EXNO: 1

EXPLORE THE FEATURES OF MS-EXCEL

PROCEDURE
STEP1:

Inserting a Spreadsheet
By default, Excel opens with 1-3 sheets. To insert a new sheet, click the “+” button or use
the shortcut Shift + F11. To delete a sheet, right-click its tab and select “Delete.” This helps
you easily manage your data across multiple spreadsheets.

STEP2:

Sum Of Numbers

To sum a list of numbers in a column, simply select the cell where you want the total and
press Alt + =. Excel will automatically calculate and display the sum for you!
STEP3:

Inserting Random Numbers

Excel offers a unique function called **RANDBETWEEN** to insert random numbers. It

requires two arguments: the minimum and maximum values. This allows you to generate
random numbers quickly, saving you time and effort.

STEP4:

Shortcut Keys

Excel simplifies data analysis with handy shortcut keys, allowing you to perform operations
quickly without using the mouse. Here are a few useful shortcuts.
STEP5:

Password.Protection

To secure your private data in Excel, you can enable password protection. This ensures that
no one can access your document without the password, keeping your information safe.

STEP6:

Pivot Tables

Analyzing data in Excel is engaging, especially with the pivot table feature. It allows you to
create clear and concise tables for better data comprehension.
STEP7:

Auto-Fill

Auto-fill is a simple yet powerful feature in Excel that lets you quickly fill data in a series,
saving you a significant amount of time.

STEP8:

Paste Special

The copy and paste option in Excel saves you from typing everything. However, if you only
want to copy specific elements—like formulas, values, or comments—you can use the
Paste Special feature. This allows for more control and can save you time.
STEP9:

Index-Match

The Index-Match function is invaluable for navigating large databases. It allows you to
quickly find specific data, much like searching for a needle in a haystack. Just ensure that
the index is unique, such as a passport number or roll number, for best results.

STEP10:

Rand Function

To enter random fractional values in Excel, use the RAND function, which generates values
between 0 and 1 without any parameters—just include the parentheses. Note that both

RANDBETWEEN and RAND functions will change when you modify the sheet.
EXNO: 2

NUMERICALAND IMPORT EXPORT OPERATIONS IN EXCEL

PROCEDURE
A) Get the input from user and perform numerical operations (MAX, MIN,
AVG, SUM, SQRT, ROUND)
STEP1:

DATASET

To get user input in Excel, you can use input boxes with VBA or set up designated cells for
users to enter their data directly.

STEP2:

MAX

The MAX function returns the highest value in a dataset. In Cell B8, type the formula:

=MAX(B2:B7)
STEP3:

MIN

The MIN function returns the smallest value from a set of numbers. In Cell B9, type the
formula: =MIN(B1:B6)

STEP4:

AVERAGE

The AVERAGE function calculates the arithmetic mean of a group of numbers. In Cell B10,
type the formula: =AVERAGE(B2:B7)
STEP5:

SUM

The SUM function calculates the total of a group of numbers. In Cell B11, type the formula:
=SUM(B2:B7)

STEP6:

SQRT

The SQRT function in Excel returns the square root of a positive number
STEP7:

ROUND

The ROUND function rounds a number to a specified number of digits.

STEP8:

ROUND UP
STEP9:

ROUND DOWN
B) Perform data import/export operations for different file formats.
STEP1:

EXPORT DATA

To export data from Excel, save it in a format that other programs can interpret, such as a
text file or CSV. This facilitates transferring data to another system.

2
5

7
STEP2:

IMPORT DATA

Excel can import data from various external sources, including files, databases, and web
pages.

1. Click the Data tab on the Ribbon.

2. Click the Get Data button.

3. For files, select From File, then choose From Text/CSV.

Verify the preview looks correct

EXNO: 3 STATISTICAL OPERATIONS
PROCEDURE
STEP1:

Mean, median, and mode are distinct measures of central tendency used to summarize a
numerical dataset. Each provides a way to represent a "typical" value in the dataset,
highlighting different aspects of the data. The mean calculates the average, the median
identifies the middle value when the data is ordered, and the mode reflects the most
frequently occurring value. Together, they offer a comprehensive view of the dataset's
characteristics.

A new dataset
STEP2:

MEAN

The "average," or mean, is found by adding all data points and dividing by the number of
points

Example, for the numbers 444, 111, and 777: (444 + 111 + 777) ÷ 3 = 1332 ÷ 3 = 444.

So, the mean is 444.

