Tuesday, April 27, 2010

4:57 PM

SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTUAL MATERIAL

IN
MATHEMATICS
(CLASS XI)

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 CONTENT
CHAPTER 3: Trigonometric Functions
Law of sines. and low of cosines

CHAPTER 5: Complex numbers and quadratic equations

Square - root of a complex number

CHAPTER 9 : Sequences and series

Sum to infinity of a G.P.

CHAPTER 10 : Straight line

Shifting of Orig in

CHAPTER 13 : Limits a nd Derivative

Some important limits

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CBSE Advisors
Sh. Vineet Joshi. Chairman. CBSE .
Sh. Shash.i Shushan. Director (Acad). CBSE

Convenor & Editor

Prof K.P. Chinda. Retd: Delh.i University

Development Team
Sh. G.D. Dha ll. Retd, NCERT.

Sh. J.C. N ij hawan. Retd, GNCT of Delhi.

Member Coordinator
Dr. Srijata Das. Education officer. CBSE.

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 CHAPTER-3
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

I. Law of Sines (or Sine Rule)

The sine rule states that the lengths of the sides of a triangle are proportiona l to the sines of angles opposite to
a b c
them, i.e. in MBC. --:---
A = -----
sm sin B sin C · 1f A •
I \
I \
Proof : Three cases arise I \
I \
I \
Case (i) When ~ABC is acute angled triangle I

I
c
Let a = BC. b = AC and c = AB I
I
I
I
From ve11ex A. draw AD..LBC 11-
L----~---~
B D C
In~D. ~ = sinB~AD=c sinB ..... (i) •-------a-------•
AD
In MCD. - = sinC ~ AD = bsinC ....... (ii)
AC

From (i) and (ii) \Ye get. c sin B = b sin C

b c
or - - = - - ....... .... (A)
si n B sin C

Similarly. by drmYing BE..LAC. \Ye can prove that

a c
..... (B)
sin A sin C

From (A) and (B). \\·e see that

a b c
sin A sin B sin C A

Case (ii) When ~ABC is an obtuse angled triangle

From ve•1ex A. dra\\· AD..LBC produced

AD . o
ll1 MBD. - = sm (1 80 -B)
AB

AD . .
or - = sm B ~ AD = c sm B ........ (i)
AB

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 . . . AD . C
S nmlarly. 111 L't.ACD. AC = sm

or AD = b sin C .. ... (ij)

From (i) a nd (ii). \Ye get

. . b c
c sm B = b sm Cor - - = - -
sin B sin C

Similarly, by drawing BE.LAC \Ye can show that

a c
--- --
sin A sin C
A
a b c
Hence.
sin A sin B sin C

Case (iii) When L't.ABC is a right angled triangle c

Ln L1ABC right angled at B

(i) AB =sin C or .:. =sin C ~ b = _ c_ c

AC b sin C

BC . a a
(ii) - = sin A or - = sin A ~ b = --
AC b sin A

... . B . n b
(111) Sill =Sill - = 1 ~ -- = b
2 sin B

From (i). (ii) and (iii). we get

a c b
b =--=-=--
sin A sin c sin B

a b c
~ --=--=--
sin A sinB sin C

From a ll the three cases. \Ye see that

a b c
sin A sin B sin C

Note (i) _ a _= _ b_ = _ c _ =k
sin A sin B sin C

~ a = k sin A. b = k sin B. c = k sin C

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 (ii) sin A = sin B = sin C =A. (say)
a b c
~ sin A = a t., sin B = bt.. sin C = ct.
These can be used in solving problems

')
Example 1 : IJ1 ~ABC. if a = 2. b = 3 and sin A=.::.. fmd L B.
3

a b c
Solution : We know that - - = - - = - -
sin A sin B sin C

2
Here a = 2. b = 3 and sin A = :;-
.:>

2 3
=> sin B = J => B = !:.. or 90°
2 sin B 2
3

Example 2 : ln any triang le ABC. if the ang les a re in the ratio of J:2:3. prove that the corresponding sides are in
the ratio of J:..J3:2.

