### Concepts of Evolution

1. What is the process by which species change over time?

- A. Natural selection

- B. Evolution

- C. Genetic drift

- D. Mutation

- **Answer: B**

2. Which term refers to the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment?

- A. Fitness

- B. Adaptation

- C. Speciation

- D. Evolution

- **Answer: A**

3. The study of fossils to understand past life forms is known as:

- A. Paleontology

- B. Archeology

- C. Geology

- D. Biology

- **Answer: A**

4. Which scientist is known as the father of evolution?

- A. Gregor Mendel

- B. Charles Darwin

- C. Alfred Wallace

- D. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

- **Answer: B**
5. Which mechanism involves changes in allele frequencies due to random chance?

- A. Natural selection

- B. Genetic drift

- C. Gene flow

- D. Mutation

- **Answer: B**

### Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

6. Who proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

- A. Charles Darwin

- B. Gregor Mendel

- C. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

- D. Alfred Wallace

- **Answer: C**

7. According to Lamarck, how do organisms acquire traits during their lifetime?

- A. Natural selection

- B. Genetic mutations

- C. Use and disuse of organs

- D. Random chance

- **Answer: C**

8. Which example would Lamarck use to support his theory?

- A. Giraffes stretching their necks to reach higher leaves

- B. Birds developing wings for flight

- C. Fish evolving gills for underwater breathing

- D. Humans developing language skills

 - **Answer: A**

9. Why is Lamarck’s theory largely discredited today?

- A. Lack of fossil evidence

- B. Genetic evidence supports Darwin’s theory

- C. It cannot explain natural selection

- D. It is based on acquired rather than inherited traits

- **Answer: B**

10. Which concept is NOT part of Lamarck’s theory?

- A. Use and disuse

- B. Inheritance of acquired traits

- C. Survival of the fittest

- D. Evolution by means of natural processes

- **Answer: C**

### Darwinism

11. What is the primary mechanism of evolution according to Darwin?

- A. Genetic drift

- B. Natural selection

- C. Mutation

- D. Gene flow

- **Answer: B**

12. What did Darwin observe about the finches on the Galápagos Islands?

- A. They were all the same species

- B. They had different beak shapes adapted to their diets

- C. They migrated annually

 - D. They had no natural predators

- **Answer: B**

13. Which book did Darwin publish in 1859?

- A. "The Origin of Species"

- B. "The Descent of Man"

- C. "The Voyage of the Beagle"

- D. "Principles of Geology"