STEP3:

MEDIAN

The middle value in a set of numbers, found by ordering them and selecting the center
one. If there are two middle numbers, the median is their average.

Example: For the numbers 444, 111, and 777, the ordered set is 111, 444, 777. The median
is 444.
STEP4:

Mode

The number that appears most frequently in a data set.

Example: In the set 3, 7, 3, 2, 9, the mode is 3, as it occurs twice, more than any other
number.

STEP5:

VARIENCE

The VAR function is one of the oldest Excel functions used to estimate the variance based
on a sample. It is available in Excel versions 2000 to 2019.

Syntax: VAR(number1, [number2], …)

Here, number1 is the first value or range, and additional numbers can be included as
arguments.

➢ VAR.S

The VAR.S function is the modern counterpart of the VAR function, used to calculate
sample variance in Excel 2010 and later.

Syntax: VAR.S(number1, [number2], …)

In this function, number1 is the first value or range, with additional numbers as
optional arguments.

➢ VARA

The VARA function calculates sample variance from numbers, text, and logical values.
Syntax: VARA(value1, [value2], …)

value1 is the first input, with additional optional values.

STEP6:
Skewness
STEP7:
Kurtosis
EXNO: 4
Perform T test, Z test, and ANOVA
PROCEDURE
A) T-test

STEP1:
Null and Alternative Hypotheses:
• Null Hypothesis (H0): The mean study hours of female students (μ1) and male students
(μ2) are equal.
H0:μ1−μ2=0H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0H0:μ1−μ2=0
• Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The mean study hours of female students (μ1) and male
students (μ2) are not equal.
H1:μ1−μ2≠0H1: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0H1:μ1−μ2 =0

STEP2:
Steps to Perform a t-Test in Excel:
1. Conduct F-Test: Check if variances are unequal.
2. Open Data Analysis: Go to Data tab > Data Analsis.
3. Select t-Test: Choose t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances and click OK.

4. Input Ranges:
o Variable 1 Range: Select A2
(female students).
o Variable 2 Range: Select B2
(male students).

5. Hypothesized Mean Difference: Enter 0.

6. Output Range: Select a cell for results (e.g., E1).
7. Run the Test: Click OK.
STEP3:
RESULT

B)Z Test
STEP1:
To compare two means with known variances, we can use Z.TEST.
Hypotheses:
• Null Hypothesis (H0):
H0:μ1−μ2=0H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0H0:μ1−μ2=0
• Alternative Hypothesis (H1):
H1:μ1−μ2≠0H1: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0H1:μ1−μ2 =0
The alternative hypothesis states that the two population means are not equal.
STEP2:
Steps to Conduct a Z.TEST in Excel:

1. Calculate Variances: Use the VAR.P function to calculate the variances for both students'
scores.

2. Select Ranges:
- For Variable 1 Range, select scores for Student 1.
- For Variable 2 Range, select scores for Student 2.

3. Enter Known
Variances:
- For Variable 1 Variance (known), enter Student 1's variance.
- For Variable 2 Variance (known), enter Student 2's variance.

4. Set Output Range: Choose a cell for the results and click OK.

This will execute the Z.TEST and display the results.

STEP3:
RESULT

C)ANOVA
STEP1:
Hypotheses:
• Null Hypothesis (H0):
H0:μ1=μ2=μ3H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3H0:μ1=μ2=μ3
• Alternative Hypothesis (H1): At least one of the means is different.
Example:
We'll analyze the salaries of individuals with degrees in economics, medicine, or history.
STEP2:
1. Open Data Analysis: Go to the Data tab and click Data Analysis in the Analysis
group.
2. Select ANOVA: Choose ANOVA: Single Factor and click OK.

3. Input Range: Select the range (e.g., A2)

4. Output Range: Select a cell for the results (e.g., E1) and click OK.
This will generate the ANOVA results in the specified output range.
STEP3:
RESULT
EXNO: 5
DATA PRE-PROCESSING OPERATIONS
PROCEDURE

A) Handling Missing data

STEP1:
Vaccine Registration Dataset:
We have a dataset with:
• ID: Unique identifier for each person
• Registered: Indicates if the person is registered for vaccination
• Attendance: Indicates if the person attended on the vaccination day
This data helps analyze attendance and registration effectiveness.