Solution : Let the a ng les be e. 28 and 38

As 8 + 28 + 38 = 180° => 8 = 30°
:. The angles are 30°. 60°. 90°

Let the corresponding sides be a. b. c

a b c a b c
.. - - = - - = - - or - - - = - - - = - - -
sin A sin B sin C sin 30° sin 60° sin 90°

a b c
or - = - = - = k (sa' ')
.!. ../3 J -
2 2
k ../3
=> a : b .· c = -2 .· - 2 k .· k or I : ../3 : 2

Example 3 : In any triang le. prove that

2
(i) a - c 2 = sin (A-C)
2 (ii) b cos B + c cos C = a cos (B-C)
b sin (A+C)

Solution :

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 sin 2 A - sin 2 C sin (A+C). sin (A- C)
sin 2 B sin 2 [ 180° - (A+C) J
= sin (A+C). sin (A-C) = sin (A-C) = RHS
sin (A+C). sin (A+C) sin (A+C)

(ii) LHS = b cos B + c cos C

= k [sin B cos B +sin C cos C)

= ~ [sin 2 B +sin 2 C)
2

= ~ [ 2 sin (B+C) cos (B-C))

2

= k [sin (180°-A) cos (B-C)]

= k sin A cos (B-C)

= a cos (B-C) = R HS

Example 4 : Prove that

a (sin B - sin C)+ b (sin C - Sin A) + c (sin A -sin B) = 0

a b c
Solution : We know that - - = - - = - -
sin A sin B sin C

~ a = k sin A. b = k sin B. c = k sin C

:. LHS = k sin A (sin B - sin C) + k sin B (sin C - sin A) + k sin C (sin A - sin B)

= k [sin ;.-sti1 B - sin ;.-sti1 C + sin _B.-sti1 C - sin _B.-sti1 A +sin _c-stn A - sin _c-stn BJ
=k .0= O= RHS
Example 5 : In any llABC. pt·ove that

a2 + b2 = I +cos (A-B) cos C

a2 + c 2 I + cos (A-C) cos B

Solution : We kl1o"· that i11 ~ABC. a = k sin A. b = k sin B. c = k sin C

:. LHS =
Y- (sin 2
A + sin2 B) I - cos2 A+ sin2 B
= - -2 - - 2-
1 - (cos2 A - sin 2 B)
)<"' (sin A+ sin C)
2 2
I - cos A+ sin C I - (cos 2A- sin2 C)

I - cos (A-B) cos (A+B) cos 2 A - sin 2 B

I -cos (A-C) cos (A+C)
= ~ [f + cos 2A - j + cos 2B]

= ~ [f cos (A+B) cos (A-B)]

6

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 l +cos (A-B) cos C = RHS
l +cos (A-C) cos C

EXERCISE I

l. In t!. ABC. if a = 18. b = 24 and c = 30 and LC = 90°. find sin A. sin B and sin C.

2. In any t!. ABC. prove that

(A-B)
cos - -
a+ b 2
c sin
c
2

b'- c' sin (B- C)

3.
a' sin (8 + C)

4. If a cos A= b cos B. then the triangle is either isosceles or right angled.

tan (A-B)
a-b 2
5. a+c tan (A+B)
2

6.
. (B -C) = -b --e
Si ll -- COS -
A
2 a 2

l +cos (A-B) cos C a' + b'

7.
l + cos (A-C) cos B a' - c2

A B C
8. {b - c) cot - + (c - a) cot - + (a - b) cot - = 0
2 2 2

9. acos - (B-2-C) = (b +c) sin 2A

A B
tan - + tan -
c 2 2
10. a -b A B
tan - -tan -
2 2

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11. a (cos C - cos B) = 2 (b- c) cos 2 ~
2
12. a sin A - b sin B = c sin (A - B)
II. Cosine Rule
In any triangle ABC. we have

bz + cz - az
(i) a 2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A or cos A = - - - -
2bc

az + cz - bz
(ii) b2 = a 2 + c2 - 2ac cos B or cos B = - - - -
2ac

a2 + b2- c2
(ii) c2 = a 2 + b2 - 2ab cos C or cos C = - - - -
2ab

Pt·oof: Three cases arise : 1( A

I
~
Case I : When the D.ABC is an acute angled triangle. I ''
I
I
''
From vettex A. dra\YAD.lBC I
I
' 'b,
,c
BD
I ''
I
''~
In llABD. cos B = -
c
~ BD = c cos B
,. I
I

CD B D c
InMCD. cosC = - ::::) CD = b cosC +-------a -------•
b

Also, AC = C0 + AD
2 2 2

= AD 2 + (BC - 80)2
= BC2 + (AD 2 + 802) - 2BC.BD
AC = BC + AB
2 2 2
- 2BC.BD
or. b = a + c
2 2 2
- 2a .c cos B A

az + cz - bz
or. cos B = - - - -
2 ac
C ase II When llABC is an obtuse angled triangle.
From vertex A. draw AD.lCB produced
In llABD.

