EXTENSIVE SURVEY CAMP REPORT

2020-2021

CONTENT
 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP
 NEW TANK PROJECT
 Introduction
 Canal alignment
 Design canal alignment
 Longitudinal section of canal
 Cross section of canal
 Block leveling at waste weir
 Block leveling at sluice
 HIGHWAY PROJECT
i) Highway alignment
ii) Longitudinal section of highway
iii) Typical cross section of highway
iv) Cross section of highway
 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY PROJECT
i) Village map showing various places of water demand
ii) Block leveling for overhead tank
 TOWN PLANNING PROJECT
i) Preparation of existing village map layout

TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP

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Mention fig name

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CHAPTER -1
NEW TANK PROJECT

CONTENTS
1. Synopsis
2. Salient features
3. Introduction
4. Classification of project
5. Methods of irrigation
6. Types of crops
7. Crop ratio
8. Purpose of water utilization
9. Important definition related to project work
10. Stages of project work
11. Zones of storage in reservoir
12. Geotechnical soil investigation report about site
13. Stages of extensive survey
14. Important levels of the project
15. Calculation of yield at the site
16. Design of canal section

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SYNOPSIS
New tanks are constructed to provide water for multipurpose irrigation purpose. Tanks and
reservoirs requires very Careful planning, design and operation for which certain observations
relating to selection of site, relative merits of different types of tanks, storage capacity, optimum
yield, coordinated uses of storage for different purposes etc, are to be studied in detail. The
irrigation reservoir is primarily meant to store the excess water during the period of large supply
and release it gradually for irrigation as and when required A scheme of this type of formation of
new tank near Aivarakandapura Lake, Bangalore Rural District has been taken up as mini project
work as per the university regulations
The proposed site across the Lake called Aivarakandapura Lake, and is situated nearly 11 Km
from R R Institute of Technology, Bangalore Urban District. The Catchment area is good with
Seasonal rainfall The latitude and longitude of the place are 13.500’ N and 77.4900' E
respectively.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

DETAILS OF SITE

Place of project - Aivarakandapura Lake, Bangalore Rural district

Distance from Bangalore - 11 km

Nature from of Project - New Tank Project

Type of Bund - Homogeneous Earthen Bund

DETAILS OF STORAGE RESERVOIR

Catchment area of tank - 7.00 sqkm. (from: Top sheet no. 57D/10)

Area irrigated - 64 Hectares

Proposed crop pattern - Wet crops and vegetables

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Average annual rainfall - 75 cm (assumed)

1.1 MINOR IRRIGATION PROJECT:

Irrigation may be defined as the process of artificial supply of water to the soil for raising crops.
It is the science of planning and designing an efficient, low cost economic irrigation system
tailored to fit in natural conditions. It is an engineering of controlling and harvesting the various
natural resources of water by the construction of dams and various reservoirs and finally
distributing the water to the agricultural fields Irrigation engineering includes the study and
design of works in connection with water control ,drainage of water logged areas and generation
of hydroelectric power.

1.1.1 Necessity of irrigation:

India is basically an agricultural country and most of its resources were depends on the
agricultural output, water is evidently the most vital element in planets. Water is supplied to
plants by nature; the mechanism of the irrigation is explained as fallows in irrigation method0,
which supplies the water to the plant by allowing flow over the ground is called, surface
irrigation. This method consists of supplying water directly to the root zone of the crop. The
favorable condition for the sub surface irrigation practice is impervious sub soil at reasonable
depth [say 2-3] or higher water table, Uniform topographic condition, Moderate slopes.
However, the total rainfall in particular area may be either ill-timed or insufficient in order to get
the maximum yield.

It is essential to supply the optimum quantity of water for maximum yield. It is necessary to have
timely supply of water to get a maximum yield. This is possible only through “systematic
irrigation”.

1.1.2 Scope of irrigation:

The scope of irrigation can be divided into 3 headings namely:

1.1.2.1 Engineering aspects:

1. Storage, diversion and lifting of water.

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2. Conveyance of water to the agricultural fields

3. Application of water to the fields

4. Drainage and relieving water logging

5. Water power development

1.1.2.2 Geological investigation:

1. Water drought of reservoir basin

2. Stability of foundation

3. Geological and structural features like folds, faults, fissures of rock basins

4. Location of permeable and soluble rocks.

1.1.2.3 Hydrological investigation:

It is very important aspect of reservoir planning. The capacity of irrigation canal and the install
Capacity of the power house will depend on the available supplies of reservoir. This can be
divided into:q1

1. Study of runoff pattern at proposed site

2. To determine spillway capacity and design

1.1.3 Selection of site for Dam:

The following point has to be considered for the selection of site for the dam:

1. Cost of dam is controlling factor, if the site is suitable for the dam i.e. types of dam
(earthen dam, masonry dam & gravity dam) governs.
2. Geological formation for reservoir bank walls etc. should be such that there is minimum
leakage.
3. Geology of catchment area or basin should be such a way so as to assume minimum
absorption& percolation losses.

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4. The site should be such that a deep reservoir since it has a merit of lower land cost per
unit capacity, less evaporation loss, less weed growth etc.
5. The site should have very good capacity to store water so usually a valley a profile is
chosen.
6. Too much silt; laden tributaries must be avoided.
7. Reservoir basin should have deep narrow opening in the valley so that length of dam is
minimum.

1. 2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF IRRIGATION:

1. Inundation irrigation
2. Direct irrigation

3. Storage irrigation

4. Combine or diversion irrigation

1.3 METHODS OF IRRIGATION and TYPES OF CROPS

1. Surface irrigation

2. Subsurface irrigation

3. Sprinkler irrigation

1. Wet crop (crop requires water from irrigation)

2.Dry crop (does ‘not require water from irrigation)

3.Gardner crop( requires water through the year)

4.Summer crop (sown in summers)

5.Winter crop (sown in winters)

1.4 Quality irrigation water

Drip or trickle irrigation, this method is adopted at places where there is acute scarcity of
irrigation water and other salt problems. In this method water is slowly and directly applied to
the root zone of the plants. In (sprinkler irrigation) this method water is applied to the soils in the

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form of spray through network of pumps and pipes. it is a kind of artificial rain therefore yields
a very good result. Installation of systems is costly. It can be used for all types of soil and
different topographies and slopes.

1.6 PURPOSE OF WATER UTILIZATION:

The quantity of water at which yield is maximum is called optimum water depth. The important
functions of irrigation water:

 It acts as a solvent for the nutrients-nutrient carrier.

