GURUKUL HIGH SCHOOL ROLL NO:

CHAPTER 1: HEAT
SOLUTION KEY
Substantiate the following statements:
(a) Ventilators are provided near ceilings in the rooms of our houses because the hot air is lighter and
rises out of the room through the ventilators. Cool fresh air rushes into the room through the
doors and windows to to occupy its place.

(b) The gaps left between successive rails on a railway track, the reason is that the rails expand in
summer. The gap is provided to allow for this expansion. If no gap is left, the expansion in summer
will cause the rails to bend sideways. That will result in train accidents.
Answer the following questions:
1) Thermometer B will show a greater rise in temperature because hot air rises up and increases the
temperature of the thermometer which is above the flame of a candle.

2) In the case 'A', the heat moves in both directions So, the pins, P and Q will stop working
simultaneously. In the case 'B', the pin P will not succeed before the pin Q. The reason behind is that
the heat will reach at pin P first.

3) Amar’s hair blows in different directions due to the sea breeze and land breeze.
Daytime: The land gets heated up by the heat radiated by the sun, much faster than the water during
daytime. This heats up the air over the land and it expands and hence the hot air rises up. The cool air
from the sea occupies the space left by the hot air. The warm air from the land moves towards the sea to
complete the cycle.
Night time: The land cools down quickly and sea water remains hot. This heats up the air over the sea
and it expands and hence the hot air rises up and creates a vacuum. The cool air from the land occupies
the space left by the hot air. And hence the cool air moves from the land to the sea.

4) (a). For setting curd, a small amount of curd is added to warm milk. The microbes present in the curd
help in setting if the temperature of the mixture remains approximately between 35ºC to 40ºC. At places,
where room temperature remains much below the range, setting of curd becomes difficult.
(b). Curd is made out of lactic acid. In winter temp is on lower side bacterial activity is slowed down
which creates difficulty in curd formation.

5) (a) Yes. A ventilator helps in circulating fresh and cool air from outside and taking out stale and warm
air from the room. Thus, it helps in maintaining the quality of air.
(b) In summer, I would like to paint outer wall with lighter colour to reflect most of the heat and
keeping house cool.

6) Due to convection hot water rises up and cool water moves down to take its place. This process heats
the water up quickly.
7) (a) Metal cap (b) Mercury (c) Kink/ constriction (d) Capillary tube (e) Scale
8)
(a) Convection.
(b) Conduction/ convection.
(c) radiation.
(d) Radiation.

9) (25°C × 9/5) + 32 = 77°F and (86°F − 32) × 5/9 = 30°C

10) 1. Jyothi was wrong.
2. The clinical thermometer can read temperatures between 5 °C to 45 °C.

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3. The temperature of hot water may be more than 45 °C.

4. If the clinical thermometer is put in hot water, mercury in it expands beyond the limit and the
thermometer may break.

11) . Yes, I agree with Ramani.

1. Laboratory thermometer does not have a kink. So, when Swathi takes out the thermometer, the level
can go back because of absence of kink.
2. So Swathi should note the reading when the thermometer bulb has surrounded by hot water.

12) Case Study:

1.Metal spoon because it is a good conductor.
2. It is because metals are good conductors of. So when metal gets heated it is felt in the other end due
to the passage of heat by the metallic spoon.
Assertion and reasoning:
1) (a)
2) (a)
3) (c)
4) (c)
5) (b)

Multiple Choice Questions

1. (b) not flow from iron ball to water or from water to iron ball.
2. (d) between 30°C and 50°C.
3. (b) Cool the key and heat the lock
4. (b) Thermometer 2 shows a higher temperature than thermometer 3
5. (a) Iron being a good conductor, conducts away heat given to paper
6. (a) Container with thermocol: Melting time: 3 h 10 min

(a)
7. (a) Thermometer (i) or (iii) for measuring body temperature and (ii) for measuring the temperature of
boiling water.
8. (c)
List any four effects of heat. Explain them.
Answer:
When heat energy is absorbed by a body various changes can happen. Some of them are:

Rise in temperature: When a body absorbs heat, it gains energy. As a result of this, temperature of the body
rises and body becomes hot.
Change in state of matter: On heating, most of the substances change its state, like solid to liquid, liquid to
gas, etc.
Expansion: All state of matter i.e., solid, liquid or gas expand on heating and contract on cooling. Expansion
is most in gases, less in liquids and least in solids. Expansion due to heat is known as thermal expansion.
Combustion: On heating, some of the substance reach their ignition temperature and starts burning. So heat
causes combustion.

