kavikarthik annual project (1)

INDEX
Page | 1
 MAGNET AND ITS PROPERTIES
 OERSTED’S EXPERIMENT
 BIOT’S SAVART’S LAW
 MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE MAGNET
 AMPERE’S CIRCUIT LAW
 RULES TO FIND DIRECTION OF FORCE
 TORQUE EXPERIENCED BY CURRENT LOOP IN MAGNETIC FIELD
 MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER
 CONVERSION OF A GALVANOMETER INTO AMMETER
 CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO VOLTMETER
 MAGNETIC FIELD OF A SOLENOID

MAGNET AND ITS PROPERTIES
Page | 2
What is a Magnet?
An object which is capable of producing magnetic field
and attracting unlike poles and repelling like poles.
Properties of Magnet
The following are the basic properties of a magnet:
When a magnet is dipped in iron filings, we can
observe that the iron filings cling to the end of the
magnet as the attraction is maximum at the ends of
the magnet. These ends are known as poles of the
magnets.
Magnetic poles always exist in pairs.
Whenever a magnet is suspended freely in mid-air, it
always points towards the north-south direction. Pole
pointing towards geographic north is known as the
North Pole, and the pole pointing towards geographic
south is known as the South Pole
Like poles repel while unlike poles attract:
The magnetic force between the two magnets is
Page | 3 greater when the distance between these magnets is
lesser.
Types of Magnets
There are three types of magnets, and they are as
follows:
 Permanent magnet
 Temporary magnet
 Electromagnets
Permanent Magnet
Permanent magnets are those magnets that are
commonly used. They are known as permanent
magnets because they do not lose their magnetic
property once they are magnetized.
Following are the ways to demagnetize the
permanent magnets:
Page | 4  Exposing magnets to extreme temperatures.
 The magnetic attraction between the magnet’s
atoms gets loosened when they are hammered.
 Stroking one magnet with another will reduce the
magnetic strength.
There are four types of permanent magnets:
 Ceramic or ferrite
 Alnico
 Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)
 Neodymium Iron Boron (NIB)
Temporary Magnet
Temporary magnets can be magnetized in the
presence of a magnetic field. When the magnetic field
is removed, these materials lose their magnetic
property. Iron nails and paper clips are examples of the
temporary magnet.
Electro Magnet
Electromagnets consist of a coil of wire wrapped
Page | 5 around the metal core made from iron. When this
material is exposed to an electric current, a magnetic
field is generated, making the material behave like a
magnet. The strength of the magnetic field can be
controlled by controlling the electric current.
OERSTED’S EXPERIMENT
In 1820, French scientist

observed that the compass needle deflected from its
initial direction, which is the north-south direction, in
the presence of current-carrying wire which describes
that current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field.
BIOT SAVART’S LAW
Page | 6
The Biot-Savart Law relates magnetic fields to the

currents which are their sources. In a similar manner,
Coulomb's law relates electric fields to the point
charges which are their sources. Finding the magnetic
field resulting from a current distribution involves the
vector product, and is inherently a calculus problem
when the distance from the current to the field point is
continuously changing.
MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE MAGNET
The region around a
Page | 7 magnetic material or a moving electric charge within
which the force of magnetism acts is known as the
magnetic field.
The symbol for it is B or H. Further, the unit is Tesla and
the base unit is (Newton. Second) / Coulomb.
Properties of Magnetic Field Lines
Magnetic field lines do not cross each other. They
always make closed-loops. Further, they always
emerge or begin from the north pole and terminate at
the south pole. Finally, the density of the field lines
denotes the strength of the field.
AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW
According to Ampere’s law,
magnetic fields are related to the electric current
created in them. The rule specifies the magnetic field
associated with a particular current or vice versa,
assuming that the electric field does not change over
time.
The magnetic field created by an electric current is
proportional to the size of that electric current, with a
constant of proportionality equal to the permeability of
Page | 8
freespace.
RULES TO FIND DIRECTION OF FORCE
Fleming's left hand rule
Page | 9
Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, the conductor experiences a force
which is perpendicular to both the magnetic field and
the direction of current. According to Fleming's left
hand rule, if the thumb, fore-finger and middle finger
of the left hand are stretched to be perpendicular to
each other as shown in the illustration at left, and if the
fore finger represents the direction of magnetic field,
the middle finger represents the direction of current,
then the thumb represents the direction of force.
Fleming's left hand rule is applicable for motors.
Fleming’s right hand rule
Fleming's right hand rule is applicable for electrical
Page | 10 generators. As per Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, whenever a conductor is forcefully moved in
an electromagnetic field, an emf gets induced across
the conductor. If the conductor is provided a closed
path, then the induced emf causes a current to flow.
According to the Fleming's right hand rule, the thumb,
fore finger and middle finger of the right hand are
stretched to be perpendicular to each other as shown
in the illustration at right, and if the thumb represents
the direction of the movement of conductor, fore-
finger represents direction of the magnetic field, then
the middle finger represents direction of the induced
current.
TORQUE EXPERIENCED BY ACURRENT LOOP
Page | 11
A magnetic dipole is the limit of either a closed loop of

electric current or a pair of poles as the dimensions of
the source are reduced to zero while keeping the
magnetic moment constant. Now we shall show that a
steady current I passing through a rectangular loop
placed in a uniform magnetic field experiences a
torque. It does not experience a net force. This
behaviour is similar to the of an electric dipole in a
uniform electric field.
 mB x 2lsinθ = 2lm x B x sinθ
moving coil galvanometer
Page | 12
A type of electromagnetic device capable of measuring

even the smallest amounts of currents is known as a
moving coil galvanometer. Some of the major parts of
the moving coil galvanometer are permanent
horseshoe magnets, pivoted spring, non-metallic
frame, coil, scale, soft iron core and pointer.
A galvanometer detects the direction of the flow of the
electric current in the circuit. It determines the null
point. It measures the amount of current passing
through.
Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter
Page | 13
A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter
by connecting a low resistance in parallel with the
galvanometer. This low resistance is called shunt
resistance S. The scale is now calibrated in ampere and
the range of ammeter depends on the values of the
shunt resistance.
Conversion galvanometer into voltmeter
If we connect a high resistance in series with the
Page | 14 galvanometer, it can be successfully converted into a
voltmeter. A galvanometer can act as a voltmeter as
long as we pass a very minimum voltage like 1mv. This
is because: A galvanometer has a specific resistance
RG.
Voltmeter
A voltmeter is a device used to measure the potential
difference between two points in an electric circuit. It
is always connected in parallel to the circuit so that the
voltage drops across it is same as the voltage drops
across the required section of the circuit.
Magnetic field of a solenoid
The magnetic field inside an
Page | 15 infinitely long solenoid is homogeneous and its
strength neither depends on the distance from the axis
nor on the solenoid's cross-sectional area. This is a
derivation of the magnetic flux density around a
solenoid that is long enough so that fringe effects can
be ignored.

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INDEX

 BIOT’S SAVART’S LAW

 MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE MAGNET

 AMPERE’S CIRCUIT LAW

 RULES TO FIND DIRECTION OF FORCE

 TORQUE EXPERIENCED BY CURRENT LOOP IN MAGNETIC FIELD

 MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER

 CONVERSION OF A GALVANOMETER INTO AMMETER

 CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO VOLTMETER

 MAGNETIC FIELD OF A SOLENOID

In 1820, French scientist

The Biot-Savart Law relates magnetic fields to the

A magnetic dipole is the limit of either a closed loop of

A type of electromagnetic device capable of measuring

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