 It reduces hazards of soil piping.
 It softens the tillage pans.
 Irrigation water washes out or dilutes salts in the soil.
 Water cools the soil and atmosphere and thus makes more favorable environment for
healthy plant growth.

1.7 IMPORTANT DEFINATIONS RELATED TO PROJECT WORK:

a. CROP PERIOD AND BASEPERIOD: Crop period is the time that elapses from the instant
of its sowing to the instant of its harvesting. Base period is the time b/w the first watering of a
crop at the time of sowing to its last water before harvesting.

b. DELTA: It is the total depth of water required by a crop during the entire period the crop is in
the field.

c. DUTY: The relationship between the area of the crop irrigated and the volume of water
required to irrigate is termed as duty of water.

∆=864B/D

Where:

∆= delta in cams

B=base period in days, D=duty in he/comic.

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d. GROSS COMMAND AREA: It is the total area bounded within the irrigation boundary of
the project which can be economically irrigated. It includes both cultivable as well non-
cultivable areas.

1.7 CULTURAL OR CULTIVABLE COMMAND AREA:

It is the part of gross command area on which cultivation is possible.

i. DEAD STORAGE: It is the volume provided for the deposition of sediments in the
reservoir. It is the level below which water is not depleted.
ii. LIVE STORAGE: It is the volume of water stored between the dead storage and full tank
level.
iii. MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL: The maximum level to which water rises during the worst
flood is called as maximum water level (MWL).

1.8 ENGINEERING SURVEYS:

Area at the dam site is been surveyed in detail and contour plan is prepared.

1. Area elevation curve.

2. Storage elevation curve

3. Suitable site elevation for dam

4. Map of the area to indicate the land properties to be surveyed.

Elevation area and elevation storage curve: From the contour plan the area t1, t2,
t3......enclosed by the successive contour can be determined with a plain-meter. The reservoir
capacity or volume of storage corresponding to given water level in the reservoir may be
calculated either by trapezoidal or prismoidal formula.

Trapezoidal formula:

V=n [A1+An/2+A2+A3+............+An-1]

Prismoidal formula:

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V=n/3 [(A1+An)+4(A2+A4+......)+2(A3+A5+...)]

1. 8 ZONES OF STORAGE IN RESERVIOR:

a. Full supply level : The level to which the water will rise during ordinary conditions of
operations is full supply or normal pool level.

b. High flood level: The level to which water will rise during the design flood is maximum pool
or high flood level.

c. Live storage : It is the volume of water stored between FTL and Dead storage level (minimum
pool level).

d. Dead storage: The volume of water below the maximum pool level is called as a dead
storage. It can’t be used for any useful purpose.

e. Reduced levels :Temporary bench marks Chickbanavara railway station, bench mark at cause
way.

1.10 GEOTECHNICAL SOIL INVESTIGATION REPORT ABOUT SITE:

Present site is located at a distance of 55km towards north from Bangalore and that site is located
in SS Ghati which is famous. At site there is a natural nalla (small river)ARKAVATI.

1.10.1 Reconnaissance:

From this survey has observed that the terrain is a type of valley terrain, there is two good
abutment on either side of valley and geology of the formation indicates that the rocky is made
up of both igneous and metamorphic deposit with dip towards downstream of the proposed site
and here and there has observed that these are the patches of highly weathered sedimentary
deposits and in downstream side of this proposed that it has been found that abundant soil which
are available for proposed construction of earthen embankment. So barrow pit is area is decided
at the downstream of the embankment from 20-25m away from D/S end. Which is the form heap
and it is decided cut the soil up to ground level only.

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1.11 STAGES OF EXTENSIVE SURVEY:

• Longitudinal section and cross section along the center line of the bund.

• Block leveling at the rising main site.

• Capacity contour.

• Canal alignment.

1.12 LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTION

Objective:

To get construction details and estimate the cost of bund

Specification:

• The length of proposed bund should be minimum.

• There should be the availability of good foundation.

Equipment’s required:

a) Tachometer with tripod stand.

b) Leveling staff

c) 30 m chain and tape

d) Arrows

e) Compass with stand

f) Ranging rods

Procedure:

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• A temporary bench mark is selected whose reduced level is been determined

previously.

• Starting from this TBM, the RL of the bottom of the point is determined with the help
of fly level.

• From that point (whose RL is been established), levels are carried along the centre line
of the bund, called Longitudinal section (L/S 0,30, 60, up to 282 meter).

• Cross sections are taken at every 30 M distance on the either side of the centre line of
the bund at right angles to it.

• Ranging rods are driven at every 10 m along the centre line and temporary bench mark
is left to facilitate taking cross section readings.

• Block leveling is done at the rising main site.

Drawings required:

• The longitudinal section of the profile, drawn to the scale ( H = 1:500, V = 1:100)

• The cross sections at various chain ages(H = 1:50, V = 1:50)

Equipments required:

a) Auto-set level with tripod stand

b) Leveling staff

c) Plane table with stand and its accessories

d) Ranging rod

e) Tape

f) Arrows, Chain (30m)

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Procedure:

• Carry fly leveling from the nearest available TBM until the required height of
instrument (HI)is obtained which is greater than the required contour to be plotted.

• Set the tachometry on upstream side, such that maximum area should be visible.

• Initial or end point of the bund should be focused with tachometry, set the horizontal
angle 0°.

• Keep the leveling staff at 5 intervals between tachometry station and 0° line direction
and take the stadia reading (S1, S3) and vertical angles at respective intervals.

• Rotate the horizontal angle at a interval of 30°, again take the staff reading at 5
intervals in 20°line direction.

• Similarly rotate the horizontal angle at every interval of 20° and continue up to 180° to
get radial contours.

• Find the RL and distance using tachometry formula and same RL should be drawn in
sheet with a scale of 1:100.

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1.12 IMPORTANT LEVELS OF THE PROJECT:

The following important levels are first refer through study of the profile of the
longitudinal section of the proposed dam site and the area to be brought under
irrigation.

