1.3 CK = CA· OK
AE
7.2 Calculate the length of AE and
AD.

108
MODULE 10: Data
Study and do module 7 in the grade 11 X-Factor.

x - mean Ql - lower quartile

Q2 - median Q3 - upper quartile
(j - standard deviation IQR: Q3 - Ql

A. Symmetrical data Normal distribution

Ix = Q2 or x - Q2 = 01
(rnean « median z mode)

r-1 I h .•. .•.-68oJb- + .•.

i 14% 140/0 I
min. c. M Q3 max. 20,b 20;0

B. Skewed data
. .
Positive k
sewed to the righ
Ix--~'-----~--
> Q2 or x - Q2 > 01
to the right

min. Q1 M max.

Negative skewed to the left Ix < Q2 or x - Q2 < 01 to the left

min.
ICD
Q1 M 63 max.

109
c. Correlation coefficient (rl
Strength of linear relationship between two variables
-l:sr< 1

-1 -0,5 a 05
, 1
strong- moderately- none moderately+ strong+

D. Regression line .. least squares line - best fit line

always passes through the mean point (x; y)

y =: a + b x - used to make predictions.

Use the formula to calculate two points on the line and then
use the 2 points to draw the line.

E. Interpolation - prediction within the domain.

Extrapolation - prediction outside the domain.

F. Outliers

data values less than [Ql - 1,5 x IQR] or

data values greater than [Q3 + 1,5 x IQR]

-----------------------------------------------------
G. Make sure that you know how to use your calculator to find
the following:
1. Standard deviation
2. Correlation coefficient
3. Equation of the regression line.

Notes:

110
Worksheet 10 A Worksheet 10 A
The test scores of 100 grade 12 3.1 What percentage of the students will
learners of Esangweni Sec. have to supplement their pocket
School are shown in a normal money by doing extra chores?
distribution graph. The average
score was 52% and the 3.2 What percentage of learners receives
standard deviation was 9%. more than R330 per month?

4. Which of the histograms a or b

best fits the following:

--{] I~-
How many of the marks were
within one standard deviation of
the mean?
Determine x + cr.
How many of the learners
achieved more than 61%?
~ ..
1\
(a) (b)
The ages of a group of 50
friends are investigated.The
information constitutes a 5. Give~n:
normal distribution curve. The
15; 24; 11; 22; 8; 78;
average age is 52 years and the
33; 31; 83; 15; 26; 22;
standard deviation is 2,2 years. 36; 21; 36; 22
What percentage of the ages is
between 49,8 years en 54,2 5.1 Calculate the:
years? 5.1.1 mean
Calculate the number of friends
in this category (2.1). 5.1.2 standard deviation
2.3 Determine the age difference 5.1.3 median
for the middle 96% of the data.
2.4 Determine the number of 5.1.4 lower quartile
friends who are older than 49,8 5.1.5 upper quartile
years.
5.1.6 interquartile range.
3. The pocket money per month
of Grade 12 learners in a 5.2 Determine the outliers, if any;
certain school is investigated. show all calculations.
It is found that the information
collected gives a normal 5.3 Draw a box and whisker
distribution curve. diagram to represent the data.
The average is R300 per month 5.4 Comment on the skewedness of
and the standard deviation is the dlata.
R3a per month.
The learners receiving less than
R24a per month do extra
chores to supplement their
pocket mane .
111
Worksheet 10 B Worksheet 10 B
1. The table shows the distribution of the 3. The table shows the number of
pocket money a group of grade 4 people visiting a public pool over
learners receive per month: a period of eight days. The
corresponding maximum
Rand f Cum. temperature (DC) is also shown
20 s x < 40 16 for each day.
40 ~ x < 60 44
60::; x < 80 56 Temp.
80 s x < 100 Day Visitors
30 °C
100 S x < 120 10 1 20 280
1.1 Draw a histogram and thereafter a 2 24 360
frequency polygon on the histogram. 3 26 450
4 32 420
1.2 Use the table given to draw a 5 28 400
cumulative frequency graph (ogive) 6 38 500
and then determine the median. 7 34 475
1.3 Determine the estimated mean 8 26 320
amount of pocket money. Show all The results are shown in a scatter
the calculations in a table. plot below.
1.4 Discuss the skewedness or not, of the
data. r
1.5 Determine the modal class. I ~ 500
, .~ 450

i
1.6 Use the graph to determine the:
1.6.1 upper quartile.
I 400 .... "ll! t-,,· ". ·
Ii:::tfh~1tltLtn
1.6.2 the 40th percentile.