BD
- =cos(1800 - B)= - cos B
c
~ BD = -c cos B
Also. AC 2 = AD2 + C02

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 = AD2 + (BC + BD)2
= AD2 + BD 2 + BC 2 + 2BC.BD
AC 2= AB2 + BC 2 + 2BC. BD
or b2 = c2 + a 2 + 2a (-c cos B)

c2 + a2- b2
or cos B = - - - -
2ac

Case III : When MBC is a right triangle. A

b2 = c2 + a2

As B = ~ ~ cos B = 0 c b
2

. . b2 = c 2 + a 2 - 2ac cos B [·: cos B =OJ

c2 + a2- b> B a c
~ cos B = - - - -
2ac

c2 + az - bz
Thus. in all the three cases cos B = - - - -
2ac

By following the same procedure. we can prove that

~+ ~ - ~ ~+~ - ~
cos A = and cos C = - - - -
2bc 2ab

Let us now t a ke some examples :

Example 6: In a MBC, prove that a (b cos C- c cos B) = b2 - c2
Solution : LHS : a (b cos C - c cos B)

b+c c+a a+ b cosA cosB cosC

Example 7 :If in any D. AB C . - - = - - = --.the n proYe that-- = - - = - -
12 13 15 2 7 II

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 b +c c+a a+ b
Solution : - = k
12 13 15
=} b+c = 12k. c+a = 13k. a+b = 15k

(b+c) + (c+a) + (a+b) = 40k

=} a+b+c = 20k
=} a = 8k. b = 7k _c = 5k

49k2 + 25k2 - 64k 2

Cos A =
2bc 70k2 7

a 2 +c2 -b 2 64k2 + 25k2 - 49k 2

Cos B =
2ac 80k2 2

a 2 + b 2 -c 2 64k 2 + 49k 2 - 25k 2 88 II

Cos C =
2ab 112k 2 112 14

I IJ
Cos A : Cos B : Cos C = 7 - ; - =2 ; 7; II
2 14

CosA CosB CosC

-- - - = - - = - -
2 7 II

c-b cosA cos B

Examples 8: In a t,. ABC _ prove that
b-<: cos A cos C

c-b cosA
Solution : LHS=---
b-c cosA

(b 2 2
+c -a )
b-<: -'-------"-
2

2bc

cosB jjb (a2+c2-b2)

RHS= cosC = /Jc (a 2+b -c 2 2
)

= LHS

Example 9: In a t,. ABC _ if a = 18. b = 24 and c = 30. find cosA, cosB and cosC
Solution : Here a = 18. b = 24 and c = 30

10

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 b2 + c 2 - a 2 576+ 900 - 324
cos A = - - - -
2bc 1440

11 52 4
----
1440 5

2 2 2
a + c -b 324+ 900+576 6 48 3
cos B = - - - - = --=-
2ac 1080 1080 5

a 2 +c 2 -b2 324+576 - 900

cos c= 2ac
-----=0
864

4 3
. . cos A = -. Cos B = - . cos C = 0
5 5

Example 10: In any 1::J. ABC. prove that

2 (be cosA + ca Cos B + ab Cos C) = a 2 + b 2 + c2

(b' +c' - a' ) a 2 +c2 -b2 a 2 + b2 - c' j

Solution · LHS = 2 be + ca + ab Zab
· { 2bc 2ac

= a' + b2+ c2 = RHS

Example 11 : Ln any Ll.ABC. prove that

b2 -c 2 c' -a' a 2 -b2

-- , - .sin 2A + - - , - .sin 2B + - - , -.sin 2C = 0
a· b· c·

= ~ [(b2 -c2 )(b 2 +c2 ) - a 2 (b 2 - c2 )+(c2 -a' )(c2 + a 2 )-b 2 (c2 - a2 ) +(a 2 + b' )(a 2 - b2 )- c' (a 2 -b' )]
abc