1. Top of the Bund - 898.000m

2. Maximum water level - 897.000m
3. Full tank level - 896.500m
4. Sill level of waste weir - 892.880m
5. Sill level of the sluice - 890.000m

ESTIMATION OF EARTHERN BUND:

Distance RL of ground level Formation level Depth of filling Depth of cutting

0 867.58 869.92
20 867.475 869.92 0.1985
40 867.453 869.92 0.0087
60 867.405 869.92 0.0415
80 867.315 869.92 0.1458
100 867.355 869.92 0.029
120 868.615 869.92 28.577
140 868.65 869.92 0.022
160 868.655 869.92
180 868.71 869.92 0.054
200 868.65 869.92 0.0648
220 867.455 869.92 25.7044
240 868.59 869.92 23.188
260 868.6 869.92 0.002
280 868.665 869.92 0.076
300 868.6 869.92 0.0760
320 868.67 869.92 0.088
340 868.72 869.92 0.045
360 868.6 869.92 0.2592

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380 868.61 869.92 0.002

400 868.61 869.92

CANAL ALINGMENT:

Object:

To estimate cost of channel and cross drainage

Equipment’s required:

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a. Auto set level with tripod stand

b. 4m high leveling staff

c. Prismatic compass

d. Chain, tapes, pegs

e. Cross staff

f. Ranging rods

Specifications:

1) The channel is aligned in the falling contour

2) The depth of cut should be minimum.

3) Straight channel is preferred.

4) There should be few cross drainage works.

Procedure:

• Fix the sluice point between dead storage level and full tank level.

• Find the RL of sluice point on bund alignment.

• From the sluice point, move 30 m interval in longitudinal direction to get 1:2000
gravity flow gradient.

• On moved point fix the cross-sections at a interval of 2m, 4m, 6m on both sides of
longitudinal section.

• Repeat the same procedure up to end point of canal.

Drawings required:

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a. Longitudinal section of the channel (H = 1:1000, V = 1:100).

b. Typical cross section of the channel (H = 1:100, V = 1:100).

BLOCK LEVELLING AT RISING MAIN SITE:

Objective:

1. To dispose the surplus water for waste weir.

2. To dispose the live storage water for sluice weir.

Specifications:

1) There should be natural diversion to convey surplus water.

2) Presence of good soil at waste weir site for foundation.

3) It should be designed for longer period

Procedure:

The following procedures are adopted below for block leveling:

1. Waste weir and sluice point will be opposite on the bund alignment.
2. Block leveling is to be done at the waste weir for the full-length of weir 60m and
breadth of 15m on the downstream side and 15m on the upstream side with a grid
spacing of 5 m.
3. Block leveling is to be done at the sluice weir for the full-length of weir 40m and
breadth of 20m on the downstream side and 20m on the upstream side with a grid
spacing of 5 m.
4. Set up the leveling instrument and take the levels on all the points.
5. Note down the dimension of the rising main i.e. top width length and their orientations
by bearings.

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1.13CALCULATION OF YIELD AT THE SITE:

• Let the catchment area of proposed new tank as determined from the tope-sheet is
9.688

• The rainfall of a bad year is always taken as 2/3 of mean amount of rainfall

• Average annual rainfall for DODDABALLPURA area from Meteorological

Department data is 80cm

• Bad year rain fall is 2/3 of 80cm is 53cm. Runoff co-efficient is usually assumed as 15
to 20%.

Assume 20%

• Annual yield= =10.6cm.

• Yield from catchment comics/year

1.14DESIGN OF CANAL SECTION:

Considering the trapezoidal section, therefore

Area =A= (B+Zh) h = (B+h) h

ADOPTING THE CANAL SECTION:

Bed width : 2m

Side slope : 1:1

FULL SUPPLY DEPTH (F.S.D.) : 2.5m

FREE BOARD (F.B.) :0.5m

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ESTIMATION OF CANAL

Q1= (Bd+Sd2) L
H= height of bank above bed
Q2=[(b1+b2)h+2S1h2]
B=2m, S=1, b1= 1m, b2=1m

CUTTING BANKING
Sen. Mean
depth
Depth in m Bad Sd2 Bd+Sd2 L Q1 H h=(H-d) (b1+b2)× h 2S1h2 A+B Q2 Q2-Q1
(A) (B) (A+B) × L
0 3.01 ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─

30 3.015 3.012 6.02 9.07 15.1 30 453 2.6 -0.412 -1.236 0.33 -0.90 -27.18
……
60 2.28 2.64 5.28 6.96 12.24 30 369 2.6 -0.04 -0.012 0.032 -0.11 -3.48……
90 1.12 1.70 3.4 2.89 6.29 30 188.7 2.6 0.9 2.7 1.62 4.32 129.6 ……
120 1.18 1.48 2.96 2.19 5.15 30 154.5 2.6 1.12 3.36 2.50 5.86 175.8 21.3
131.34 0 0.925 1.85 0.84 2.69 11.34 30.50 2.6 1.675 5.025 5.61 10.63 120.60 90.01
150 5.015 2.50 5 6.25 11.25 30 337.5 2.6 0.1 0.3 0.02 0.30 9.06 ……
182.5 0.903 2.959 5.91 8.70 14.61 30 438.3 2.6 -0.359 -1.077 0.257 -0.82 -24.6 ……
210 1.216 1.05 2.1 1.10 3.2 30 96 2.6 1.55 4.56 4.80 9.3 -279 183
240 2.001 1.60 3.2 2.56 5.76 30 172.8 2.6 1 3 2 5 150 ……
270 0.954 1.477 2.94 2.16 5.1 30 153 2.6 1.12 3.36 2.50 5.86 175.8 22.8
290.3 0 0.477 0.95 0.22 1.17 30.34 23.79 2.6 2.123 6.629 8.98 15.60 317.30 293.51
300 1.329 0.664 1.32 0.43 1.75 30 52.5 2.6 1.96 5.88 7.68 13.56 406.8 354.3
330 1.129 1.229 2.45 1.48 3.93 30 117.9 2.6 1.371 4.113 3.75 7.86 235.8 117.9
360 2.329 1.229 3.56 2.95 6.51 30 195.3 2.6 0.88 2.66 1.548 4.20 126 ……
TOTAL= 2782.79 TOTAL = 901.74

1.25 1.85 2.001 0.954

= =
x 30−x x 30−x
1.85x=33.75-1.125x 0.954x=60.03-2.001x
X=11.34 X=2034

Total quantity of earthwork in cutting = 2782.79 cum

Total quantity of earthwork in banking = 901.74 cum

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ESTIMATION OF
SLUICE

SL.NO Particulars No L B D Quantity Remark

1 Earth work excavation
for foundation
a)Head wall with wings 1 4 2.5 0.5 5
(L=3.6+0.2×0.2=4.0)
b) Cistern 1 2.5 2.5 0.5 3.13
c) Barrel 1 6 1.9 0.5 5.7
(B=0.45×2+0.6+0.2×2=
1.90) 13.83cum
Total=
2 C.C 1:3:6 for foundation
a) Head wall with wings 1 4 2.5 0.5 5
b) Cistern 1 2.5 2.5 0.5 3.13
c) Barrel 1 6 1.9 0.5 5.7
Total= 13.83cum