2. The following data is given:

ILI Temperature in "C

1_8_2_0_2_2_2_4_2_6_2_8_3_0_3_2_3_4_3_6_3_8_4_o~

2.1 Draw a scatter plot of the data. 3.1 Determine the formula for the
equation of the least squares line
2.2 Discuss the type of relationship drawn.
between x and y.
3.2 Determine the correlation
2.3 Determine, by using your calculator coefficient of the data.
the formula for the equation of the 3.3 Predict the temperature if 600
best fit line (least squares regression people visit the pool on one day.
line) and then draw the line on the
scatter plot. 3.4 Predict the number of visitors if
the temperature is 30°C.
2.4 Determine the correlation coefficient. 3.5 If the number of visitors of day
two changes to 440, determine
2.5 What does the value of r tell you
whether the relationship between
about the fit of the line?
the temperature and the number
of visitors will be stronger or
weaker.

112
 .cWorksheet 10 B Worksheet 10 C
The table shows the distances per 1.1 Calculate the correlation coefficient
week run by athletes training for for a linear regression line.
the SAFARI Half Marathon race.
It also shows the time in which 1.2 Comment on the correlation, r in
they completed the 21,1 km race 4.1 and draw a valid conclusion.

distance (km) Time in

2. The table shows the number of
er week Hours
times that learners with the same
8 2,8 surname at Makalani High school
20 2,2
achieved the best marks in grade
40 2
12.
55 1,9
60 1,4 The results of the past 55
70 1,2 years were investigated.
Give the dependent variable.
surname number surname surname
Draw a scatter plot of the data. A 5 G 4
Determine the equation of the B 9 H 3
line of best fit. c 4 I 2
Calculate the correlation D 5 ] 5
coefficient. E 5 K 7
F 3 L 3
, 4.5 Discuss the results critically.
Determine the:
. 4.6 Predict the race time of a person
1 if he trained 80 km per week. 2.1.1 estimated mean
,
"'j 4.7 Determine how many kilometers 2.1.2 mode
an athlete has to train per week
to complete the race in a time of 2.1.3 median
1 1,5 hours?
I Worksheet
I
10 C 2.1.4 standard deviation (1 dec.)

J 1. The lengths of a group of Grade

2.2 Draw a box and whisker
11 girls and their corresponding
I, examination marks are indicated
diagram to represent the data.
!
J

in the table below.

2.3 Discuss the skewedness or not of
the data.
length (rn) Marks out of
100
2.4 How many surnames lie outside one
1,48 60
standard deviation interval?
1,67 40
1,7 75
2.5 Why is surname B an outlier?
1,5 65
1,8 61
1,62 72 2.6 Draw a box and whisker diagram to
1,58 43 show the outlier.
1,71 58
1,64 74
1,59 52
1 75 57
Continue in next column

113
Worksheet 10 C Worksheet 10 D
3. Thandi buys a new car and does (c) Overweight has a stronger
an experiment to find out how correlation with a non-healthy
the speed with which she drives exercise program than with
affects fuel consumption. She becoming ill.
does the experiment only when
she drives longer distances and 2. The following graph shows the
not in city traffic. number of people in a certain area
who regularly pay their municipal
The following data was obtained. accounts over the first six months.
The cumulative frequencies are
Speed Fuel consumption shown on the vertical axis.
Km/h t'/100km
70 10,6
80 9,6
200C .
110 8,6
160C
75 10
115 8,8 100C

90 9,1 1 2 3 ""4 5 6
120 9,3 Months
100 8,8
2.1 Determine the number of people
60 11,8
who paid their bills on time in
3.1 Draw a scatter plot of the data. January, February and March.
3.2 Which trend will the data 2.2 State whether this graph is a good
follow: linear, quadratic or and fair account of the numbers.
exponentially?