= ~[Y
abc
- / - ~ +/c' +/ -/ -Y / +~ +/ - Y - /c'+~]=o= RH S

cosA cosB cosC a 2 + b2 + c 2

Example 12. l.n any Ll.ABC, provethat - - + - -+ - - = - - - -
a b c 2abc

II

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 cosA cosB cosC
Solution : LHS = - - + - - + - -
a b c

b 2 +c2 -a 2 a 2 +c 2 -b 2 a 2 + b2 - c 2
- - - -+ +- - - -
2abc 2abc 2abc

I [ :1 z' , z' :1 .z
= - - b 2 + c 2 -;r +a 2 +fo -JJ +;r +JJ -%
z'] = a l+ bl + cl =RHS
2abc 2abc

EXERCISE 2

I. ln a L'lABC. if a=3. b=5 and c=7. find cosA. cosB and cosC.

2. If the sides of a L'lABC are a=4. b=6 and c=8. show that 6 cosC = 4+3 cosB

? " .., A
3. IJ1 any to. ABC, prove that a - = (b +c)- - 4bc cos- -
2

4. In a L'lABC. if LB = 60° , prove that (a+b+c) (a-b+c) = 3ac

5. In any L'lABC . prove that

( b 2 - c2 ) cot A + (c 2 -a 2 ) cot B + (a ~ - b 2 ) cot C = 0

sin A
6. ln a tlABC if cosC = .. n . prove that the triangle is isosceles.
2 SI ILD

7. In any L'lABC , prove that

(a
c )' . ' c
-b ) 2 cos-' - +(a+b- sm- - = c- '
2 2

8. In any triangle ABC, prove that 2 ( b cos' ~+ c cos' ~) = a+b+c

9. Ln any L'lABC . prove that

10. In any L'lABC . if LC = 60°, prove that

12

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 l I I
- + - = --
a+c b+c a+b+c
ANSWERS:
EXERCISE: 1

L. sin A = }{ sinB = ~ . si.n C = I

EXERCISE: 2

13 ll -1
Ans. l . cosA = 14. cosB = 14. cosC = 2

13

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 CHAPTER-S
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS.
I. SQUARE - ROOT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
We knO\\. that every negative real munber has exactly t\\·o square - roots. For example:-

J7i = ±.fi i , J:6 = ±J6 i etc.

Let us now try to find the square - root of a complex number suppose. \Ye have to find .Ja + bi
Let = .Ja + b i = x + yi .

Squaring we get
a+bi = (x'-y~) + 2ixy
Equating rea l and imaginary pa11s. \Ye get

(ii) 2xy = b => xy = ~

Now ( x -> +y-> ) -' = (( x -' -y -' ) -> + ( 2xy-

) ' ) = a ·' + b·>

=> (iii) [Positive sign as LHS is always positive

from (i) and (iii). \Ye can find x andy [using (ii)]
Let us consider some examples
E xample! : find the squa re - root of 3+4i

Solution : Let .,)3 + 4i = x+~·i

:. (x+yi)' = 3+4i or x~-y'=3 and 2xy = 4 (i)

Now. (x~+y~)' = (x'-~·~r + (2x~f = 3 ~+4' = 25
(ii)
, . ' = 8 => x = ± 2 and y' = I => y = ± I
As xy is positive => when x = 2. y = I and when x = -2, y = - 1

=> The 1\Yo square roots of 3 + 4i are

2+i and -2-i
Example 2: Find the square - root of -15 + 8i

Solution : Let .J- 15 + Si = x+yi ____(i)

Squaring (i), we get - 15+8i = (x' -y' ) + 2xyi

Equating real and imaginary parts. we get

14

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 x:-y~ = -15 and 2xy = 8
No,,· (x:+y:f = (x~-y~f + (2xyf = (-15): + (8)'
= 225+64 = 289 = (± 17)'
:. x:+y~ = 17 (Rt:iecting negative sign)
We have found x ~- y: = -1 5

:. 2x: = 2 ::::} x = ± 1
and 2y: = 32 ::::} y = ± 4
As x.y is positive ::::} x+yi has values
1+4i and - 1- 4i:

Example 3:

Find .J5:l2i
Solution: Let .J5:l2i = x + yi

::::} 5-1 2i = (x: - y:) + 2x~· i

Equating real and imaginary pmts. \Ye get

(i) x:-y: = 5 and (ii) 2xy = -1 2
Nm,· (x:+y:f = (x:-y:f + (2 x~V = 5:+ 12: = 169
.". X: + y: = 13 ____ (iii)
From (i). (ii) and (iii). \Ye get
2x: = 18 ::::} x = ±3
and y=± 2
As xy is negative ::::} \Yhen x = 3. y = -2
and \Yhen x = -3. y = 2
The required square - roots are 3-2 i and -3 + 2i
or ± (3- 2i)