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3 S.S.M in CM 1:6 for

a) Barrel portion 2 6.4 0.45 0.6 3.46
b) Cistern
I) wall on barrel side 1 2.1 0.45 0.9 0.85
ii)wall on outlet side 1 2.1 0.45 0.9 0.57
iii) Side walls 2 1.2 0.45 075 0.81
c) Gibbet wall 2 0.75 0.6 2 1.8
d) Head wall
I) Rectangular top 1 0.6 1.5 0.55 0.5
portion
B=0.45×2+0.6=1.5 1 1.8 0.675 1.45 1.76
ii)Bottom trapezoidal
portion
e) Wing walls 2 0.685 1.37
I) considering triangular
portion of 0.45m thick
throughout 1 0.31 1
ii) The remaining 2nos× ×area×height
3
prismoidal portion 1 1
2nos× ×( ×210×0.30)×1.4
3 2
5=0.31
Deduction:
1)Cistern wall on barrel 1 0.6 0.45 0.9 0.24
side 1 0.6 0.45 0.6 0.16
2)Outside cistern wall 1 0.7 0.75 0.9 0.47
3)Head wall for vent
opening (5cm extra on -0.87cum
either side to place plug)
Net quantity= 10.56cum

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ESTIMATION OF TANK WEIR

Sl. No Particulars No L B D Quantity Remarks

1 Earth work excavation for

i. Body wall 1 22.50 1.40 0.60 18090
ii. Solid apron 1 22.50 2.00 0.45 20.25
iii. Grouted apron 1 22.50 3.50 0.45 35.44
iv. Talus 1 22.50 0.60 0.60 8.10
82.69cum Total

2 C.C 1:3:6 for foundation

i. Body wall 1 22.50 1.40. 0.60 18.90
ii. Solid apron 1 22.50 2.00 0.45 20.25
39.15cum Total

3 Roughed stone boulder for

grouted apron & talus 1 22.50 3.50 0.45 35.44
i. Grouted apron 1 22.50 0.60 0.60 8.10
ii. Talus 43.54cum Total

4 S.S.M in CM 1:6 for body wall

i.Straight portion up to FTL
L=22.50-2×0.20 22.10 1 22.10 (1+0.6) 0.90 15.91
ii.Steps 2
I step (L=3.00+0.90)
II step (L=3.00+0.60) 2 3.90 0.60 0.20 0.94

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III step (L=3.00+0.30) 2 3.60 0.60 0.20 0.86

IV step 2 3.30 0.60 0.20 0.79
2 3.00 0.60 0.20 0.72
19.22cum Total

CHAPTER 2

HIGHWAY PROJECT

2.1 HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT:

The position or the layout of the centre line of the highway on the ground is called
ALIGNMENT. The horizontal alignment includes the straight path, the horizontal deviations and
curves, changes in gradient and vertical curves are covered under vertical alignment of roads.

A new road should be aligned very carefully as improper alignment would result in one or of the
following disadvantages:-

• Increase in the construction cost.

• Increase in the maintenance cost.

• Increase in the vehicle operation cost.

• Increase in the accident rate.

Once the road is aligned and constructed, it is not easy to change the alignment due to increase in
the cost of the adjoining land and construction of costly structures by the road side. Hence the

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importance of careful consideration while finalizing the alignment of a new road need not be
over emphasized.

Requirements:

The basic requirements of an ideal alignment between 2 terminal stations are that it should be:

• Short

• Easy

• Safe

• Economical.

Short:

It is desirable to have a short alignment between two terminal stations. A straight alignment
would be shortest though there may be several practical considerations which would cause
deviation from the shortest path

Easy:

The alignment should be such that it is easy to construct and maintain the roads with minimum
problems. Also the alignment should be easy for operation of vehicles with easy gradients and
curves.

Safe:

The alignment should be safe enough for construction and maintenance from the view point of
stability of natural hill slopes, embankment and cut slopes and foundation of embankments also
it should be safe for the traffic operation with geometric features.

Economical:

The road alignment could be considered economical only if the total cost including initial cost,
maintenance cost and vehicle operation cost is lowest. All these factors should be given due

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consideration before working out the economics of each alignment. The alignment should be
such that it would offer maximum utility by serving maximum population and products.

2.2 FACTORS CONTROLLING ALIGNMENT:

For alignment to be shortest, it should be straight between two terminal stations. This is not
always possible due to various practical difficulties such as intermediate obstructions and
topography. A shortest route may have very steep gradients and hence not easy for vehicle
operation. Similarly, there may be construction and maintenance problems along a route, which
may otherwise be short and easy. Roads are often deviated from the shortest route in order to
cater for intermediate place of importance or obligator ypoints.A road which is economical in the
initial construction cost need not necessarily be the most economical in maintenance or in
vehicle operation cost. It may also happen that the shortest and easiest route for vehicle operation
may work out to be the costliest of the different alternatives from construction viewpoint. Thus it
may be seen that an alignment can seldom fulfill all requirements simultaneously; hence judicial
choice is made considering all factors.

The various factors that control the highway alignment in general may be listed as

• Obligatory points

• Traffic

• Geometric design

• Economics

• Other considerations

In hill roads additional care has to be given for;

• Stability

• Drainage

• Geometric standards of hill roads

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• Resisting length

Obligatory points:

There are control points governing the alignment of the highways. These control points may be
divided broadly into two categories.

• Points through which the alignment is to pass

• Points through which the alignment should not pass

• Obligatory points through which the road alignment has to pass may cause the
alignment to often deviate from the shortest or easiest path

• Obligatory points through which road should not pass also may make it necessary to deviate
from the proposed shortest alignment. The obligatory point is shortest alignment, the obligatory
points which should be avoided while aligning a road including religious places, very costly
structures, unsuitable land etc.

Traffic:

The alignment should suit traffic requirements. Origin and destination study should be carried
out in the area and the desire lines be drawn showing the trend of traffic flow. The new road to
be aligned should keep in view the desired lines, traffic flow patterns and future trends.

Geometric design:

Geometric design factors such as gradient, radius of curve and sight distance also would govern
the final alignment of highway.

2.3 ENGINEERING SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY LOCATIONS:

Before a highway alignment is finalized in highway project, the engineering surveys are to be
carried out. The surveys may be completed in four stages.

The stages of the engineering surveys are:

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1. Map study.

2. Reconnaissance survey.

3. Preliminary survey.

4. Final location and detailed surveys.

2.3.1 Map study:

If the topography map of the area is available, it is possible to suggest the likely routes to the
road. In India, topographic maps are available from the „Survey of India‟ with 15 or 30m
countdown intervals. The main features like rivers, hill, valley, etc., are also shown on these
maps. By careful study of maps, it is possible to have an idea of several possible alternate routes
so that further details of these may be studied later at the site.

