Traffic Regulations

Civil Engineering Department
Topic:
Subject Name: Generic Elective (PG)
Traffic Regulation
Atmiya University, "Yogidham Gurukul", Kalawad Road, Rajkot - 360005
Web: www.atmiyauni.ac.in
::atmiyauniversity : :
atmiya_university
TRAFFIC REGULATION
TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL
DEVICES • SIGNS
• SIGNALS
• MARKINGS
• ISLANDS
Road Signs
Signs
▪ Various traffic signs have been recognised by
the government of India through motor vehicle
act, 1939.
▪ This should allow traffic to meet the goal of the

Safe, rapid, and efficient transportation.
Types of sign as per IRC
1. Regulatory or Mandatory
2. Warning
3. informatory
1. Regulatory or Mandatory signs
These are meant to inform the road users of certain laws,
regulations and prohibitions, the violation of the signs is a
legal offence.
They are classified as:-

1. Stop and give way signs
2. Prohibitory signs
3. No parking or No stopping vehicles
4. Speed limit and vehicle control signs
5. Restriction end signs
6. Compulsory direction control signs
Regulatory signs
1. Stop signs. Stop signs are red octagons and mean come to a complete stop.
They are the only sign so shaped. Easily recognized at a distance. 2. Yield
signs. Yield signs are red and triangular. This sign requires a driver to allow
other drivers first use of the road.
3. Speed limit signs. Speed limit signs are white with black lettering. They are
also vertical rectangles.
4. Other regulatory signs also include: Do not enter, one way, no passing, no
left or U turn. These are combinations of white, black and/or red.
2. Warning signs
• Warning signs are used to warn the road users of certain

hazardous conditions that exists on the roadway. • These
signs are in the shape of equilateral triangle. • They are
having white background, red border and black symbols.
• The side of triangle is 45cm.

3. Informatory signs
These signs are used to guide the road users along
routes, inform them about destinations and distances
and provide information to make travel easier, safe
and pleasant.
Various Informatory signs are:

1.Direction and place identification
signs 2.Facility information signs
3.Parking signs
4.Flood gauge
Location of signs
• Provided on left side & for multi lane repeated on
other side & on expressway overhead sign provided •
As per IRC:67 extreme edge of sign should be 600mm
to 3m from C.W.
• To improve the visibility of sign on multi lane min. ht.

of lower edge should be kept 2.5m
Color of signs
• Signs shall be provided with retro-reflective

sheeting as per IRC -67.
• Mandatory & Warning signs shall be provided

with white background and red border. Symbol
shall be in black
Road Marking
Markings
• These are the lines, patterns, words of other devices
for control, warning and guidance or information of
road users.
Functions of road markings

• Controlling and guiding traffic
• Promote road safety and bring smooth,
harmonious flow of traffic
• Serve to supplement message

• Convey the information without distracting
attention
Types of markings
1.Pavement markings
2.Kerb markings
3.Object markings
4.Reflector markings
1. Pavement markings
• These are generally be of white paint.
• Yellow colour marking are used to indicate
parking restrictions & for continuous centre line
marking
Various pavement markings are:

• Centre line
• Lane line
• Stop line
• Cross walk line
• Parking space limit
• No overtaking zone marking
• Pavement edge line marking
2. Kerb markings
• Marking on the kerb indicate certain
regulations like parking regulations.
• Marking on the kerb and edges of islands
with alternative black and white line
increase the visibility from a long distance.
3. Object markings
• Physical obstruction on or near the
roadway are hazardous and hence should be
properly marked.
• Typical obstructions are signs and signals,
traffic islands, narrow bridges, culvert.
4. Reflector markings
• These are used as hazard markers and
guide markers for safe driving during night.
• These markers should be visible from a
long distance of about 150 m.
Color has meaning!
• White : all carriage way marking (except
parking)
• Yellow : intended for parking restrictions
conti. Centre line marking
• Alternate bands of black & white :
kerb and object markings
Lane line to separate lanes in a multi-lane road
Solid centre line and lane line prevents