EXERCISE 1
Find the square - roots of following complex numbers
(i) -1 5 - 8i
(ii) -3 - 4i

(iii) 2 - 2J3 i

15

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 (iv) 8+6 i
(v) 7 - 24 i
Examples4: Solve the follmYing quadratic equation:

Solution: 2:-,;~ + Jl5 i X - i = Q

Here b' - 4ac = ( JlS i r + 4. 2 i

= -15 +8 i

~x=
-JlS i ± .[:l5+8i
4

Let _.1 -15+8i = a+bi

____(i) and 2ab = 8 ____ (ii)

- - - - (iii)
:. a'= I~ a =± l.b =± 4
When a= 1, b = 4
When a = - I. b = -4
:. a+ib= 1+4i or - 1-4i

.. X=
- JlS i ± (1+4i)
4

-1- (Jl5+4) i
:. X = or ---'---'---
4

Example 5 : Solve the quadratic equation

:--;' - :-,; + (I +i) = 0
Solution : Here a = 1. b = - 1. c= 1+i
Discriminant = b~ - 4ac = (- I )' - 4 (I + i)
= 1-4 - 4i

= (If+ (2i)' - 2.( l) (2i)

= (2i - L)'

16

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 => .Jb' -4ac = ± (2i- l)

:. x = I ± (2i-1) = -i + 1, i
2
EXERCISE 2
Solve the foiiO\Ying quadratic equations:
(i) ix~ -x+ l2i = O

(ii) x ' - (3J2 - 2 i)x- J2 i = 0

(iii) x ' - (J2 + i)x +J2i=O

(iv) 2x~ - (3+7i) x + (9i- 3) = 0

(v) x2 - (3J2- 2i)x + 6J2 i = 0

ANSWERS:
EXERCISE 1:
(i) ±( 1-4i)
(ii) ± (l -2i)
(iii) ± (J3 - i)
(iv) ±(3 + i)
(v) ±_(4- 3i)

EXERCISE 2
(i) - 4i. 3i

(iii) Jl , I·
3+ i _., .
(iv) , .) )
2

(v) 3J2 ?.
- ' -1

17

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 CHAPTER - 9
SEQUENCES AND SERIES

I. Sum to infinity of a GP.

Let us consider the G. P.

3 ,:
Here a = I . r = /5

.. S, = [1- (Ys)"] ___ (i)

Let us study the behaviour of (;Ys')" as n becomes larger and larger.

n 5 10 20

(%J Ys (Ysf (Ysf (Ysf

= 0.6 =0.07776. = 0.006047 0.00003656

We observe that as n becomes larger and larger. ( ~)" becomes closer and closer to zero.

In other " ·ords. we can say that as n ~ =, ( ~ ~ 0 J

Thus. from (i) we find that the sum to infinitely many terms (SJ of the above geometric progression is

oiven b\·
:=> •
s = -25
-

Now, for a geometric progression a, ar. ar~. ____ if lrl < L then

18

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 s
a (1 -
= ---''-------'-
r") a ar"
" l -r I -r I -r

As n ---7 oo, r" ---7 0, as lrl < 1

.. sn ---7 _ a_ as n ---7 00 or s = _a_

1 -r - 1-r

For example

I I I I 3 I
I +- + - 2 + - 3 + = - = - as r = -
.) 3 3 3 ---- 1 7 3
(1 1-- -
3

1 1 1 I 3 1
1-- + - 2 - - + = - - = - as r = - -
(ii) 3 3 33 ---- (-') 4 , 3
1- -
3

Example 1 : Find the sum of the infinite GP I , 3. , ~, __ _

3 9

2
Solution : Here a = I. r = 3 i.e. r < I
a I
. s = - = - - =3
·· ~ 1-r 1-7J'
Example 2 : Find the SLllll to infmity of the GP

10. -9, 8. 1. -7.29.