2.3.2 Preliminary survey:

The main objectives of the preliminary survey are

 To survey the various alternate alignments proposed after the reconnaissance and to
collect all the necessary physical information and the details of topography, drainage
and soil.
 To compare the different proposals in view of requirements of a good alignments.
 To estimate quantity of earthwork materials and other construction aspects and to work
out the cost of alternate proposals.
 To finalize the best alignment from all considerations.

2.3.3 Final location and detailed survey:

The alignment finalized at the design office after the preliminary survey is to be first located on
the field by establishing the centre line. Next detailed survey should be carried out for collecting
the information necessary for the preparation of plans and constructions details for the highway
project.

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2.3.4 Location:

The centre line of the road is finalized. The drawings is to be translated on the ground during the
location survey. This is done using transit theodolite and by staking of the centre line. The
location of the centre line should follow, as closely as practicable; the alignment is finalized after
the preliminary surveys.

2.3.5 Detailed surveys:

Temporary benchmarks are fixed interval of about 250meters and at all drainage and under pass
structures. Levels along the final centre line should be taken at all staked points. Leveling work
is of great importance as the vertical alignment, earth work calculations and drainage details are
to be worked out from the level notes. All river crossing, valley etc., should be surveyed in
details up to considerable distances on either side. CBR values of soils along the alignments may
be determined for designing the pavement.

2.4 NEW HIGHWAY PROJECT: Steps in new project work:

• Map study: With help of available topographic maps of the area.

• Reconnaissance Survey: A general idea of the topography and other features, soil
identification.

• Preliminary survey: Topographic details and soil survey along alternate alignments,
considerations of geometric design and other requirements of alignments.

• Materials survey: Survey of construction materials, their collection and testing.

• Design: Design details of embankment and cut slopes, foundation of embankments and bridges,
pavement layers.

• Earth Work: Excavations for highway cutting and drainage system, construction of
embankments.

• Pavement Constructions: Preparation of sub-grade construction of sub-base and surface

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courses.

Necessity of re-alignment:

• Improvements of horizontal alignment design elements, such as radius super elevation,

transition curves, clearance on the inner side of the curve to provide adequate sight distance
elimination of reverse curves and undesirable zigzag etc.,

• Improvements of vertical alignments like steep gradient, changes in summit curves to increase
sight distance. Correction of undesirable undulations like humps and dip etc.

• Raising the level of a portion of a road which is subjected to flooding, submergence or water
logging during monsoon.

• Re-construction of weak and narrow bridges, and culverts and changes in the water-way
allocations slightly away from the existing site.

• Construction of over bridges or under bridges.

• Construction of a bypass.

• Defense requirement.

2.5 HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN:

2.5.1 IMPORTANCE OF GEOMETRIC DESIGN: The geometric design of a highway deals

with the dimensions and layout of visible features of the highway such as alignment, sight
distances and intersections The geometrics of highway should be designed to provide optimum
efficiency in traffic operations with maximum safety at reasonable cost. The designer may be
exposed to either planning of new highway new work or improvement of existing highways to
meet the requirement of the existing and anticipated traffic. It is possible to design and construct
the pavement of the road in stages; but it is very expensive and rather difficult to improve the
geometric elements of a road in stages at a later date.

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2.5.2 GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY DEALS WITH FOLLOWING

ELEMENTS:

• Cross section elements.

• Sight distance considerations.

• Horizontal alignment details.

• Vertical alignment details.

• Intersection elements.

2.5.3 Highway Cross-Section Element: The pavement surface depends on the pavement type
which is decided based on the availability of the materials and funds, volume and composition of
traffic, sub-grade and climatic conditions, construction facilities and cost consideration.

2.5.4 Friction: The friction between vehicle and tire and pavement surface is one of the factors
determining the operating speed and distance requirements in the stopping and accelerating the
vehicles. When a vehicle negotiates the horizontal curve, lateral friction developed counteracts
the centrifugal force thus governs the sage operating speed. Skid occurs when slide without
revolving or when the wheels partially revolve. When the path traveled along the road surface is
more than the circumferential movements of wheel due to their rotation.

Slip occurs when a wheel revolves more than the corresponding longitudinal movement along
the roads. Longitudinal friction coefficient values of 0.35 to 0.40 have been recommended by
IRC depending on speed. For horizontal curve design, IRC has recommended the lateral
coefficient of friction of 0.15.

2.5.5 Pavement unevenness: Pavement unevenness measured using Bump Integrator.

Equipment capable of integrating the unevenness of pavement surface to a cumulative scale and
that gives the unevenness index of the surface inch/km length of the road.

2.5.6 Unevenness index for old pavements

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Unevenness Index (cm/km) Riding Quality

Below 95 Excellent

95 to 119 Good

120 to 144 Fair

145 to 240 Poor(possible recurring)

Above 240 Very poor (recurring required)

Unevenness index for new pavements

Unevenness Index (cm/km) Riding Quality

Below 120 Good (acceptable)

120 to 145 Fair (acceptable)

Above 145 Poor (not acceptable)

2.5.7 Width of pavement or carriage way: The pavement or carriage way width depends on the
width of traffic lane and number of lanes. The lane width is determined on the basis of width of
vehicle and minimum clearance, which may be provided for safety.

2.6 Class of road Width of carriage way

Single lane 4m

Two lanes, without raised kerfs 7.6m

Two lane, with raised kerbs8.1m

Intermediate carriageway 5.5m

Multi-lane pavements 3.8m per lane

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2.6.1 Road margins: The various elements included in road margins are shoulder, parking lane,
frontage roads, driveway, cycle track, footpath, guard rail and embankment slope. Shoulders are
provided along the road edge to serve as an emergency lane for the vehicle compelled tube taken
out of pavement or roadway. The minimum shoulder width recommended by IRC is
2.5m.Footpaths or sidewalks are provided in urban areas when the vehicular as well as pedestrian
traffic are heavy. Embankment slopes should be as flat as possible for the purpose of safe traffic
movement and also aesthetic reasons.

2.6.2 Right of Way: Right of Way is the area of land acquired for the road, along its alignment.

The land width is governed by following factors:

• Width of formation depending on the category of highway and width of roadway and road
margins.

• Height of embankment, side slopes, drainage system and sight distances.

2.6.3 Sight distances: Safe and efficient operation of vehicles on road depends, among other
factor on road length at which an obstruction, of any, becomes visible to the driver in the
direction of travel. Sight distance available from points the actual distance along the road
surface.