STEP2:
Finding Missing Persons Using ISERROR and VLOOKUP:
To identify missing persons from the vaccine dataset, follow these steps:
1. Create a New Column: Add a column for checking attendance.
2. Apply the Formula:
o In the selected cell (e.g., E5), enter
FORMULA:
=IF(AND(NOT(ISERROR(VLOOKUP(A2, A:C, 2, FALSE))), C2<>""), TRUE, FALSE)
Formula Breakdown:
• C5: The ID to find.
• $D$5:$D$14: The lookup array (attendance list).
• 1: The column index to return.
• FALSE: Exact match required.
The ISERROR function returns TRUE if the ID is missing (error) and FALSE if found. This
helps identify absent individuals on vaccination day.
 Then, use the Fill Handle tool to Autofill the formula for the next cells and you will get the
output for the missing data.

STEP3:
CONDITIONAL FORMATTING:
1. Select the Column: Choose the column with the results (e.g., E).
2. Apply Conditional Formatting:
o Go to Conditional Formatting.
o Select Highlight Cells Rules > Equal To.
o Enter the cell reference (e.g., E6).
o Choose a Fill Color to highlight.
o Click OK.
This will visually highlight the missing data in the selected column.
B) Normalization
STEP1:
Normalization scales data to a range between 0 and 1, known as min-max scaling.

Standardization modifies data so the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1. This is
sometimes also called normalization.
Both processes help compare data on different scales effectively. For example, comparing
a person's income and height, which are measured in different units, requires scaling.
Standardization can be easily done using functions like MIN() and MAX() in Excel.

STEP2:
Steps to Normalize a Dataset Using Min-Max Scaling
1: Load the Dataset
Start with your dataset, which has values ranging from 4 to 31.

2: Calculate Minimum Value

Use the MIN() function to find the minimum value:
=MIN(range)
In this case, it returns 4.
3: Calculate Maximum Value
Use the MAX() function to find the maximum value:
=MAX(range)
This returns 31.

4: Normalize the First Record

To normalize a value, use the formula:
=(value - MIN) / (MAX - MIN)
Subtract the minimum value from the record and divide by the range (maximum -
minimum).

5: Fill Down to Normalize All Records

Drag the fill handle down to apply the formula to the entire dataset. Since you use
absolute references for the minimum and maximum, values will remain consistent.
STEP3:
RESULT
EXNO: 7
PERFORM BIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS ON THE
DATASET
PROCEDURE

A) MULTIVARIANTE
STEP1:
Running Regression Analysis in Excel
1. Enable the Analysis ToolPak (if needed):
o Go to the File tab, select Options.
o Click Add-Ins on the left.
o Select Excel Add-ins next to "Manage" and click Go.
o Check the box for Analysis ToolPak and click OK.

2. Enter your data:

o Arrange data in adjacent columns, with headers in the first row.

3. Access Data Analysis:

o Click the Data tab and select Data Analysis on the far right.
4. Select Regression:
o Choose Regression and click OK to open the parameters window.

5. Input dependent (Y) data range:

o Click the Input Y Range field and highlight the column with dependent
variable values.
o Check Labels if you have a header row.

6. Input independent (X) data range:

o Click the Input X Range field and highlight the column(s) with independent
variable values. Ensure these columns are adjacent.
 7. Adjust regression options (if needed):
o Modify the Confidence Level if desired.
o Choose Output options and select residuals if needed.
8. Run the analysis:
o Click OK to generate the results, which will include regression statistics like
correlation values and standard error.

STEP2:
RESULT
B) BIVARIATE
STEP1:
Bivariate data involves two dependent variables, which can be quantitative or qualitative.
Quantitative data is visualized with scatter plots, while qualitative data is represented in
frequency distribution tables. Correlation values range from -1 to 1.

STEP2:
Steps to Create a Scatter Plot in Excel
1. Access the Insert Tab: Select your data and go to the Insert tab.

2. Select the Scatter Chart: In the Charts section, choose the Scatter Chart option.

3. Chart Created: A scatter chart will appear, plotting Study Hours (X-axis) against
Marks Scored (Y-axis).
4. Add a Custom Title: Double-click the title box to add a title, such as "Study Hours vs.
Marks (100)."

5. Add Axis Titles: Click the chart, select the plus (+) button, and check the Axis Titles
box to label the X and Y axes.
6. Display Trendline Equation: In the Format Trendline dialog, check the box for Display
equation on chart to show the trendline and its equation.

