HEAT

Question 1.
In a mercury thermometer, the level of mercury rises when its bulb
comes in contact with a hot object. What is the reason for this rise in
the level of mercury? [HOTSl
Answer:
As the temperature increases, then expansion in mercury takes place
which leads to the rise in the level of mercury in thermometer.

Question 2.
Shopkeepers selling ice blocks usually cover them with jute sacks.
Explain why. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:
As we know that jute sacks is thermal insulators, it helps ice not to be
melt immediately. So, shopkeepers used to cover ice blocks with jute
sacks.

Question 3.
The radiators in cars are painted black. Explain why. [HOTS]
Answer:
Since, the black bodies are better radiators, so due to this reason,
radiators in cars are painted black.

Question 4.
To keep her soup warm, Paheli wrapped the container in which it was
kept with a woollen clothes. Can she apply the same method to keep a
glass of cold drink cool? Give reason for your Answer: [NCERT
Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:
Yes, she can apply the same method to keep a glass of cold drink cool
because wool is a thermal insulator, and it cannot allow to heat pass
through it.

Question 5.
A laboratory thermometer A is kept 7 cm away on the side of the
flame while a similar thermometer B is kept 7 cm above the flame of
a candle as shown in figure. Which of the thermometers A or Swill
show a greater rise in temperature? Give reason for your answer:
[NCERT Exemplar]

Answer:
Thermometer B will show a greater rise in temperature because
heated air above the candle rises immediatly and increase the
temperature of bulb of thermometer B quite greater than A.

Question 6.
While constructing a house in a coastal area, in which direction
should the windows preferably face and why?
Answer:
Window should preferably towards the sea beach so that the sea
breeze coming from sea keeps the house cool during the day time.

Question 7.
A circular metal loop is heated at point O as shown in figure.
[NCERT Exemplar]

(a) In which direction, would heat flow in the loop?

(b) In which order, the pins at points P, Q and R fixed with the help of
wax fall if points O, P, Q and R are equidistant from each other?
Answer:
(a) Heat will flow in both the directions from O to P and from O to R.
(b) First of all pin at P and R will fall simultaneously after that pin at
Q will fall.
Question 8.
The mercury does not fall or rise in a clinical thermometer when taken
out of the mouth. Explain why.
Answer:
Because of the kink present in the thermometer, the mercury does not
fall or rise.

Question 9.
If a pan is removed from the fire, then why does it cool down?
Answer:
When a pan is removed from the fire, it loses heat to the surroundings
by radiation and it cools down.

Question 10.
Name the mode of transfer of heat in which medium is not required.
Answer:
Radiation is the mode of transfer of heat in which medium is not
required.

Question 11.
It is preferred to use two thin blankets rather than one thick blanket.
Explain the reason. [HOTS]
Answer:
In case of two thin blankets, there is an air gap which does not allow
heat pass out from the body and it is not as such as in case of one
thick blanket.

Question 12.
Why is it advised not to hold the thermometer by its bulb while
reading it?
Answer:
It is advised not to hold the thermometer bulb while reading it as the
level of mercury increases from the actual reading by our body
temperature.

Question 13.
Briefly mention one application of kink in the clinical thermometer.
Answer:
The clinical thermometer consists of kink which prevents the mercury
level from falling on its own.

Question 14.
Explain how do we find out how hot an object really is.
Answer:
By using thermometer, we can measure the degree of hotness of a
body.

Question 15.
Is the body temperature of every person 37°C?
Answer:
No, the body temperature of every person is not 37°C. It is an average
temperature. It could be slightly higher or slightly lower.

Question 16.
How can we measure the temperature of other object rather than
human body?
Answer:
Temperature of other object is measured with laboratory thermometer
because clinical thermometer is not suitable for higher temperature.

Question 17.
How does the heat travel in air?
Answer:
Heat travels in air through convection.

Question 18.
We are advised to use an umbrella when you go out in the sun.
Comment.
Answer:
We use an umbrella to protect us from heat coming from the sun in
the form of radiation.