2.6.4 Stopping Sight distance:

The sight distance available on a highway at any stop a vehicle traveling at design speed. If all
vehicles travel at design speed, then theoretically there should be no need for any overtaking.
Infect vehicles do not move at designed speed and particularly under mixed traffic conditions.

The minimum distance of vision of the driver of the vehicle intending to overtake slow vehicle
ahead with safety against the traffic of opposite direction is known as the minimum overtaking
sight distances(OSD).

2.7 Design of horizontal alignment:

2.7.1 Design speed: The design speed is the main factor on which geometric design elements

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depend. The sight distances, radius of horizontal curve, super elevation, extra widening of the
pavement length of summit and valley curves are all dependent on design speed.

2.7.2 Horizontal curves: A horizontal highway curve is a curve in plan to provide change in
direction to the central line of a road. When a vehicle traverses on a horizontal curve, the
centrifugal force acts horizontally outwards through the center of gravity of the vehicle.

P=WV2/gR

P-> centrifugal force

W->weight of vehicle (kg)

v->speed of vehicle (m/s)

R->radius of circular curve (m)

g->acceleration due to gravity(9.8m/s)

2.7.3 Super elevation:

In order to counteract the effect of centrifugal force and to reduce tendency of vehicle to overturn
or skid. Outer edge of pavement is raised with respect to inner edge.

If the speed of vehicle is represented as V (kemps) = e+f = v2/ 127R

2.8 ESTIMATION OF HIGHWAY

RL of ground Formation Depth of Depth of

level level filling cutting
Distance
0 889.225 878.000 11.225
18 888.170 877.820 10.350
38 886.90 877.620 9.320
58 884.80 877.220 8.380
78 884.390 877.220 7.170
87.90 883.410 877.121 6.289

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107.90 882.050 876.921 5.129

127.90 881.110 876.721 4.380
147.90 880.2180 876.521 3.759
167.90 879.335 876.321 3.014
187.90 878.290 876.121 2.169
196.5 877.900 876.035 1.865
210.5 877.070 875.895 1.175
263.5 876.215 875.635 0.580
256.5 875.580 875.435 0.145
276.5 874.700 875.335 0.535
296.5 873.000 875.035 1.335
316.5 872.545 874.835 2.290
336.5 871.330 874.635 3.305
358.5 870.530 870.435 3.405
376.5 869.880 874.235 4.355
396.5 869.120 874.035 4.415
416.5 869.080 873.835 6.675
430.5 868.880 873.635 6.475
456.5 868.000 873.435 4.075
476.5 867.935 873.235 8.485

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QUANTITY ESTIMATION FOR HIGHWAY EARTH WORK

FORMATION WIDTH = 2M, RL - FL
S = 2(Banking), S = 2(Cutting)

Le Quantity
ngt
Mea Cent
Distan Side Tota h
Format n ral
ce/ Ground Depth Area l b/
ion dept Area
Chaina Level (d) (S*d Area w Fill
Level h (b*d 2
ge (m) ) (m2) are ing
(dm) )
a (m3 Cutting
(m) ) (m3)
0 870.74 873.54 2.8
12.7 16.7
40 870.325
874.54 4.21 1.41 3 4.00 4 40 0 669.578
12.3
80 870.22 875.54 5.32 1.11 9.95 2.44 9 40 0 495.482
120 870.35 875.94 5.59 0.27 2.43 0.15 2.58 40 0 103.032
160 870.29 876.34 6.05 0.46 4.14 0.42 4.56 40 0 182.528
200 870.24 876.74 6.50 0.45 4.05 0.40 4.45 40 0 178.2
240 869.855 877.14 7.28 0.78 7.06 1.23 8.30 40 0 331.898
280 869.815 877.54 7.72 0.44 3.96 0.39 4.35 40 0 173.888
320 869.73 877.94 8.21 0.49 4.37 0.47 4.84 40 0 193.418
-
83.
- - - 39
360 870.375 878.34 7.96 0.25 2.21 0.12 2.08 40 8 0
400 870.49 878.74 8.25 0.28 2.56 0.16 2.73 40 0 109.098
440 870.43 879.14 8.71 0.46 4.14 0.42 4.56 40 0 182.528
480 870.39 879.54 9.15 0.44 3.96 0.39 4.35 40 0 173.888
520 870.42 879.94 9.52 0.37 3.33 0.27 3.60 40 0 144.152
560 870.36 880.34 9.98 0.46 4.14 0.42 4.56 40 0 182.528
600 870.32 880.74 10.42 0.44 3.96 0.39 4.35 40 0 173.888
640 870.225 881.14 10.91 0.50 4.46 0.49 4.95 40 0 197.802
680 870.32 881.54 11.22 0.30 2.74 0.19 2.93 40 0 117.242
720 870.13 881.94 11.81 0.59 5.31 0.70 6.01 40 0 240.248
760 870.01 882.34 12.33 0.52 4.68 0.54 5.22 40 0 208.832
800 869.77 882.74 12.97 0.64 5.76 0.82 6.58 40 0 263.168
-
83.
Totals=
39
8 4321.398

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1. Total quantity of banking = 9673.012m3

2. Total quantity of cutting = 13714.040m3

0.145 x
=
0.535 (20−x)
x (0.535) = 0.145 × 20 – 0.145 × x
0.535 x = 2.9 – 0.145 x
0.6 x = 2.9
2.9
x=
0.6
x = 4.83

ABSTRACT FORM
S L.NO. Particulars Quantity Units Rate Amount
1 Banking 9673.012 m3 120 1160761.44
2 Cutting 13714.040 m3 100 1371404
Totals= 2532165.44

Add 3% as contingencies
= 2532165.44 × 1.03
= 208130.40
Add 2% for contractor profit
= 208130.40× 1.02
= 2660293.01≈ Rs. 3000000

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ESTIMATION OF RCC SLAB CULVERT

PARTICULARS
SL .NO. NO. L B D QUANTITY

Earth work excavation for foundation

For
a) Abutments
L= Road way width + 2( parapet wall) 2 5.6 0.7 0.6 4.704
+2(offsets)

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1. L=4.50+2(0.40)+2(0.15) = 5.60
0.−0.40
Offsets= = 0.15m
2 4 1.6 0.7 2.69 2.69
b) Wing walls
7.39 cum

Cement concrete in foundation 1:4:8

for abutments and wing walls
a)Abutments 2 5.6 0.7 0.3 2.35
2.
b) Wing walls
4 1.6 0.7 0.3 1.34

