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    Chara

    Uploaded by

    Reju Justin

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chara

    Uploaded by

    Reju Justin
    7 views11 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views11 pages

    Chara

    Uploaded by

    Reju Justin

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    Classification and Life Cycle of -

    Chara
    Dr. Reju J
    Asst. Professor
    Dept. of Botany
    Union Christian College
    Aluva
    Genus- Chara
    Classification
    Class- Chlorophyceae

    Order- Charales

    Family- Characeae

    Genus- Chara

    Chara
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chara_brau
    nii_1.JPG
    Genus- Chara
    Chara is commonly called stonewort as the thallus is encrusted with calcium and magnesium carbonate.
    It is a freshwater attached forms.

    Plant is 6 -10 inches tall .The main axis is differentiated into nodes and internodes.
    Each node bears the branches of limited growth ( primary laterals) in whorls which also have nodes and
    internodes.
    From the nodes of main axis branches of unlimited growth also arise which are also divided into nodes and
    internodes and have whorl of primary laterals on the nodes.
    Node consists of a pair of central cells surrounded by a peripheral group of 6-20 cells.
    The internode is always composed of a single elongate cell which may be corticated.
    Branched multicellular rhizoids with oblique septa are from the lowermost one or two nodes.
    The main axis and primary laterals grow by means of a dome-shaped apical cell.
    Genus- Chara

    Cell Structure
    Cells are eukaryotic.
    The nodal cells contain dense cytoplasm, a single nucleus and a few discoid or elliptical
    chloroplasts.
    In the internodal cells there is a large central vacuole, hundreds of nuclei and many
    discoid chloroplasts.
    The chloroplast lacks pyrenoid.
    Genus- Chara
    Reproduction
    Vegetative reproduction:
    Reproduction in some cases takes place by means of
    amylum stars which are stellate aggregates of cells
    densely filled with starch grains and produced from the
    lower nodes.
    Other means of vegetative propagation are by the
    formation of bulbils upon rhizoids and on lower nodes of
    ceIls, or by the formation of protonemal outgrowths
    derived from the nodes.
    Genus- Chara

    Sexual reproduction:
    Highly advanced type of Oogamous sexual reproduction.
    Most species are monoecious and protandrous. Some
    species are dioecious.
    Antheridia is known as globule and oogonia is known as
    nucule.
    https://pin.it/7RNJaBr
    Nucule and globule are found at the nodes of branches of
    limited growth or primary laterals. Stipulodes or secondary
    laterals are also present on the nodes.
    Genus- Chara
    A mature globule is spherical, orangish yellow or red structure whereas nucule is oblong or oval
    and greenish in colour.
    Globule has a jacket of 8 shield cells, in the centre are present 8 primary capitulum cells which
    divide to form secondary capitulum cells.Secondary capitulum cells produce antheridial or
    spermatogenous filaments.Each cell of antheridial filament forms a spiral biflagellate
    antherozoid. 8 radially elongated manubrial cells join the shield cells to the primary capitulum
    cells.
    The nucule is attached to the node with the help of pedicel cell and consist of five spirally coiled
    tube cells which form a sterile envelope around the oogonium and of five corona cells that
    project beyond the apex of the oogonium . In the centre is present a large oogonial cell on a stalk
    cell. Oogonial cell contains a large uninucleate egg and reserve food in the form of starch and oil.
    Genus- Chara
    Fertilization and germination of zygote:
    In the mature nucule, spiral tube cells separate and the antherozoid finds its way inside the
    oogonium and fuses with the ovum.
    The wall of the zygote thickens and after perennation the oospore germinates.

    the nucleus migrates to the anterior region and divides meiotically.

    A septum is then laid down forming a uninucleate upper cell and a degenerative, trinucleate
    lower cell .

    The upper cell divides to form protonemal initial and rhizoidal initial. These initials form the
    filamentous protonema and the colourless rhizoids respectively. Protonema forms the axis.

    Life cycle of Chara is haplontic.


    Life cycle of Chara

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