Question 19.
You may have noticed that a few sharp jerks are given to clinical
thermometer before using it. Why is it done so? [NCERT Exemplar;
HOTS]
Answer:
Jerks are given to clinical thermometer before using it to settle down
the mercury level below normal temperature so that the measurement
taken of a body be accurate.

Answer in Short II

Question 1.
The handle of a pressure cooker is covered with the thick plastic.
Explain why.
Answer:
As we know that plastic is a bad conductor of heat due to which the
heat from the cooker does not flow to its handle and we can hold it
easily.
So, this is a reason because of which the handle of a pressure cooker
is covered with the thick plastic.

Question 2.
Differentiate between two modes of transfer of heat, i.e. convection
and conduction.
Answer:
Difference between convection and conduction

Conduction Convection

The mode of transfer of heat from the The mode of transfer of heat from the

hotter part material to its colder part or hotter part of a fluid to its colder part

from a hot material to a cold material in the movement of liquid itself. So, thi

contact with it without the movement of

 material as a whole. So, this phenomenon
phenomenon is known as convection
is known as conduction

In all the solids, heat is transferred by the In all the liquids and gases, heat is

process of conduction transferred by the process of convect

Question 3.
While reading a clinical thermometer, what precautions should we
take?
Answer:
Reading a Clinical Thermometer

There are following steps to read the temperature on a thermometer.

Step I
Firstly, wash the thermometer with an antiseptic solution and if in
case, the antiseptic solution is not available, then wash it with a clean
water.
Step II
Gently, hold the thermometer tube in your hand and give it a jerk in
such a way that the mercury thread in the thermometer tube falls
below the reading of 35°C.
Step III
Now, put the bulb of the thermometer under the tongue of the patient
for about one minute. Then take out the thermometer from patient’s
mouth.
Step IV
In order to read the temperature, hold the thermometer horizontally in
your hand and rotate it slowly. When we see a magnified image of the
mercury thread in its tube, then a position will come. Now, read the
temperature on thermometer tube in level with the top of the mercury
thread.
Precautions while Reading the Thermometer

A clinical thermometer should not be used for any object other than
the human body. There are some following precautions which are to
be observed while reading a clinical thermometer.

1. Wash the clinical thermometer before and after using

preferably with an antiseptic solution.
2. Be ensure that the mercury level before using the clinical
thermometer should be below 35°C.
3. The clinical thermometer should be read by keeping the
level of mercury along the line of sight.
4. While reading the clinical thermometer, it should never be
held by the bulb.
5. The clinical thermometer should be carefully handled.

Question 4.
Observe the picture given in figure. Water is being boiled in a pan of
wide base.

(a) Which position P or T will feel warmer?

(b) Fill up the boxes P and T to indicate the mode of flow of heat to
the hand.
Answer:
(a) As in the given diagram, position P will feel warmer because of
heat, air rises.
(b) The flow of heat to P is a convection process and flow of heat to T
is radiation.

Question 5.
For setting curd, a small amount of curd is added to warm milk. The
microbes present in the curd help in setting if the temperature of the
mixture remains approximately between 35°C to 40°C. At places
where room temperature remains much below the range, setting of
curd becomes difficult. Suggest a way to set curd in such a situation.
[NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:
For the setting of curd where temperature is below room temperature,
the container in which curd is to be made must be kept in a thermally
insulated cover or it can be wrapped with wool or jute sacks so that
temperature is maintained for the setting of curd.

Question 6.
State the limitation of clinical thermometer.
Answer:
The clinical thermometer cannot be used for measuring the
temperature of any object more than 42°C (i.e. more than the body
temperature). If it kept in the sun or near a flame, then this clinical
thermometer can be break.

Question 7.
Explain in brief, why we wear dark coloured clothes in winter and
light coloured clothes in summer.
Answer:
We wear dark coloured clothes in winter to keep us warm as they
absorb all the heat radiation coming from the sun whereas light
coloured clothes reflect most of the heat radiation coming from the
sun that falls on them and therefore we feel more comfortable wearing
them in the summer.