3.69 cum
Size stone masonry in cement mortar
3. 1:4 for abutments , wing walls,
parapets
a) Abutment 2 5.3 0.4 2 8.48
L= 5.60- 2(Offset)
L= 5.60- 2(0.15) = 5.30

D = ht. up to GL. + ht. of the vent

+ RC slab
D = 0.30+1.5+0.20= 2.0m
b) Wing wall 4 1.6 0.4 2 5.12

c) Parapets
L= 2.5+2(0.40)+2(1.6)= 6.50 2 6.5 0.4 0.8 4.16

Deductions
Bearing of R.C.C slab in abutments 2 5.3 0.3 0.2 -0.64

NET Qty =
17.12 cum

4. RCC Slab With 1:2:4

L= Span + 2(bearing) 1 3.1 5.3 0.2 3.286 cum
L= 2.5+2(0.30) = 3.10 m

5. Reinforcement 2% of rack works

2
= ×quantity of rcc work × 7850
100
2 515.9 kg
= = ×3.286 × 7850 = 515.9 kg
100
Density of steel = 7850kg/m3

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6. PCC 1:2:4 wearing coat up to the

abutments 1 3.3 4.5 0.1 1.49 cum
L = 2.5+2(0.40) = 3.30 m

7. Cement pointing 1:3 to exposed

surfaces of sizes stone masonry
a) Face walls 2 6.5 1.9 24.70
D = 1.80+0.1(below GL) = 1.90m
b) Inner face of the abutments 2 5.3 1.6 16.96
c) Inside of the parapet
2 6.5 0.8 10.40

d) Outside of the parapet 2 6.5 0.8 10.40

e) Top of parapet 2 6.5 0.4 5.20
f) Ends of parapet
Gross Qty. = 4 0.4 0.8 1.28
69.94 Sqm
Deductions
i. Rectangular opening 2 2.5 1.6 -8
ii.Triangular portion of face walls 1 1.9 x1.9
4x -7.22
hidden by earth 2 0
Net Qty= 53.72 Sqm

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CHAPTER 3
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY PROJECT
3.1 Introduction

Next to air the other important requirement for human life to exist is water. The use of water by
man, plants and animals is universal. As a matter of fact every being will require water for its
survival. The water plays an important role in the manufacture of essential commodities,
generation of electric power, transportation, recreation, industrial activity etc. Thus the water can
be considered as the most important raw material of the civilization because of the fact that
without water, man cannot live and industries cannot survive. With our growing population and
industrial development the demand of water is also increasing day by day and every country has
to take preventive measure to avoid careless pollution and contamination of the available water
resources. In order to ensure these services for all time to come it becomes necessary to maintain
conserve and use these resources carefully. It is therefore essential to increase available water
resources and their quality by taking remedial measures.

It has been estimated that two thirds of human body constitutes of water. Therefore in order to
ensure sufficient quantity and quality of water it becomes imperative in modern society to protect
the useful supply by launching the appropriate water supply scheme.

3.1.1 Necessity: In order to ensure the availability of sufficient quantity of good quality water, it
becomes almost imperative in a modern society, to plan and build suitable water supply schemes,
which may provide potable water to the various sections of community in accordance with their
demands and requirements. The provision of such a scheme shall ensure constant and reliable
water supply to that section of the people for which it has been designed. Such a scheme shall
not only help in supplying safe wholesome water to the people for drinking, cooking, bathing,
washing etc. So as to keep the diseases away and thereby promoting better health; but would also
help in supplying water for fountains, gardens, etc. and thus helping tin maintaining better
sanitation and beautification of surroundings, thereby reducing environmental pollution. Besides

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promoting overall hygiene and public health, it shall ensure safety against fire by supplying
sufficient quantity of water to extinguish it.

The existence of such a water supply scheme shall further help in attracting industrialization and
modernization of the society, consequently reducing unemployment and ensuring better living
standards. Such schemes shall, therefore, help in promoting wealth and welfare of the entire
humanity as a whole.

3.2 SANITARY PROJECT

The water after consumption has to be suitably disposed off. Moreover the other wastes from the
communities are also to be carried off and disposed suitably. The sanitary project requires
careful thinking and planning and it is not as simple as water supply project. It requires many
factors to be considered before a particular line of treatment is recommended.

3.2.1 PURPOSE OF SANITATION: The main purpose of sanitation is to maintain an

environment, which will not affect the public in generally. It is a preventive measure for the
preservation of health of community in general and individual in particular. Thus sanitation aims
at creation of such condition of living, which will not result into serious outbreak of epidemics.

3.3 PRINICPLES OF SANITATION: Following are the ideal principles of sanitation which if
observed results in better living condition.

 Collection and conveyance

 Interior decoration

 Orientation of buildings

 Prevention of dampness

 Supply of water

 Treatment of waste

3.4 SANITARY PROJECT: Following are the important points in any sanitary engineering
projects.

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 Population

 Financial aspect

 Present method of disposal

 Rainfall

 Quality of sewage

 Rate of sewage

 Source of sewage

 Topography of the area

 Treatment methods

3.5 IDEAL SITE FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS: The site for treatment unit of
sewage of any town should be carefully selected and the following aspects are to be considered
at its time of final selection.

 Good foundation soil should be available for various sewage treatment units

 The general slope of sit should be neither too steep nor to flat so that the arrangement of
units are in such a way that the flow from one unit to other take place under gravity.

 The general level of the site should be the lowest level area of the town or city so that the
sewage from the entire city can be collected and conveyed by gravity only.

 The location of the site should be such that enough area is available nearby when in
becomes necessary in future to expand the existing project.

 The site should be safe from floods for all the time.

The site should be situated on levered side of the winds that the undesirable odors would be
prevented from entering the city or town.

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3.6 DESIGN AND PLANNING OF A SEWAGE SYSTEM: The following points should be
taken into consideration while designing the sewerage system1.

 The sewerage system should be carefully planned and designed and so as to remove the
entire sewage effectively and efficiently from the houses and up to the point of disposal.

 The sewer should be of adequate size so as to avoid their overflow and subsequent
damages to properties and health hazards.

 The sewer pipes should be designed on a slope that will permit reasonable velocity of
flow. This flow velocity should neither be too large as to scour the sewer pipe material
nor should be too small to cause deposition of solids in the sewer bottoms.

 In order to provide adequate and economical treatment it is necessary to study the

constituents of sewage produced thoroughly in the particular project and quality of water
that will receive the sewage.

 The sewers are generally designed to carry water from basement and should be therefore
be 2-3 meters deep. As far as possible there should be design to flow ½ or ¾ full.