3.3 What can Thandi conclude from 2.3 How could the municipal manager
the data regarding her speed change the graph to be able to
and fuel consumption? draw better conclusions?

Worksheet 10 D 3. In 2010, one person was

1. Critically discuss the following: hospitalized after a bike race. The
following year, two people who took
The correlation between people
part in the same bike race were
who are overweight and a
hospitalized. 12,000 people
healthy exercise program is
participate each year. After the
-0,52. The correlation between
second year the newspaper report
people who are overweight and
claimed that people who ended up
their visits to the doctor is 0,48.
in hospital after the race had
( linear trend)
increased by 100%
Which of the following
statements are true?
3.1 Do you think the article was I
misleading? Give reasons for your I

(a) People who are overweight tend answer.

to exercise less.
3.2 What do you think could be the
(b) People who are overweight are result of such a report?
more sick.
Remember to do the Data ques-
tions in your grade 11 X factor
book when preparing for the
exams. (module 7)

114
 MODULE 11: Prababilitv
Do revision of module 13 in the grade 11 X-Factor
1
:.A. Sinael Events
I
!
Probabilitv (P): the chance that an event will occur
Sample Space (S): set of all possible outcomes
j

I n(S)~ number of events in the sample space.

I Probability of a single event E:

!

i peE) = neE) = number of favourable outcomes

I! n(S) total number of possible outcomes

B. More than one event

(A n B) - intersection or (A and B): outcomes which occur in
both A and B.
(A u B) - union or (A or B): outcomes which occur in A or B.

1. Mutually exclusive
Events cannot take place simultaneously.
peA and B) 0 =
peA or B) = peA) +P(B)
08 5
I

2. Not mutually exclusive ( inclusive}

Events can take place simultaneously.
peA and B) =1= 0
P(A or B) = peA) + PCB) - peA n B)
t]ITj
1 2 4 5

I
3. Exhaustive events
I
A and B contain all the elements of the sample space.
peA U B) = 1
Exhaustive events can have an intersection.
UEJ
1 3
2 5
\

4. Complementary events
N - complement of A.
A and AI are mutually exclusive AND exhaustive.
peA') = 1 - peA)
C;J(J 5
·A and B mutually exclusive but not complementary.
Complement of A also includes the number 5. A' = {3;S}

115
 c. Independent events (Product-rule)
The outcome of one event will NOT have an influence on the outcome of
another event.
peA and B) := peA) x 1'(13)
Do Not- independent events
The outcome of one event will have an effect on the outcome of the other
event.

peA and B) *" peA) x PCB)

P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B/ A) [81 A c •••••• B follows A]
(e.g. taking candy from a bag without replacing it.)
Do C and D by using tree diagrams,

E. The Fundamental Counting Principal

If one event can happen in m ways and another event can happen in n
ways, then both events can happen in In x 11 ways.
I (when coin and dice are cast: 2 x 6 = 12 outcomes)

Examples
Question Answer
• With a tree diagram:

How many different outfits are

possible with the following
combination of clothes? B
LTF
GBT
GBF

Trousers
Grey
Shirts
Blue
Shoes
Tekkies
~y.z~ GYT GYF
yellow G~. /T GRT
Black Flip-flops
Red R<--F GRf
BST
RBf
BYT
B
V< T F BYF
R~T BRT
~F BRF
trousers shirt shoes
• With fundamental counting
Rule:
2 x 3 x 2 = 12 options
~ ~
Trousers shirts
+
shoes
I This method much quicker!

116
F. Factorial (nO
The product 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 can be written as 7!.
(read: seven factorial)
n! =n X (n - 1) X (n - 2) X 0.8 X 2X 1 Note: O! =1
Factorial notation is used for the number of arrangements possible of one
group of distinguishable objects.

~ or l!]- key on calculator

Example Answer

In how many ways can 5 people be 5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1= 120 ways

arranqed in a straiqht line?

G. Round-table arrangements (n - 1)1

Example Answer
In how many ways can 8 people be (8 - L)! = 7! = 5040 ways
seated around an eight-seater round
table?