Solution : Here a = 10. r = -0.9

SiJ1ce lrl < I

.. S = _ a_
- 1- r

10 10 100
--- - - - -
1- (-0.9) 1.9 19

= 5.263

19

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Example 3 : Find the sum to infinity of the series

I I I I I I
- + - + -3 + - + - + - 6 +
3 5" 3 5"' 3; 5

S olution : We here

52 1 9 1 25
+- - = -X-+- X
1- _!_ 3 8 25 24
52

3 1 10 5
-+-=-=-
8 24 24 12

Example 4 : Prove that 3,K . 3y; . 3Ys -- - - - = 3

Solution : We have 3,K . 3y; . 3Ys

.!_

=3 +
I-~ = 31 = 3

II. Recurring decimal numbe rs as geometric series.

The sum to infinity of a geometric progression. with lrl < I. can be applied in the infi nite recurring
no n:te rmina ting dec ima l expansion of some rea l numbe rs . L et us take the s imple case of
0.3 = 0.3333

We can \Hite 0.3333 ____ = 0.3 + 0.03 + 0.003 + ____ (i)

The RHS of (i). is the sum of infinite GP with a = 0.3 and r = 0.1 (lrl < I).

I I
Thus. 0. 3 = 3 or \Ye can say that the rational number 3. \\·hen expressed as a decimal \Yill have 0. 3

as its expansion.

20

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Example 5 : Find a rational number. \Yhich \Yhen expressed as a decimaL \Yill have 0.68 as its expansion.

Solution : We \\Tite

0.68 = 0.68888----

= 0.6 + [0.08 + 0.008 + 0.0008 + __ _ }

= 0.6 + 0.08 = 0.6 + 0.08

1- 0. 1 0.9

6 8 54+8 62 31
- - + - = -- = - = -
- lO 90 90 90 45

31
Hence. the required rational number is
45

Example 6: The first term of a G.P. is 2 and sum to infinity in 6. Find the common ratio.

Solution: Here a=2 S~ = 6

:.6 = ~ or 1-r = 2/ = L(
1-r /66 /3

=> r = I- 1.( = ~
/3 3
Exer cise 1.
Find the sum to infinity in each of the following geometric progressions:

20 80
l. 5, - ,
7 49 ' - - -

2. 6. 1.2. 0.24.

-I I I I
3. I, ~
J
, ~2
J
, - 3·', J ,"'~ ___
-5 5 5
4. 4 , 16 , 64 ,---

-3 3 -3
5. 4 , 16 , 64 ' - - -

6. 0 3. 0.18. 0. 108.

21

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7. (J2+ 1), 1 , (J2 - 1), (J2 -1f, ---

4/ 80
8. The common ratio of a GP is -15 and the sum to infmity is 9. Find the first term.

9. Find an infinite GP \\"hose first term is 1 and each term is the sum of all the terms \Yh..ich folio\\" it.
10. The sum of first two terms of an infinite GP is 5 and each term is tluee times the sum of the succeeding
terms. Find the GP.
II . Find the rational number having the follmYing decimal expansions:

(i) 0. 15 (ii) 0.7 12 (iii) 3.52 (iv) 0.23 1 (v) 0.356

12. Let x = 1 +a+a~ + ___ andy= l+b+b~ ___.\\"here Ia! <1 and lbl < l. Prove that

xy
X +y -1 .

13. 1fthe sum of an infinite geometric series is 15 and the sum of the squares of tluee terms is 45. Find the
series.
14. The sum of an infinite G.P. is 57 and the sum of their cubes is 9747. fmd the G.P.

I I I
15. Prove that 6 2 . 6 :~ . 68 . ___ = 6
ANSWE RS:
EXERCISE: 1

35 3 -3
I. 2. 7.5 3. 4. -I 5.
3 4 5

4 +3J2 1 1
6. 0.75 7. 8. 16 9. I. -
2 ,-
4 , ---
2

I I 114 712 3 17 23 1 353

10. 4 I -----
, , 4 ' 16' 11 . (i) 99 (ii) 999 (iii) 90 (iv)
999
(v)
990

10 20 38 76
12. 5+-+ - + - - - 14. 19
, 3- , - 9 , - - -
3 9

22

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 CHAPTER-10
STRAIGHT LINE

I. SHIFTING OF ORIGIN
The position of origin and the direction of axes plays a major role in describing a curve i11 terms of
equations. An equation corresponding to a set of points with reference to a system of coordinate axes
may be simplified by taking the set of points in some other suitable coordinate system. One such tra nsfor-
mation is 11hen origin is shifted to a new point and new axes are transformed parallel to the original axes.