- **Answer: A**

14. According to Darwin, why do some individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others?

- A. They are stronger

- B. They are more intelligent

- C. They have advantageous traits

- D. They are luckier

- **Answer: C**

15. Which term refers to the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in
phenotype?

- A. Genetic drift

- B. Gene flow

- C. Mutation

- D. Natural selection

- **Answer: D**

### Darwin's Theory of Evolution

16. What does "descent with modification" mean in Darwin’s theory?

- A. Species are unchanging

 - B. Organisms can acquire traits during their lifetime

- C. New species arise from ancestral species

- D. Evolution occurs within a single generation

- **Answer: C**

17. Which evidence did Darwin use to support his theory of evolution?

- A. Fossil records

- B. Homologous structures

- C. Biogeography

- D. All of the above

- **Answer: D**

18. What is the role of variation in natural selection?

- A. It causes species to become extinct

- B. It provides raw material for natural selection

- C. It slows down the process of evolution

- D. It eliminates weak traits from a population

- **Answer: B**

19. How did Darwin explain the evolution of complex structures like the eye?

- A. Through sudden mutations

- B. By gradual accumulation of small advantageous changes

- C. By inheritance of acquired characteristics

- D. Through divine intervention

- **Answer: B**

20. What is an adaptation?

- A. A random mutation

- B. A disadvantageous trait
 - C. A trait that increases an organism’s fitness

- D. A learned behavior

- **Answer: C**

### Neo-Darwinism

21. What does Neo-Darwinism combine?

- A. Darwin’s theory with Mendelian genetics

- B. Lamarck’s theory with Darwin’s theory

- C. Darwin’s theory with fossil evidence

- D. Mendelian genetics with paleontology

- **Answer: A**

22. Which process is NOT part of Neo-Darwinism?

- A. Natural selection

- B. Genetic drift

- C. Inheritance of acquired traits

- D. Gene flow

- **Answer: C**

23. What is the source of genetic variation in a population according to Neo-Darwinism?

- A. Natural selection

- B. Mutation and recombination

- C. Gene flow

- D. Genetic drift

- **Answer: B**

24. Which concept is central to Neo-Darwinism?

- A. Use and disuse

 - B. Survival of the fittest

- C. Inheritance of acquired characteristics

- D. Gradualism

- **Answer: B**

25. What role do mutations play in Neo-Darwinism?

- A. They are always harmful

- B. They introduce new genetic variations

- C. They eliminate genetic diversity

- D. They have no impact on evolution

- **Answer: B**

### Evidence of Evolution

26. Which type of evidence includes fossils and the fossil record?

- A. Biogeographical evidence

- B. Embryological evidence

- C. Paleontological evidence

- D. Biochemical evidence

- **Answer: C**

27. What are homologous structures?

- A. Structures that serve the same function but have different origins

- B. Structures that have different functions but similar origins

- C. Structures that are identical in all species

- D. Structures that are present only in fossils

- **Answer: B**

28. Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure?