Question 8.
Explain the reason for the shiny reflectors of room heaters.
Answer:
Since, the shiny surface absorbs very little heat due to which the
reflectors reflect all the heat which makes the room heaters more
effective. So, due to this reason, room heaters have shiny reflectors.

Question 9.
Describe the effects of heat.
Answer:
The effects of heat are
(i) When an object is heated, then it becomes hotter and may get
expand. So, in this heat may change the state of the body like ice can
also get change into the water.
(ii) Heat sometimes acts as a catalyst to speed up the chemical
reaction.
(iii) Heat can even kill the bacteria as well.

Question 10.
The freezer is located at the top of the refrigerator. Explain why.
Answer:
The freezer is located at the top of the refrigerator. It is because the air
inside and around the compartments of freezer gets cool and move
downwards and on the other side, the lesser cool air moves upward to
get cooled.
So, as a result of this, convection of heat are setup in the air and the
tower section of the . refrigerator also gets cooled faster. .

Question 11.
Instead of water explain the reason, why do the mercury is used in the
thermometer?
Answer:
Due to following reasons, mercury is used in the thermometers
instead of water

1. When the thermometer breaks, the mercury can be easily

collected.
2. Mercury can has more expansion than the water.
3. Also, mercury do not stick on the walls of thermometer like
water.

Question 12.
Explain the reason for the general fitting of air conditioner at higher
level on the wall of the room.
Answer:
As a fact that warm air is much lighter than the cold air, so being
heavier the cold air from air conditioner moves downwards while the
hot air moves upwards at the lower level and gets cooled and come
downwards once again. So, due to this convection of heat are set in
the air and room gets warmer faster.

Question 13.
Briefly explain, why do the kites and eagles fly without flapping their
wings.
Answer:
As it is a fact that the hot air during the day time surrounds the land
gradually and rises up, due to which a convection air of heat develops.
So, kites and eagles start moving along this rising current of heat
without flapping the wings to fly high up in the sky.

Question 14.
In the arrangements A and B as shown in figure, pins P and Q are
fixed to a metal loop and an iron rod with the help of wax. In which
case are both the pins likely to fall at different times? Explain.

Answer:
As in the given figures A and B, in case A P and Q got equal heat, so
pin fix at P and Q in case of a fall simultaneously.
But in case of B pin at point P falls first than after pin at Q will fall as
because heat received at P is greater than Q at the same time.

Question 15.
At a camp site there are tents of two shades. One made with black
fabric and the other with white fabric. Which one will you prefer for
resting on a hot summer afternoon? Give reason for your choice.
Would you like to prefer the same tent during winter? [HOTS]
Answer:
We will prefer white fabric tent in case of summer because it reflects
all the radiations from the sun and keeps us cool inside the tent.
But in ease of winter, we should not use white fabric tent, we should
use black fabric tent as it absorbs all colours of light from the sun and
keeps us warm inside the tent.

Question 16.
Briefly explain the maximum and minimum thermometers.
Answer:
Maximum and minimum thermometers are the special thermometers
which automatically record the maximum and minimum temperature
of the day. The maximum and minimum temperature of the last day
reported in weather reports in TV and newspapers are measured by
the maximum and minimum thermometers.

Question 17.
Explain the reason for serving of tea in China clay cup and plates.
Answer:
Tea is generally served in China clay cup and plates because China
clay is a bad conductor of heat which do not allow the heat to pass
through it and hence keep the tea hot.

Question 18.
Describe briefly about the direction of the convection current during
ventilation.
Answer:
Since, with the help of ventilators, warm air being higher get rises up
and leaves the room. Even the fresh air enters the room from outside
through the doors and windows.

Question 19.
Explain the reason for wrapping of ice in gunny bags.
Answer:
Since, we know that gunny bags consist of number of fine pores
which are filled with air. As air is a bad conductor of heat, so due to
this reason, it does not allow the external heat to move inside and
melts the ice.

Question 20.
Mention any two examples each of insulators as well as of
conductors.
Answer:
Copper and aluminium are the examples of conductors which allow
the heat to pass through them. While wood and plastic are the
examples of insulators which do not allow the heat to pass through
them.