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What is Conduction?
Answer: The process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an object is
known as conduction.
3. What are insulators of heat?
Answer: The materials which do not allow heat to pass through them easily are insulators of heat. Example:
plastic and wood.
4. What are conductors of heat?
Answer: The materials which allow heat to pass through them easily are conductors of heat. Example:
aluminum, iron and copper.
5. What is clinical thermometer?
Answer: The thermometer that measures our body temperature is called a clinical thermometer.
6. Give two examples each of conductors and insulators of heat.
Answer: Conductors – aluminum and copper
Insulators – water and air
7. How does the heat travel in air?
Answer: The air near the heat source gets hot and rises. The air from the sides comes in to take its place. In
this way the air gets heated.
8. What do you understand by heat?
Answer: Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one object to another or even created at the
expense of the loss of other forms of energy.
9. What is the use of maximum-minimum thermometer?
Answer: The maximum and minimum temperatures of the previous day, reported in weather reports, are
measured by maximum-minimum thermometer.
10. Why does the mercury not fall or rise in a clinical thermometer when taken out of the mouth?
Answer: Clinical thermometer has kink near the bulb prevents mercury level from falling on its own.
11. Why clinical thermometer cannot be used to measure high temperatures?
Answer: Clinical thermometer cannot be used to measure high temperatures because the range of this
thermometer is from 35°C to 42°C only.
12. Explain land breeze.
Answer: At night, the water cools down more slowly than the land. So, the cool air from the land moves
towards the sea. This is called the land breeze.
13. What is the concern associated with the use of mercury thermometer?
Answer: There is a lot of concern over the use of mercury in thermometers. Mercury is a toxic substance
and is very difficult to dispose of if a thermometer breaks.
14. Explain the construction of clinical thermometer.
Answer: A clinical thermometer consists of a long, narrow, uniform glass tube. It has a bulb at one end.
This bulb contains mercury. Outside the bulb, a small shining thread of mercury can be seen.
15. In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted white. Explain.
Answer: In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted white because light
color reflects most of the heat that falls on them and thus keep the house cool.
16. Is it possible to construct buildings that are not affected much by heat and cold outside?
Answer: This can be done by constructing outer walls of buildings so that they have trapped layers of air.
One way of doing this is to use hollow bricks, which are available these days.
Long Extra Questions and Answers
1. What do you mean by maximum-minimum thermometer?

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Answer: Different types of thermometers are used for different purposes. The maximum and minimum
temperatures of the previous day, reported in weather reports, are measured by a thermometer called the
maximum – minimum thermometer.
2. Why clinical thermometers range from 35°C to 42°C?
Answer: The clinical thermometer is designed to measure the temperature of human body only. The
temperature of human body normally does not go below 35°C or above 42°C. That is the reason that this
thermometer has the range 35°C to 42°C.
3. Discuss why wearing more layers of clothing during winter keeps us warmer than wearing just one
thick piece of clothing.
Answer: Wearing more layers of clothing during winter keeps us warmer than wearing just one thick piece
of clothing because air get trapped in between the layers of clothing and being a bad conductor of heat,
prevents the flow of heat from our body to the cold surroundings.
4. When we come out in the sun, we feel warm. How does the heat from the sun reach us?
Answer: It cannot reach us by conduction or convection as there is no medium such as air in most part of
the space between the earth and the sun. From the sun the heat comes to us by another process known as
radiation. The transfer of heat by radiation does not require any medium.
5. In summer we prefer light-coloured clothes and in winter we usually wear dark-coloured clothes.
Why is it so?
Answer: Dark surfaces absorb more heat and, therefore, we feel comfortable with dark coloured clothes in
the winter. Light coloured clothes reflect most of the heat that falls on them and, therefore, we feel more
comfortable wearing them in the summer.
6. What is sea breeze?
Answer: During the day, the land gets heated faster than the water. The air over the land becomes hotter and
rises up. The cooler air from the sea rushes in towards the land to take its place. The warm air from the land
moves towards the sea to complete the cycle. The air from the sea is called the sea breeze.
7. Two thin blankets joined together are usually warmer than one thick blanket. Give reason.
Answer: Two thin blankets joined together are usually warmer than one thick blanket because air gets
trapped between the layers of blankets and being a bad conductor of heat, prevents the flow of heat from our
body to the cold surroundings.
8. How water gets heated when kept on flame?
Answer: When water is heated, the water near the flame gets hot. Hot water rises up. The cold water from
the sides moves down towards the source of heat. This water also gets hot and rises and water from the sides
moves down. This process continues till the whole water gets heated. This mode of heat transfer is known as
convection.
9. State the similarities and differences between the laboratory thermometer and the clinical
thermometer.
Answer: Similarities
 Both thermometers consist of a long, narrow, uniform glass tube.
 Both have a bulb at one end. This bulb contains mercury.
 Both have celsius scale.
Differences
 A clinical thermometer reads temperature from 35°C to 42°C whereas the range of a laboratory
thermometer is generally from –10°C to 110°C.
 A clinical thermometer has a kink in it whereas there is no kink in laboratory thermometer.
10. What are the precautions that need to be observed while reading a clinical thermometer?