 - A. Human appendix

- B. Whale flipper

- C. Bird wing

- D. Insect antenna

- **Answer: A**

29. What does comparative embryology study?

- A. Differences in adult forms

- B. Similarities in embryonic development

- C. Genetic mutations

- D. Fossil formation

- **Answer: B**

30. Which type of evidence involves comparing DNA sequences?

- A. Fossil evidence

- B. Biochemical evidence

- C. Embryological evidence

- D. Biogeographical evidence

- **Answer: B**

31. Which scientist’s work on pea plants helped provide a genetic basis for evolution?

- A. Charles Darwin

- B. Alfred Wallace

- C. Gregor Mendel

- D. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

- **Answer: C**

32. Which term refers to the geographical distribution of species?

- A. Biogeography
 - B. Paleontology

- C. Embryology

- D. Biochemistry

- **Answer: A**

33. How does molecular biology provide evidence for evolution?

- A. By showing similarities in DNA and proteins among different organisms

- B. By identifying mutations in fossils

- C. By comparing physical traits

- D. By studying embryonic development

- **Answer: A**

34. What did the discovery of Archaeopteryx support?

- A. Evolution of mammals

- B. Evolution of reptiles

- C. Evolution of birds from reptiles

- D. Evolution of amphibians

- **Answer: C**

35. Which concept explains the presence of similar structures in unrelated organisms?

- A. Homology

-B

. Convergent evolution

- C. Divergent evolution

- D. Biogeography

- **Answer: B**

36. Which type of rock are fossils most commonly found in?
 - A. Igneous

- B. Sedimentary

- C. Metamorphic

- D. Volcanic

- **Answer: B**

37. What does the fossil record show about the history of life on Earth?

- A. Life has remained unchanged

- B. Life has evolved over time

- C. All species appeared at once

- D. Only microorganisms existed in the past

- **Answer: B**

38. What is the significance of transitional fossils?

- A. They show abrupt changes in species

- B. They provide evidence of common ancestry

- C. They are found only in certain locations

- D. They disprove evolution

- **Answer: B**

39. Which evidence supports the theory of continental drift affecting evolution?

- A. Fossil distribution

- B. DNA sequences

- C. Homologous structures

- D. Embryonic development

- **Answer: A**

40. Which concept explains the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

- A. Natural selection
 - B. Genetic drift

- C. Gene flow

- D. Mutation

- **Answer: A**

41. Which structure is an example of a homologous structure in humans and bats?

- A. Wing

- B. Tailbone

- C. Arm

- D. Hair

- **Answer: C**

42. What does comparative anatomy study?

- A. Genetic mutations

- B. Embryonic development

- C. Structural similarities and differences

- D. Fossil formation

- **Answer: C**

43. How does the concept of genetic drift differ from natural selection?

- A. It is a result of environmental pressures

- B. It is due to random chance

- C. It always increases genetic variation

- D. It leads to adaptation

- **Answer: B**

44. What is the founder effect?

- A. Loss of genetic variation due to a small population size

- B. Increase in genetic variation due to mutation

 - C. Migration of individuals between populations

- D. Selection of advantageous traits

- **Answer: A**

45. Which evidence shows that humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor?

- A. Similar DNA sequences

- B. Different physical traits

- C. Unique reproductive behaviors

- D. Distinct embryonic development

- **Answer: A**

46. What does the theory of punctuated equilibrium propose?

- A. Evolution occurs gradually over time

- B. Evolution occurs in rapid bursts followed by long periods of stability

- C. Evolution is driven solely by mutations

- D. Evolution is a random process

- **Answer: B**

47. Which of the following is an example of adaptive radiation?

- A. Different species of finches on the Galápagos Islands

- B. Evolution of similar traits in unrelated species

- C. Genetic drift in a small population

- D. Gene flow between populations

- **Answer: A**

48. How does embryology support the theory of evolution?

- A. By showing genetic similarities

- B. By revealing common developmental stages

- C. By comparing fossil records

 - D. By identifying homologous structures

- **Answer: B**

49. What is a molecular clock used for?

- A. Dating fossils

- B. Measuring the rate of evolutionary change

- C. Studying embryonic development

- D. Identifying genetic mutations

- **Answer: B**

50. Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

- A. Wings of bats and birds

- B. Forelimbs of mammals

- C. Fins of fish and flippers of whales

- D. Roots of different plant species

- **Answer: A**

51. How does geographic isolation contribute to speciation?

- A. By increasing gene flow

- B. By reducing genetic variation

- C. By preventing interbreeding between populations

- D. By causing mutations

- **Answer: C**

52. Which evidence supports the idea that whales evolved from land-dwelling mammals?

- A. Presence of vestigial pelvic bones

- B. Similarity in embryonic development

- C. Fossils of transitional forms

- D. All of the above

 - **Answer: D**

53. How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?

- A. It occurs without human intervention

- B. It is driven by human choices

- C. It reduces genetic variation

- D. It occurs only in nature

- **Answer: B**

54. What is the significance of Hox genes in evolution?

- A. They regulate embryonic development

- B. They cause mutations

- C. They determine physical traits

- D. They show genetic drift

- **Answer: A**

55. Which type of natural selection favors intermediate phenotypes?

- A. Directional selection

- B. Stabilizing selection

- C. Disruptive selection

- D. Sexual selection

- **Answer: B**

56. What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle describe?

- A. Conditions for genetic equilibrium in a population

- B. Rates of mutation

- C. Patterns of genetic drift

- D. Levels of gene flow

- **Answer: A**
57. Which term refers to the movement of genes between populations?

- A. Genetic drift

- B. Natural selection

- C. Gene flow

- D. Mutation

- **Answer: C**

58. What is an example of a prezygotic barrier to reproduction?

- A. Hybrid sterility

- B. Temporal isolation

- C. Hybrid breakdown

- D. Reduced hybrid viability

- **Answer: B**

59. Which of the following is a postzygotic barrier?

- A. Habitat isolation

- B. Temporal isolation

- C. Behavioral isolation

- D. Hybrid sterility

- **Answer: D**

60. What is the significance of the "RNA world" hypothesis?

- A. It suggests DNA was the first genetic material

- B. It proposes RNA was the first genetic material

- C. It describes the origin of multicellular life

- D. It explains the evolution of prokaryotes

- **Answer: B**
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