3.7 METHODS OF CARRYING REFUSE: The following are the two methods, which are
employed for the collection of and disposal of Refuse of a locality.

 Conservancy system

The dry or the conveyance system is the earlier method and even now practiced in unsowed area.
This consists in the accumulation of night soil or human excreta in latrines or proves, cesspools,
etc., and its subsequent removal manually and transportation in vehicles to points of ultimate
disposal. The wastewater from kitchen, baths, etc., called silage and the strong water are
collected separately in gutters and lead of into neighboring drainage channels, rivers etc., for
disposal.

 Water carriage system

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In this system, the night soil gets mixed up with sufficient quantity of wastewater forming
sewage and is collected in a system of pipes and transported for subsequent treatment and
disposal in a harmless manner without any nuisance. As the dilution of the solid matter in water
to form sewage is normally very great (sewage is known to consist as much as 99.9% by weight
of water and only 0.1% of solid matter), sewage easily flows in accordance with the loss of
hydraulics as applied to the flow of water. This system is very advantageous and universally
employed in practice. DETAILS OF SURVEY UNDERTAKEN:

The following surveys are conducted

a) Block level at OHT.

b) Block leveling at oxidation point

VILLAGE TRAVERSING:-To obtain information layout of village, population, no-of houses

and existing water supply schemes.

EQUIPMENTS:-

a) Plane table & accessories.

b) Level with stand & staff.
c) Measuring tape.
d) Ranging rods

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3.8 BLOCK LEVELS AT OVER HEAD TANK AND SANITARY:

Selection of site for treatment plant unit for optimum & economical utilization of resources is
important. Hence block levels are carried out to be known elevation & depressions in the area.
Block levels are taken in 20x20m for overhead and 40x45m for sanitary grids at 5m intervals.
Contours are drawn at an interval of 0.5m in the grid by interpolation.

3.9 ESTIMATION OF OVERHEAD TANK:

Sl. Particulars No L B D Quantity Remarks

No
1 Earth work in
excavation
For column footing 4 1.3 1.3 1.5 10.14
cum
2 C.C 1:4:8 bed of 4 1.3 1.3 0.5 3.38
footing cum

3 a.RCC 1:2:4 for

column ,beam, slab &
wall with 1% of steel.
a) Footing-
bottom 4 1.1 1.1 0.15 0.73
straight
portion

b) Footing- 4 0.87 0.40

¿)
tapered 3
portion
h
Volume = ¿ )
3

A1 = 1.10 ×1.10
= 1.21m2
A2 = 0.30×0.30
= 0.09 m2
H = 0.4m

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c) Column 4 0.3 0.3 6.45 2.32

portion
d) Brace beams 4 2.1 0.3 0.3 0.76
e) Main beams 4 2.1 0.3 0.3 0.76
2
f) Bottom slab 1.79 π × 3.90
×0.15
4

g) Top slab 1.20 π × 3.90

2
×0.10
4

1 11.78 0.15 2.60 4.59

h) Tank wall
Mean diameter
3.60+3.90
dm=
2
¿ 3.75 m 13.02 Gross qty

L= π d m=π ×3.75
=11.78m

Deductions -0.028
CI cover 1
60cm
diameter
12.99cum
3 bestial reinforcement 1.5
= ×Quantity of RCCwork × 7850
1.5% 100

1.5
= ×12.99 ×7850=1529.5 kg 1.53 T
4 100
18mm thick cement
plaster 1:4 for outer
surface of walls
&bottom of slab
a)Outer surface of 1 π ×3.9 34.92
walls 2.85
2
b)Bottom of slab 1 π × 3.9 11.95
4
5 Total
12mm thick single
coat water proof
cement plaster for

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inside walls & slab in

C.M 1:4. 1 π ×3.6 2.6 29.40
2
a)sides of walls 1 π × 3.6 10.18
b)bottom of slab 4
39.58sqm Total

3.10 ESTIMATION FOR MANHOLE:

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Height of
Sl. Particular no L B Thickness Quantity Remark
no m m m
1 Earthwork excavation 3 1.9 3 17.1 m3 Depth of manhole
=10+60+120+50+40+2
0+20=300
2 RCC Slab 1:3:6 1 3 1.9 0.2 1.14 m3
3 1st Class brick work in
cement mortar 1:6
Long wall
1st step 2 2.8 0.4 0.9 2.016 m3
2nd step 2 2.6 0.3 1.2 1.872 m3
3rd step 2 2.4 0.2 0.6 0.576 m3
Short wall
1st step 2 0.9 0.4 0.9 0.648 m3
2nd step 2 0.9 0.3 1.2 0.648 m3
3rd step 2 0.9 0.2 0.6 0.216 m3
5.976 m3
Deduction
Formation in sewer passing 2
π × 0.4
through 40cm wall 2 0.10 m 3 ×0.4
4
5.876 m3
Net quantity
4 Pointing with cement mortar
1:2 for inner surface
1)For wall up to RCC Slab
over working chamber
Long wall 2 2 1.7 6.8 m2
Short wall 2 0.9 1.7 3.06 m2
2)Above the RCC cover
slab
Long wall 2 0.8 0.6 0.96 m2
Short wall 2 0.6 0.6 0.72 m2
11.54 m2 Net quantity pointing
for interior
5 20mm thick cement
plastering for flooring
&channel ( Taking 30cm etc
for channel curvature
B=0.9+3=1.2) 1 2 1.2 2.4 m2 Total quantity of
plastering
6 Precast RCC slab over the
roof 1 0.8 1.1 0.1 0.088 m3
7 RCC Roof slab over
working chamber 1 1.5 1.1 0.12 0.198 m3
0.286 m3 Total quantity of RCC

CHAPTER 4

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TOWN PLANNING

4.1 TOWN PLANNING FOR SMALL VILLAGE:

Introduction: Village traversing is done to know the layout of a village, no of houses,

population, existing water supply and sanitary and the existing public utilities, etc.

Equipment’s:

1. Plane table & accessories

2. Level with stand & staff

3. Measuring tape

4. Ranging rods

5. Prismatic compass

Procedure:

 Set the plane table on the road of entrance or exit of a village such that major distances
cane sighted.
 Establish the plane table station with respect to 3 point problem.
 Bisect permanent objects (roads, houses, temples, and other public facilities provided)
 Using radiation method and mark it on the plane table sheet with a suitable scale
(1:1000).
 Using prismatic compass, fore bearing and back bearing has taken to know the direction
of the road and turning of curves.
 Carry the above procedure throughout the village and prepare a map of village.

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