To see how the coordinates of a point of the

plane changed under shifting of orig in (or trans- y y·
lation of axes).

Let 0 be d1e origin and P (x.y) be a point re- N

ferred to the axes OX and OY.
N'
--------., P(X, Y)

Let 0' X' and 0' Y' be the new axes parallel
to OX and OY respectively. where o· is the new
origin --+------+--------T---+ M' I
X'
0' h, k)
I
Let OL = h and 0' L = k I
I
Let d1e coordinates of P referred to ne' '" axes - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - - -.......---+ X
0 L M
be (X. Y) then 0' M' = X and P' M' = Y OM
= x and PM= y

:. x= OM = OL+LM = h + O'M'= h+X

y = PM = MM'+PM' = K +PM' = k + Y
Thus. x = X + h. y = Y+k give the relation bel\Yeen the old and ne11· coordinates.
Thus. if the equation of the set of points P with respect to OX and OY be f(x. y) = 0. the equation to d1e
same set of points IYhen origin is shifted too· becomes f (X+h. Y+k) = 0. 11·here X. Yare coordinates
with referrence to new axes o· x· and o· y·.

If. therefore. the origin is shifted at a point (h.k). we should substitude X + h and Y + k for x and y
respectively.

The transformation formula from new axes to old axes is X = x-h. Y = y-k. The coordinates of old origin.
referred to ne1Y axes are (-h. -k).
Examp le!: Find the new coordinates of the point (3.-5) if origin is shifted to the point (2.3) by a translation of
axes.
Solution : Coordinates of new origin are (h.k) = (2.3) and the orig inal coordinates of point are (3.-5) = (x.y)
:. ne11· coordinates (X. Y) a re given by
x = X+ h. y = Y + k i.e. 3 = X+ 2. -5 = Y + 3

: . X = 3-2 = I. Y = -5-3 = -8

Unfiled Notes Page 23

 Hence. the coordinates of the point (3.-5) in new system are (1. -8)
Example 2: Find ,,·hat the equation x' + xy - 3y' - y + 2 = 0 becomes when the origin is shifted to the point
(I , I)')

Solution : Let the coordinates of a point P changes from (x.y) to (X.Y) when origin is shifted to (Ll)

:.x =X+ I. y= Y+ I
Substiluting in the given equation. \Ye get
(X+l)' + (X+I) (Y+I) -3(Y+ l)'- (y+2) + 2 = 0

=::} + 1 - 3y' - 3 - 6y - y- 2 + 2 = 0 (x' + 2x + 1) + XY +X + Y)

=::} x'-3Y' +XY+3X -6Y -I =0

:. Equation inne\Y system is X' - 3Y: + XY + 3X - 6Y - I = 0

Example 3: Find the point to which the origin should be shifted after shifting of origin so that the equation
x' - 12x + 4 = 0 \Yill have no first degree term.

Solution : Let origin be shifted to (h. k) and P (x. y) becomes

P (X+ h. Y+k). Substituting in the given equation " ·e get
(X+h)' -12 (X+h) + 4 = 0
=::} X' + 2h.X + h' - 12X - 12h + 4 = 0

Since there is no fi rst degree term : 2h - 12 = 0

or h = 6
Hence origin should be shifted to (6.k) for any real value k.

Example 4: Verify that the area of the triangle \Yith vertices (4.6). (7.1 0) and ( 1.-2) remains invariant under the
translation of axes ''"hen origin is shifted to the point (-2. I)

Solution : Let P (4. 6). Q (7. 10) and R ( -1.2) be the g iven points

. I
: . Area of D. PQR = 2
[4 ( 10-2) + 7(2-6) -1 (6-10)]

I
= 2 [32- 28 + 4] = 4 sq.U.

No\\· shifting (x.y) to (X-2, Y+ 1)

Ne\Y coordinates are X = x+2, Y = y-1

24

Unfiled Notes Page 24

 :. p (4, 6) --7 (6, 5)
Q (7, 10) --7 (9, 9)
R (-I , 2) --7 ( I , 1)

I
.. Area of~ = 2 [6 (9-1) + 9 (1-5) + I (5-9)]

I
= 2 [48- 36 -4] = 4 sq. units
Hence the area remains invarient.