Question 21.
The clinical thermometer is not used to measure high temperature.
Why?
Answer:
Clinical thermometer has the range 35°C to 42°C. If we use it to
measure high temperature, it may break and mercury present in the
clinical thermometer is harmful. So, we cannot use clinical
thermometer to measure high temperature.

Answer in Brief

Question 1.
Explain the differences between heat and temperature.
Answer:
The differences between heat and temperature are given as below

Heat Temperature

It is a form of energy which flows from It is the thermal condition of a body th

one body to another when there is a indicates whether or not and in which

difference in temperature between the direction, heat will flow from one bod

objects. the other.

 It is equal to the sum of internal energies It is proportional to average kinetic en

of the molecules of a body. of the molecules of the body.

As a conclusion of exchange of heat

As a heat between two bodies, total
between two bodies, sum of their
amount of heat of two bodies remains
temperatures before and after exchang
unchanged.
not same.

SI unit of heat is joule (J). SI unit of temperature is kelvin (K).

Question 2.
Explain the reason for the following statement, “When heat is applied
at the bottom of the water vessel, then
it gets heated more quickly than when it is heated at the top.” [HOTS]
Answer:
The particles of water become more lighter and rise up in the middle.
Due to this, the cold particles of water which are heavier come down
along the sides of the vessel. So, the convection currents of heat are
setup and water becomes hot. The moment, when the heat is applied
at the top, then the water present in the upper portion becomes hot and
these hot water molecules get fixed over the surface. Since, water is a
bad conductor of heat, due to which water present at the lower end (or
bottom) of the vessel remains.

Question 3.
Prove with the help of an experiment that heat radiation can travel
through vacuum.
Answer:
First of all, take a flat bottom flask and fix a rubber stopper having
two holes in the mouth of the flask. Shift a thermometer through one
hole and a glass tube with stopper through the other hole. Now, with
the help of a vacuum pump, remove the air from the flask and try to
record the temperature from the thermometer. Put a flask in the bright
sunlight and we will observe that the thermometer records a rise in
temperature. So, on this basis, we can say that this experiment proves
that the heat radiation can travel through vacuum.

Question 4.
On last Monday, Pankaj was dealing immense cough and cold.
Besides this, he was suffering from a great headache. So, he decided
to take a leave on that day so that he could take some rest at his home.
After one hour he thought to check his fever through a clinical
thermometer, so before using it, he washed it and started shaking it
very fastly in his hand, so that the mercury level of thermometer gets
reduced. At the same time, his elder brother Vishwas scold him and
suggested him to shake the thermometer slowly.
(a) State some precautionary measures while checking the fever
through a clinical thermometer.
(b) Mention the values showed by the elder brother of Pankaj (i.e.
Vishwas). [Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) The following precautionary measures while checking the fever
through a clinical thermometer are
(i) While reading the clinical thermometer, it should never be held by
the bulb.
(ii) The clinical thermometer should be washed properly (before and
after use).
(b) The values showed by the elder brother of Pankaj, Vishwas, are
concern towards the way of using the clinical thermometer and the
importance of money as well.

Question 5.
Last Sunday, Pooja on her week off entered in her kitchen to cook
rice for her family in lunch time. The moment she put fry pan on the
gas stove and lighted it through the matchstick, all of sudden her 5
years small daughter entered into the kitchen and tends to touch the
hot fry pan. At the same time, Pooja saw her and pushed her away
from the hot fry pan. In this way, she saved her child.
(a) Explain why do the fry pan are provided with the plastic handles?
(b) Mention the values represented by Pooja here towards her 5 years
small daughter. [Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) As we know that plastic is a bad conductor of heat which does not
allow the heat to pass through itself. So, heat from the fry pan does
not flow to the handle due to which we can hold it easily. So that’s
why, the fry pans are provided with the plastic handles.
(b) The value showed by Pooja here is a great concern and careness
towards her five years old small daughter.

Question 6.
Describe in detail about the occurrence of oceanic currents.
Answer:
Since, it is a fact that the water present in the ocean (near the equator)
is heated by the sun to a very higher temperature than the water near
the poles of the earth. It is due to the falling of the sun rays
perpendicularly in the equatorial region. So, in the equatorial region,
the ocean water expands and becomes lighter.