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Answer: Precautions to be observed while reading a clinical thermometer

 Thermometer should be washed before and after use, preferably with an antiseptic solution.
 Ensure that before use the mercury level is below 35°C.
 Read the thermometer keeping the level of mercury along the line of sight.
 Handle the thermometer with care. If it hits against some hard object, it can break.
 Don’t hold the thermometer by the bulb while reading it.
11. State the precaution to be observed while using a laboratory thermometer.
Answer: Precaution to be observed while using a laboratory thermometer
 Handle the thermometer with care. If it hits against some hard object, it can break.
 Thermometer should be kept upright not tilted.
 Bulb should be surrounded from all sides by the substance of which the temperature is to be
measured. The bulb should not touch the surface of the container.
 Do not move the thermometer while measuring the temperature of the substance.
 Read the temperature of the object when the thermometer is in the substance.
12. Why can’t we use a laboratory thermometer to measure human body temperature?
Answer: We can’t use a laboratory thermometer to measure human body temperature because the range of a
laboratory thermometer is high generally from –10°C to 110°C while the normal body temperature of human
body is 37°C. Moreover, a laboratory thermometer does not have a kink, so the mercury falls on its own
upon removing it from the body orifice. Thus, it does not give accurate temperature of the human body.
Why the level of mercury rises when its bulb comes in contact with a hot object?
Answer:
Mercury expands when it is heated. Hence, it rises in the capillary tube.
Question 2.
Shopkeepers selling ice blocks usually cover them with jute sacks or saw dust. Explain why.
Answer:
Jute sacks or saw dust act as insulating material and reduces melting of ice. Thus, blocks of ice are covered
with jute sacks or saw dust.
Question 3.
While constructing a house in coastal area, in which direction should the windows preferably face and why?
Answer:
The windows preferably face towards the sea as sea breeze will keep the house cool in day time.
Question 4.
Why are milk vans carrying milk from the factory to the depots painted silver or white?
Answer:
Milk vans are painted silver or white because white absorbs minimum light or reflects maximum light and
thus keep the milk fresh.
Question 5.
Ventilators are situated close to the ceilings and not near the floor. Why?
Answer:
Warm air being lighter rises up and cool air takes it place. This warm air finds its exit from the ventilators
located close to ceilings and thus helps in circulation of fresh air.
What do you mean by transfer of heat? Explain the process of transfer of heat in solids, liquids and gases.
or
What do you mean by transfer of heat? Explain the process of transfer of heat.
Answer:

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Flow of heat from one object to another whether solid or liquid is called transfer of heat. Heat always flows
from a body at higher temperature to another body at lower temperature. In other words, heat always flows
from a hotter body to a colder. In this process, the temperature of hot body falls as it releases heat which is
received by the colder body or a body having lower temperatures. Thus the temperature of the colder body
or less hotter body rises. The flow of heat stops when temperature of both the bodies becomes equal.
Transfer of heat take place through conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction is the process of
transfer of heat from one particle to the next particle in a solid without the particles actually moving from
their position.
Convection is the process of heat transfer in which the particles change their positions by constantly moving
from the hotter region to the cooler region, thus causing heat energy to flow. In convection heat travels
through the liquids and gases.
Radiation is the process of heat transfer from a hot body to a colder body without any medium between the
two.
Question 4.
How does the heat travel in air? Explain the sea breeze and land breeze in coastal areas in this reference.
Answer:
Heat travels in air through the process of convection. The air near the heat source gets hot and rises up. The
cool air from the sides comes in to take its place. In this way the air gets heated up.

In the coastal areas, people experience an interesting phenomenon. The land gets heated faster than the water
during the day. The air over the land becomes hotter and rises up. The cooler air from the sea rushes in
towards the land to take its place. The warm air from the land moves towards the sea to complete the cycle.
The flow of cool air from the sea towards the land to replace the hot air on land, is called sea breeze. At
night it is just the reverse: The water cools down more slowly than land. So the cool air from land moves
toward the sea. This is called land breeze.
Question 5. Explain the term radiation.
or
Explain how can heat travel in vacuum or without medium.
Answer:
The heat from the sun cannot reach us by conduction or convection as there is no medium such as air in
most part of the space between the earth and the sun. This is possible through the process of radiation. The
mode of transfer of heat energy in which no medium is needed to transfer heat from a hotter body to a colder
body is called radiation. It can take place whether a medium is present or not. For example, when we sit in
front of a room heater we get heat by this process.

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A hot utensil kept away from the flame cools down as it transfers heat to the surroundings by radiation. Our
body too, gives heat to the surroundings and receives heat from it by radiation. The figure below show the
radiation by the sun. It also shows that when radiation falls on an object a part of it is reflected, a part is
absorbed and a part may be transmitted. (Fig. 4.19).

State similarities and differences between the laboratory thermometer and the clinical thermometer.
Ans. Similarities:
(i) Both thermometers consist of long narrow uniform glass tubes.
(ii) Both have a bulb at one end.
(iii) Both contain mercury in bulb.
(iv) Both use Celsius scale on the glass tube.
Differences:
(i) A clinical thermometer reads temperature 35°C to 45°C while the range of laboratory thermometer is -
10°C to 110°C.
(ii) Clinical thermometer has a kink near the bulb while there is no kink in the laboratory thermometer.
Due to kink mercury does not fall down on its own in clinical thermometer.

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