Exenise 1.
l. Find the ne\Y coordinates of the points in each of the following. if th e origin is shifted to the point

( 1.2) by translation of axes:

(i) (4. 4) (ii) (4. 5)

(iii) (9. 4) (iv) (3.2)

(v) (7, -I ) (vi) (2.5)
2. Find what the following equations become when origin is shifted to the point (2.3)
(i) x ' + 2xy - y' + y + 3 = 0 (ii) 3X\' - x' - \. + X = 0
(iii) 4xy + 2x - 3y + 2 = 0 (iv) x' + y' - 3x + 4y = 0
3. lfthe orig in is shifted to the point ( l .-2). \Yhat do the follo\Ying equations become?

(i) 2x' + y' - 4x +4y= 0 (ii) ., ., - 4x + 4,.

. + 8=0

4. At \Yhat point the origin be shifted, if the coordinates of a point (4,5) becomes (-3.9) '1

5. Prove that the area of a triang le is invariant under the translation of the axes.
ANSWERS:

l. (i) (3.2) (ii) (3.3) (iii) (8. 2) (iv) (2.0) (v) (6.-3) (vi) (1.3)

2. (i) x ' - y' + 2xy + lOx - y - 5 = 0

(ii) 3xy - x' + 6x + 5y + 13 = 0
(iii) 4xy+ l4x + 5y+2 1 = 0

(iv) x'+y'+ x+ l Oy+ 19=0

3. (i) 2x' + y' = 6. (ii) , .: = 4x

4. (7. -4)

25

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 CHAPTER-13
LIMIT AND DERIVATIVES
l. SOME IMPORTANT LIMITS

. l
l. e1m -
X...., 0 X

1
We can easilY observe that as x ---7 0 from the left hand side. - .gets smaller and smaller i.e. ---7 - oo.
' X X

I
and as x ---7 o from right hand side. - gets greater and g reater i.e. ---7 + oo
X X

1
So. as x approaches to 0. either from left hand side or from right hand side. - never approaches to a
X
finite number.

Hence. we say that e1· m_ -I and

Cim
both do not exist i.e.
. I
e1111- does not exist.
x ~ ox x~ o x X~ 0X

2. eim
X-+ - X

When x takes positive values only and successive values of x increase and become g reater than any pre
- assigned positive real number. however large it may be. then we say that x tends to infinity. i.e. x ---7 oo
l
Clearly. as x ---7 oo . - ---7 0
X

. l
Thus we say that e1m
X ---+ 00
-
X
= 0

3. ei m I )'
( 1+-
x

I
let x > I then - < I
X

:. using Binomia l Theorem, \\"e have

2 3
I)' _ I x (x - l) ( -I ) + x ( x - l) ( x - 2) ( -I ) +
( I+-X - l +X -X + 2! X 3! X

26

Unfiled Notes Page 26

 1 2 3
W hen x ~ 00 • each one of - , etc w ill tend to zero
X X X

:. e1m
,H M
. ( I)' I+ -
X I! 2!
I I
= I + - + - + -.1 +
3! - - -
= e.

.
Thus. :. €1111 ( I + -I ) ' = e
X4 - X

4. eim (l + xF
X~ 0

I
Takino - = y, we have, as x ~ 0, y ~ oo
"'X

.!. = .eim ( 1+ -I )Y=e

: .eim{l + x)x
x~o v-t- y

Hence €im ( l+x)~ = e

,\'oooo+ 0

eim log {I + x)
5.
X-7 0 X

loa {I +x ) L
eim
x -tO
"'
X
= eim - log(1 + x)
x _,O X
= eim log (1 +
x --+0
xF 1

= loge = l { log (1 + x) means log. {L+ x)}

e' - 1
6. eim - -
X-7 0 X

Taking e' - l = y. " ·e have. as x ~ 0, y ~ 0

and e' = I + y ~ x = log ( L+y)

27

Unfiled Notes Page 27

 e' - I y . I I
(im - - = eim elm = - = l
x-+ 0 x r -+ O log( l +y) r -+ o log (i+y) l
y

e' - I
Hence eim - - = I
x ~o x

a' - 1
7. eim - - , a > 0
X~ 0 X

Taking a•- 1 = y. \Ye have. as x ~ 0, y ~ 0 and a• = 1 + y ~ x log a = log ( 1 + y)

. a' - I y loga log a

€1111 - - = eim ei m log a
x--+ 0 X y --+ 0 log(l+y) y --+ 0 log ( I + y)
y

a• - I
Hence. ( im - - - = log a
X--+ 0 X

28

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