Repition of objects nl
••••
p!
The number of ways n objects of which pare tdentlcal, can be
n!
arranged is -
pI
Example Answer
(a)
How many letter arrangements are 6! = 120
possible with the word BAFANA ? 31
6 letters, 3 AS

(b) 8!
How many letter arrangements can be -- = 3360
3!.2!
made with the word EENDIEDAM?
8 letters, 3 ES , 2 DS
I. Permutations I1p
r

The number of arrangements of r objects from a total of 11 objects

in a definite order is: lip = 111
r -
(n-r)1
Example Answer !
lOp _ 10! 10!
In how many ways can a chairperson, 3 - --
vice chairperson and secretary be (10 - 3)! 7!
selected from a group of 10 people? 10x9x8x7x6x5x4x3x2xl I
=
7x6x5x4x3x2xl
= 720
I calculator: 10/ nPr / 3 = 720 I

117
1. Probability
It is still defined by the number of total possible outcomes devide by
the number of total possibilities
Example Answer

l(a) Total number of arrangements:

Determine the probability that, in the = -6!3! = 120

letter arrangements of the word,
BAFANA, it will start and end with Number of outcomes that start
the letter A. and end with A:
A A = 1 x 4! x 1 = 24
(4 different remaining letters)

:. P(start and end with A)

24
= - =02
120 '
l(b)
How many combinations of 5 x 7 x 4 = 140 possibilities
meals are possible when the
meal is made up of a starter
course, a main course and
pudding. There are 5 different
starters, 7 main courses and 4
puddincs to choose from.
2. (a)
In how many ways can the 9!
(a) = 30240
letters of the word AANDAGTIG 3!.2!
be arranged? (Words do not
need to have meaning.)

(b) (b) Begins and ends with an A:

What is the probability that, out A A
/f
of all arrangements, you will
7 remaining letters, 2 GS
find one that starts and ends
with the same letter? lx7! xl = 2520
2!
Begins and ends with a G:
G G
~
7 remaining letters, 3 AS
lx7! xl = 840
3!
P(begins and ends with same letter)

2520+840 .
= = 01 = -1
30 240 ' 9

118
Example Answer

3. In how many ways can 3 boys

and 2 girls be seated in the
theater if:
(a) anyone can be seated next to (a) 5 children :. 5! = 120 ways
anyone?

(b) the boys have to sit next to (b) 3 boys - 3!

each other and the girls also 2 girls- 2!
have to sit next to one
2 groups - 2!
another?
:. 3! x 2! x 2! = 24 ways

4. (a) How many different codes can (a) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L = 26

be generated if the following N=9
principles apply?
26 x 26 x 9 x 8 x 7 = 340 704
• codes consist of 5 characters options
namely 2 letters and then
3 numbers .
• Letters may be repeated, but
not numbers .
• The number, 0, may not be
used.

(b) If the above mentioned (b) ~ 0 0 0 D~!

principles apply, determine the
8
probability that a code will
start with the letter K, and
ends with an even number. Number of options

= 1 x 26 x 8 x 7 x 4 = 5824

:. P(starts with K, ends with even

number)

= 5824 = 0,017
340 704
Sea) In how many ways can ABC (a) AB ... BA... CB.•. BC... AC ... CA
be arranged in groups of 2
letters if order does matter?
3! = 3x 2x 1 = 6

(b) If order does not matter. (b) AB... CB...AC (divide by 2!)
3! = 6 =3
2! 2

119
Worksheet 11 A (Revision) Worksheet 11 B (Tree diagram)
1. A and C are mutually exclusive 1. Two coins are cast. One of the
events. If peA) = 0,24 and coins has been weighed to one
peA or C) = 0,43, determine peC). side, such that the probability to