While on the other side, the water in the polar region remains cold
and heavy. It leads to the flow of convection currents of heat of warm
water from the equator towards the poles.

Heat of the cold water flow from the poles towards the equator just
below the surface of ocean. So, these types of currents are known as
oceanic currents.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
A marble tile would feel cold as compared to a wooden tile on a
winter morning because the marble tile
(a) is a better conductor of heat than the wooden tile
(b) is polished while wooden tile is not polished
(c) reflects more heat than wooden tile
(d) is a poor conductor of heat than the wooden tile
Answer:
(a) is a better conductor of heat than the wooden tile

Question 2.
A beggar wrapped himself with a few layers of newspaper on a cold
winter night. This helped him to keep himself warm because [NCERT
Exemplar]
(a) friction between the layers of newspaper produces heat
(b) air trapped between the layers of newspaper is a bad conductor of
heat
(c) newspaper is a conductor of heat
(d) newspaper is at a higher temperature than the temperature of the
surroundings
Answer:
(b) air trapped between the layers of newspaper is a bad conductor of
heat

Question 3.
Heat always flows
(a) from a colder object to a hotter object
(b) from a hotter object to a colder object
(c) in both the directions
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) from a hotter object to a colder object

Question 4.
Paheli and Boojho measured their body temperature. Paheli found her
to be 98.6°F and Boojho recorded 37°C. Which of the following
statements is true?
(a) Paheli has a higher body temperature than Boojho.
(b) Paheli has a lower body temperature than Boojho.
(c) Both have normal body temperature.
(d) Both are suffering from fever.
Answer:
(c) These two temperatures are different scales but their actual values
are equal.

Question 5.
Boojho has three thermometers as shown in figure. He wants to
measure the temperature of his body and that of boiling water. Which
thermometer(s) should he choose? [NCERT Exemplar]

(a) Thermometers (i) and (iii) for measuring body temperature and (ii)
for measuring the temperature of boiling water
(b) Thermometer (i) for measuring temperature of both
(c) Thermometer (ii) for measuring temperature of both
(d) Thermometer (iii) for measuring temperature of both
Answer:
(a) Thermometers (i) and (iii) are clinical thermometer and (ii) is
laboratory thermometer.

Question 6.
Four arrangements to measure temperature of ice in beaker with
laboratory thermometer are shown in figure (a, b, c, d). Which one of
them shows the correct arrangement for accurate measurement of
temperature?
Answer:
(a) Thermometer (a) has been put in correct way to measure the
temperature.

Question 7.

Figure (a, b, c, d) shows the reading of four different thermometers.

Indicate which of the reading shows the normal human body
temperature?

Answer:
(c) As we know that normal body temperature is 37°C. So, correct
option is (c). .

Question 8.
Figure (a, b, c, d) shows a student reading of a doctor’s thermometer.
Which of the figure indicates the correct method of reading
temperature? [NCERT Exemplar]

Answer:
(a) In first case, eyes of student are in level of the thermometer, so it
is correct way to measure temperature using clinical thermometer.

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.
Temperature is the measure of …….. of an object.
Answer:
hotness

Question 2.
The thermometer used to measure human body temperature is called
…….. thermometer.
Answer:
clinical

Question 3.
The normal temperature of human body is …….. °C.
Answer:
37

Question 4.
A …… near the bulb of a clinical thermometer prevents mercury level
from falling of its own.
Answer:
kink

Question 5.
In ……. generally, the heat is transferred by the process of
conduction.
Answer:
solids

Question 6.
The water and air are …… conductors of heat.
Answer:
poor

Question 7.
In coastal areas, cold air flows in the day from sea to land. It is called
…….
Answer:
sea breeze
Question 8.
When we come out in the sun, we feel ……..
Answer:
warm

Question 9.
All hot bodies radiate ……..
Answer:
heat

Question 10.
Wool is a ……. conductor of heat.
Answer:
poor