7. Use the CORREL Function: To find the correlation value, use the CORREL function. A
positive correlation value of 0.396 indicates that as study hours increase, students’
marks tend to increase as well.
EXNO: 8
APPLY AND EXPLORE VARIOUS PLOTTING FUNCTIONS ON THE
DATA SET
PROCEDURE:

STEP1:
Set up your data

STEP2:
Creating a Line Graph in Excel
1. Select Data for the Chart: Click on one cell of your data table for Excel to
automatically select the entire table. If you want to plot a specific part, highlight that
section, including the column headers.
2. Insert a Line Graph: With the data selected, go to the Insert tab, click the Insert Line
or Area Chart icon, and choose a chart type. Hovering over the chart types will show
descriptions and previews.
3. Create a Multiple Line Graph: For a multiple line graph, ensure your table has at least
three columns: one for time intervals and others for numeric values. Highlight the
data, then follow the same steps to insert a line graph. Limit the number of lines to
3-4 for clarity.

4. Change Line Color: To modify line colors, double-click the line you want to change.
In the Format Data Series pane, go to the Fill & Line tab, select the Color drop-down,
and choose a new color.
EXNO: 9
EXPLORE THE FEATURES OF POWER BI IN DESKTOP
PROCEDURE
STEP1:

What is Power BI?

Power BI is a business analytics service provided by Microsoft that lets you visualize your
data and share insights. It converts data from different sources to build interactive
dashboards and Business Intelligence reports.

STEP2:

FINACNCE DATA

AEROSPACE DATA
HEARTDISEASE PREDICTION DATA
STEP3:

FEATURES OF POWER BI

1. Data Visualization: Offers a wide range of customizable visuals, including charts,

graphs, and maps, to present data clearly.

2. Interactive Dashboards: Users can create interactive dashboards that provide real-
time insights and allow for deep dives into data.

3. Data Connectivity: Connects to various data sources, including databases,

spreadsheets, and cloud services, enabling comprehensive data integration.

4. Natural Language Queries: Users can ask questions in natural language to retrieve
insights quickly, making data analysis more accessible.

5. Collaboration and Sharing: Allows users to share reports and dashboards with
colleagues, facilitating collaboration and informed decision-making.

6. Mobile Access: Power BI apps are available on mobile devices, enabling users to
access reports and dashboards on the go.

7. Data Modeling: Offers robust data modeling capabilities, allowing users to define
relationships and calculations to enhance data analysis.

8. Row-Level Security: Ensures sensitive data is protected by allowing access based on

user roles and permissions.

9. Custom Visuals: Users can create and import custom visuals to meet specific
reporting needs.

10. Integration with Other Microsoft Services: Seamlessly integrates with Microsoft
tools like Excel, Azure, and Teams, enhancing productivity and collaboration.
EXNO: 10
PREPARE AND LOAD DATA USING POWER BI
PROCEDURE
STEP1:

Sample of Data in Excel

We have three columns of data, two have number in it and one has text
values.

Import an Excel file into PowerBI

STEP2:

• Click on the Home ribbon at the top.

• Select the "Get Data" button to open the data source options.

Button for Get Data

STEP3:

After pressing the "Get Data" button, a new menu will appear, displaying various data
source options. The first item in the list is Excel. Click on Excel, then click the Connect
button in the lower right corner.

Select Excel as Data Source

STEP4:

After clicking Connect, a new window will pop up asking for the location of the Excel file.
Navigate to the sample data file named Book1.xlsx. You can download the actual file used
here: Book1. I saved my Book1.xlsx file on the desktop of my computer. Select Book1.xlsx
and then click Open.
STEP5:

Next, you will see the Navigator screen, which displays the contents of the workbook.
There are two sheets available, but for now, we will focus on the data in Sheet1. Select
Sheet1, then click Load. This action will import the data from Sheet1 into the Power BI
Desktop data model.

Navigator Selection Screen

STEP6:

Now, the data has been added to the Power BI Desktop data model. You can find the
loaded data and its various columns in the Fields pane located on the far right of the Power
BI interface.

Location of Loaded Excel

STEP7:

This feature is extremely useful, as data models can become quite large when
incorporating multiple data files, but the PBI file remains compact and manageable.

Make a Data from Column Sales and Category

STEP8:

To expand the Sheet1 data table, click the triangle next to the table icon. You can then drag
and drop the column names into the visualization area to create visualizations. In this
demo, I used the Category and Sales columns to create a table. By selecting a different
option in the visualizations bar, you can easily convert your data table into a Bar Chart.