2. If peA) = 0;36, PCB) = 0,24 and have heads is, 4 . The other coin is
7
peA or B) = 0,52, determine:
just a normal coin.
2.1 peA and B)
2.2 peA') 1.1 Draw a tree diagram to show all
possible outcomes.
3. In an experiment it was found 1.2 Will the casting of the two coins be
that peA) = 0,6, PCB) = 0,35 dependent or independent?
and peA or B) = 0,75. ( Motivate)
Determine:
1.3 Determine the probability of
3.1 P(AandB). getting heads on both coins.
3.2 Determine whether the events A
and Bare independent.( show 2. A bag contains 6 white marbles and
caleulations) 4 blue marbles. Three marbles are
3.3 Determine, stating reasons taken consecutively out of the bag.
whether A and B are mutually Each time that a white marble is
exclusive. found, it is put back in the bag.
When a blue marble is selected, it
3.4 Why will events A and B NOT be is Not put back.
complementary events?
2.1 Draw a tree diagram to show all
4. For a certain sample set, the possible outcomes.
following results were measured 2.2 Calculate the following
regarding events K and l : probabilities:
P(K) = 0,45, P(K or l.) = 0,74, 2.2.1 that all 3 marbles selected are
pel) = x. blue
4.1 For which value(s) of x will K and 2.2.2 P(two blue marbles)
l be mutually exclusive? 2.2.3 peat least one of the marbles
selected is blue)
4.2 For which value(s) of x will K and
L be independent? The following probabilities
regarding a certain race-horse,
5. The probability that a person is Lightning, were calculated from
bilingual is 0,65. The probability past experience during the Durban
that a person has a musical July racehorsing events:
talent is 0,15. Determine the
The probability that Lightning win
probability that:
in dry weather is three times more
5.1 a person is bilingual and has a than in wet weather. The
musical talent if the two events probability that Lightning will win in
are independent. wet weather was estimated as
5.2 a person has none of the two 0,31. Die probability that it will
characteristics. rain on any given day of the
Durban July is 35%. Calculate the
5.3 a person is either bilingual or has probability that Lightning will win.
a musical talent.
(Use a tree diagram)

120
Worksheet 11 C (Venn-diagrams) Worksheet 11 C
1. Consider the set (5) of natural 2.3 Which product was the most
numbers smaller or equal to 20. popular one?
A is the event that a multiple
2.4 What is the probability that a
of 5 is randomly selected.
person will NOT buy product A?
B is the event that a prime
number is selected. 3. During a survey at a certain school,
€: is the event that an uneven 180 grade 12-learners were asked
number is selected. to indicate which sports they would
like to take part in after they leave
1.1 Present the above mentioned school.
situation in a Venn-diagram
Learners identified the following
illustrating events A, Band C in
three sport activities:
the sample set, S.
• Tennis (T)
1.2 Calculate the following • Cycling (C)
probabilities:
• Running - long and short
1.2.1 peA) distance marathons (R)
1.2.2 PCB')
1.2.3 peA and B) The data collected is shown in the
1.2.4 PCB or C) Venn-diagram.
1.2.5 peA' and B and C)

2. Market research was undertaken

to determine the popularity of
three different brands of irons,
namely A, Band C. A sample set
of 120 randomly chosen people 3.1 How many learners do not want to
had to indicate which products play tennis and do not want to run?
they would prefer.
The student undertaking the 3.2 How many learners would like to
study, recorded the following participate in all 3 sporting
outcomes, but unfortunately lost activities? (determine x).
the rest of the data.
3.3 If a learner is randomly chosen,
55 people preferred more than one what would the probability be that
product.
he/she prefers cycling as a sport?
62 people preferred product A.
3.4 Determine the percentage of
51 people preferred product B.
learners who are likely to
26 people preferred both products participate in at least 2 of these
A and B. sports?
20 people preferred both products
Band C. 4. Two hundred (200) learners were
11 people liked all three products. asked which cellphone they would
6 people did not like any product. prefer. They had to choose be-
tween Blackberry (B), 5amsung
2.1 Use the data available to
Galaxy (5) en die Nokia Lumia eN).
represent it in a Venn-diagram
The following data was collected:
showing the complete study
data.
2.2 How many people would prefer
only two products?