overtaking
A solid line prevents overtaking on its side and a broken line allows overtaking
on its side, this kind of combination is used on rural area
A solid line prevents overtaking on its side and a broken line allows overtaking on
its side, this kind of combination is used on urban area
Combination of two solid lines

considered as a central island,
absolutely prevents overtaking
A white
wide line
across the
road on
your side,
orders you
to stop
completely
at junctions
Double white
broken line
across the
street on your
side orders
you to give
way on
intersections.
At some
intersections
there is an
advance
warning in the
form of a large
white triangle
on the road.
Pedestrian crossings are indicated by broad white stripes
across the road. Additional indication in the form of signs
and flashing lights is often used
Road edge lines in yellow paint are important from a
road safety point of view to show the limits of road
edge. These lines are either solid to be broken on the
exit or entrance intersections, or broken
Raised pavement marker
Linear (parallel) car parking
Inclined car parking
Vertical car parking
3. Signal
Signals
• These are provided at road intersections.
• These are control devices which could

alternatively direct the traffic to stop proceed
at intersections using red and green light
signals automatically.
Advantages:-
1. Maintain orderly flow of traffic.
2. Reduce certain types of accidents. 3.
Improves safety and efficiency of movement of
vehicles.
4. Pedestrians can cross the roads safety. 5.
More economical than manual control. 6.
Increase in speed along the major road traffic.
Disadvantages:-
• The rear and end collision may increase.
• Improper design and location of signals may

lead to violations the control systems.
• Failure of the signal due to electrical power

failure or any other defects may cause
confusion to the road users.
Three colors used in traffic lights
▪ Red is always stop. If it is flashing red, you may go as
if a stop sign. A solid red you might be allowed to
turn under certain circumstances.
▪ Green means you may go, if safe to do so. There is no
right of way given by a green light.
▪ Yellow is used for caution, but it is a clearance light.
You may clear an intersection if the light is yellow,
but you are not allowed to enter an intersection
once the light has changed to yellow.
Types of traffic signals
1. Traffic control signals
a. Fixed time signals
b. Manually operated signals
c. Automatic signals
2. Pedestrian signals
3. Special signals
Fixed time signals
• Set to repeat regularly a predetermined cycle
of red , amber , green.
• Simplest type of electrically operated signal
• Can’t take into account the fluctuations of
traffic flow hence small fluctuations is
accepted.
• Use different cycle length
• Cycle length may varies from 40 to 120 s
• Merit:
• Simple in construction
• Inexpensive
• Successfully used in fixed cycle length for a
given pattern
• Demerit:
• Inflexible hence causes the delay
• Require careful settings
• Major/minor cross road traffic fluctuations
Traffic actuated signals
• In this type timing of cycle & phase are changed
according to the traffic demand
• Vehicles are sensed by detecting device • By
recording the vehicle as they cross & by
timing the interval, signals are automatically
adjust to give preference to heavy vehicles. •
Merits:
• Reduce the delay
• Increase the capacity
• It is adaptable to short term fluctuation in
traffic
• Continuous operation under low traffic
• Most efficient for isolated intersection
• Demerits:
• Uneconomical
• Detectors are very costly to install & also
maintenance problem
• Actuated system much more complicated than
fixed time
Thank You
Atmiya University, "Yogidham Gurukul", Kalawad Road, Rajkot - 360005
Web: www.atmiyauni.ac.in
::atmiyauniversity : :
atmiya_university

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Civil Engineering Department

▪ This should allow traffic to meet the goal of the

Types of sign as per IRC

They are classified as:-

• Warning signs are used to warn the road users of certain

• The side of triangle is 45cm.

Various Informatory signs are:

• To improve the visibility of sign on multi lane min. ht.

• Signs shall be provided with retro-reflective

• Mandatory & Warning signs shall be provided

Functions of road markings

• Serve to supplement message

Various pavement markings are:

Solid centre line and lane line prevents

Combination of two solid lines

• These are control devices which could

• Improper design and location of signals may

• Failure of the signal due to electrical power

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