121
Worksheet 11 C Worksheet 11 D
4. 120 learners preferred the 1.2 Calculate the probability that a
Blackberry. person who was randomly chosen
56 learners preferred Nokia. will be a woman between 20 and
25 years.
90 learners preferred the
Samsung. 1.3 Determine the probability that a
18 learners liked all three randomly chosen person will be
brands. younger than 20 years
24 learners only preferred
1.4 Given that the person is male,
Blackberry and Nokia.
determine the probability that a
34 learners only preferred Nokia randomly chosen male is younger
and Samsung. than 20 years.
17 learners did not like any of
these cell phones. 2. Research was done by a student in
4.1 Represent the data using a genetics regarding the relation-
Venn-diagram. ship between the colour of a
person's hair and eyes. The two-
4.2 Calculate the number of learners way table below shows the data
who preferred Blackberry and that was collected. I
Samsung, but not Nokia.
4.3 Determine the probability that a Colour of Eyes
learner who is chosen at random Colour/hair Blue Brown Grey Tot
from this group: (answers to 3 brown/black 215 327 158
decimal numbers) Blond/light 452 137 201
Red 141 172 58
4.3.1 only prefers the Samsung.
Total
4.3.2 do not like Nokia. 2.1 How many people participate in
4.3.3would be able to choose from this survey?
at least two brands.
2.2 How many people have brown or
Worksheet 11 D (2-way tables)
black hair?
1. From a group of people eating at
a certain restaurant, the following 2.3 What is the probability that
information was gathered. There someone chosen randomly from
were 15 women in the age this group will have red hair?
category 20 to 25 years and 13
men in the age group 20 to 25 2.4 What is the probability that
years. There were 26 people someone chosen randomly from
younger than 20 years, of which this group will have blond hair and
11 were men. There were also blue eyes?
7 men and 3 women older than 2.5 What is the probability that
25 years.
someone chosen randomly from
1.1 Represent this information in a this group, given that the person
two-way table and determine has red hair will also have grey
how many people were visiting eyes?
the resta urant
2.6 Will the probability for having
1.2 Calculate the probability that a
brown/black hair, be independent
person who was randomly
or not from having brown eyes
chosen will be a woman between
20 and 25 years.

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Worksheet 11 D Worksheet 11 E
3. A car-insurance company is 2.
interested in the relationship Starters Main Pudding
between the age of drivers and SouP Chickenpie Chocolatemousse
the number of accidents that Fish Venison Ice cream
they have made over a period of Salad Lambshank Tiramisu
10 years. Cray-fish Pork Ribs Cheesecake
The results of a survey of 1000 Beeffillet Malva-pudding
drivers is shown in the two-way Bobotie
table below:
!ChiCken
a la King
Age of
driver
Number of accidents
5 or less MorethanS Tot
'I I
28 years 2.1 In how many ways can a person
or older (a) 125 (e) choose a meal at this reastaurant?'
Younger 2.2 In how many ways can a meal be
than 28 500 (b) 750 made up if a person does not eat
years chicken and he/she is allergic to
Total (c) d) (f) cray-fish? (the person may still
3.1 Calculate the values of (a) to (f). only select one of each course)
(Not necessarily in this particular
order) 3. In how many ways can 5 different
books be arranged on a book shelf?
3.2 Determine whether the number
of accidents made by a person, 4. In how many ways can 8 learners
is independent or not of that arrange themselves in a line?
person's age. ( show calculations
to explain your answer)
5. In how many ways can six people
Worksheet 11 E be seated at a round table?
(Fundamental Counting Principal> I
1.1 How many different outfits are 6. In how many ways can 3 English
possible from the items in my and 5 Afrikaans novels be arrange9
closet? on a shelve if:
Trousers Shirts Shoes 6.1 any book can take up any position
Blue White Black 6.2 if the Afrikaans books and the
Brown Blue Brown English books must be arranged
Black Red together in any order?
Green
Purple
7. A library buys an encyclopedic set, I
1.2 What is the probability that a consisting of 12 volumes. The
person will walk out of his house books are numbered from 1 to 12.
wearing a blue shirt?
7.1 In how many ways can the books
be arranged if the books can be
2. At a popular restaurant people
placed in any order?
can choose from a set menu to
make up their meals. Sherry is 7.2 In how many ways can the books
served at the start and coffee or be arranged if number 1 and
tea at the end of the meal. A number 12 must be the first and
person may choose one starter, last books respectively. ( the other
one main course and one of the books may be arranged in any
puddings on the menu. order) I

123
Worksheet 11 E Worksheet 11 F (FCP)
7.3 In how many ways can the books 4. How many 4-digit codes are
be arranged if numbers 9{ 10 and possible when using the numbers
11 should always be next to one O{ 1{ 2, 3, 4 and 57 Codes may
another, but in any order? not start with 0 and numbers may
be repeated.
Worksheet 11 F (FCP)
1. Given the numbers: 5. Passwords for a certain website
1{ 2{ 3{ 4{ 5{ 6{ 7, 8, 9 can be chosen as follows;
1.1 How many two-digit numbers can The password must consists of at
be formed using the numbers least 6 characters and at most 8
above? (numbers may be used characters.
repeatedly.) Letters from which to choose:
1.2 How many 4-digit pin codes can A-L
be formed using the numbers Numbers from which to choose:
above? (numbers may only be 0-9
used once). Symbols: # and *
1.3 How many 4-digit pin codes are Passwords should start with 3
possible if the code has to start letters, then numbers and end
with 3 and numbers may be used with one of the symbols.
repeatedly? 5.1 How many 7-character passwords
1.4 How many 4-digit codes are are possible if characters may not
be used more than once?
possible if the code has to start
with 1 and end with 9? (Numbers 5.2 How many 7-character passwords
may not be used more than once) are possible if letters may not be
repeated, but numbers may be
1.5 How many 4-digit codes are
used more than once?
possible if the code should at
least have one 5 and numbers 5.3 What is the probability that a
may be repeated? 7- character password will start
with ABC in the letter part? (no
2. How many 3-character codes can repetition allowed)
be formed if the first character 5.4 What is the probability that a
should be a letter and the next two 7- character password code has at
characters have to be numbers. All least one 3 as part of the code?
the characters should differ from (repetition not allowed)
one another.
5.5 What is the probability that a
3. Given the numbers: 7- character password code has
exactly one 27 (repetition not
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7
allowed)
How many 5-digit codes can be
5.6 If repetition of characters is NOT
formed with these numbers if:
allowed, calculate the probability
3.1 numbers may be repeated? that a website user has a
3.2 numbers may not be repeated? password consisiting of 6
3.3 How many 3-digit codes are characters.
possible if numbers may be
repeated and the code that is
formed should be greater than
400 and less than 600 and
divisible by 5?
I
124
--rWorksheet 11 F Worksheet 11 G
5.7 The website changes the format 4. Given the word MISSISIPPI.
of the passwords and decided that What is the probability that a
any character may be chosen at random selection of a letter
any position. Repetition of combination made with the letters,
characters is allowed. Determine will begin and end with the same
the probability that a randomly letter?
chosen person will have a
7-character password. 5. Mari randomly chooses 3 numbers
-" ! Worksheet 11 G from the numbers 2 to 8. She asks
Gerhard to guess the numbers
; 1.1 How many different "words" can
chosen. What is the probability
be formed using the letters of the that he will guess the numbers
word GEOMETRY? correctly the first time? It does not
1.2 Assuming that the word has to matter in which order the numbers
begin with R, in how many ways are given.
can the letters be arranged to
form words? 6. In a lotto-game, 6 numbers are
selected from the numbers 1 to
1.3 Assuming that the word has to
49. In how many ways can the
begin with G and end with Y, how
numbers be selected if:
many possible "words" can be
formed? 6.1 selection of the numbers
1.4 What is the probability that an happens without returning the
arrangement chosen randomly, selected number to the pool of
will begin with G and end with Y? numbers and the order in which
they are selected is important to
2.1 In how many ways can the letters be able to win.
of the word KAAPSTAD , be
6.2 selection of the numbers
arranged to form words?
happens without returning the
2.2 What is the probability that one of selected number, but the order
the "words", if randomly chosen in which they are drawn, is not
from the pool of all possible words important to win.
will:
2.2.1 begin with D 6.3 What is the probability for a
person who bought one lotto
2.2.2 begin with A
ticket to win the lotto, if the
2.2.3 begin and end with A. procedure is done as described in
6.2?
3.1 How many 6-letter combinations
of "words" can be formed with 6.4 Henro decides to buy tickets for
letters A, S, K, D, E, T if each all the possible outcomes
letter may only be used once? determined in 6.2 to ensure that
he wins the LOTIO-jackpot. If
3.2 Assuming that the probability to the cost of a lotto ticket is R3,50
have a meaningful word from all each, how much money will he
the possible combinations is 0,05, have to spend?
how many of the possibilities will
be meaningful?

125