I ‘3 I cos) = Bb and sin 0= 5a5 yolk era sme required pola co-ordinates are ( 2) : 4 gle. If we have fen we can de- in elements of Id be known. =e. This jements of| nts of the trian} nga Triangle ¢ nt is a side, # ‘Three sides and three angles of a triangle are called the elemer in set of three elements of a triangle, in which at least one eleme! ther three elements of the triangle. To solve a triangle means to find unkow! the triangle Using three angles of a triangle we can't solve it. At least one side shoul in ABC, we use the following notations : (BC) = BC = a, KCA) = AC =b, AB) =A notation is called as the usual notation. Following are some standard relations between el 3.2.3 Solvin termine O! triangle. bet ce : ine Rule: In AAB pce a i dius of AABC. 43.24 The Sine eevee where R is the circumradi proof: Let AD be perpendicular to BC. 7 AD=bsin Cc i ¢ 1 A(QABC)= 5 BC AD =LaxbsinC 2 1 A(AABO)= 5 ab sin C 2A (AABC) = ‘ab sin C similarly 2A (ABC) = ae sinB and 2 (ABC) = be sin be sin A= ac sin B = ab sin C Divide by abe, besinA _acsinB _ absinC abe abe abe sind _sinB _ sinC a b c a b eTo prove that each ratio is equal to aR. As the sum of three angles i jangle is not right angle, ' igles is 180°, at least triangle is 1 Suppose A is not right cal least one of the angle of the trang] Draw diameter through A. Let meet circle in P, in the same H le AP=2R and ACP is a right a gled triangle, ¢ ABC and Z APC are i C ate noes are. “m2 ABC=m 2 APC SOR. 3 mp RQ) From (1) and (2), we get b c sind sinB sinC Different forms of Sine rule : Following are the different forms of the Sine rule. In AABC. Gi) a=2Rsin A,b=2R sinB, c=2R sinC sind _sinB _sinC_, b ¢ (iv) b sin A=a sin B, c sin B=b sin C, c sin A=a sin C Gi) a_sind b_sinB © FmoB’e sinc Ex.(1) In AABC if A = 30°, B = 60° then find the ratio of sides, Solution : To find a:b: ¢ Given A = 30°, B = 60°, As A, B, C are angles of the triangle, A+ B-+C= 180° C= 90° By Sine rule, ee sind sinB” sinC Ook, e sin30° sin60® sin 90°13, 22 a:bient: V3:2 aibie fx.(2) In. AABC ifa =2,6=3 and sin A= 2 thes 8 \ i‘ 3 Solution: By sine rule, 7. ? sind sin B es 2” sinB 3 sinB=1 vos B=90°= 5 Ex. (3) In AABC, prove that a(sin B ~ sin C) + b(sin C ~ sin A) + (sin A—sin B) = 0 Solution : L.H.S. = a(sin B — sin C) + b(sin C — sin A) + o(sin A~sin B) = asinB-asinC+bsinC-bsinA+csinA-csinB = (asin B~bsin A) + (bsin C~c sin B) + (c sin A—asin C) = 0+0+0 = 0-RHS. Ex.(4) In SABC, prove that (a~b) sin C+ (b—c) sin A+(c-a) sinB=0 Solution: L.H.S.=(a~6) sin C+ (b—c) sin A+ (c—a) sinB = (asin Cb sin C) + (b sin A~c sin A) + (¢sin B-asinB) (asin C~c sin A) +(b sin A~a sin B) + (csin Bb sin C) = 0+0+0=0=RHS. 3.35 The Cosine Rule : In ABC, (i) a =b? +02—2be cos A Gi) b= +a—2cacosB (iii) =a? + b?- 2ab cos C Proof: Take A as the origin, X - axis along AB and the line perpendicular to AB through A as the Y - axis. The co-ordinates of A, B and C are (0,0). (c, 0) and (b cos A, b sin A) respectively. To prove that a= b? +c? - be cos A Ul =a =BC? (b-@oos A? + (0-@sin A)? (by distance formula) = \W+€ cos? A-2 be cos A+? sin? A = W+® cos A+ b sin? A-2be cos A = W+B-2be cos = RHS. @=b+e?—2be cosA Similarly, we can prove that 2+ 2ca cos B +b 2ab cos Cpared’ ea ah)) epee ERALS, ave The projection Rute: In AARC, (i) aw beos Ct ecos (i) be ecos AF cos C (iii) = a cos BD eos A proof: Here we give proof of one of these three statements, by considering all possible cases. ‘To prove that a b cos C4 c cos B Let altitude drawn from A meets BC in D, A BD is called the peojection of AB on BC, DC is called the projection of AC on BC. c Projection of AB on BC =e cos B ‘And projection of AC on BC = DC = b cos C Case (i) B and C are acute angles. B D a c Projection of AB on BC = BD =c cos B ‘And projection of AC on BC = DC =b cos C From figure we have, a =BC=BD+DC =ccosB+bcosC =bcosC +c cos B a =beosC +ccosB Case (ii) B is obtuse angle. =, Projection AB on BC = BD = ¢ cos (1 -B)=—c cos B And projection of AC on BC = DC=b cos C From figure we have, a =BC=DC-BD cos C - (- ¢ cos B) cosC +¢-cos B boos C+ccos B B is right angle. In this case D coincides with B. RHS.=b cos C +e cos B BC+0 = a=LHS. * a=beosC+ccosB Similarly we can prove the cases where C is obtuse angle and C right angle. Therefore in all possible cases, a= b cos C +c cos B Similarly we can prove other statements. BY ere(9) | AALIC, prove that a(eaw (cow 1) = 2b oun (4) ( Solutions By Projection rule, we have a cox C4 con A 1 deon C= be. con Aand a con B= ¢ LES. a(con C «con BY = acon aeons = (be e0N A) ~(e«b con A) « b-cconA~e+beona = (b=) 4 (b=) conA (be) 4 con A) “band a cos 14 boos A~e beowA "= (b~ 6) * 2eos? \ = 2(b~ ¢) coxt 4 © RAILS. Z Hx.) Prove the Cosine rule using the Projection rule. Solytion: Given: In AABC, a b cos C+ ¢ cos B b=ccos A-+acosC c=acos B +b cos A Mulitiply these equations by a,b,c respectively. a’ = ab cos C + ac cos B b? = be cos A + ab cos C c= ae cos B + be cos A @? +b? c2 = (ab cos C + ac cos B) + (be cos A + ab cos C) - (ac cos B + be cos A) = abcos C+ ac cos B + be cos A+ ab cos C ~ ac cos B - be cos A = 2abcosC a + b?~c? = 2ab cos C Similarly we can prove that @ = b? + c?— 2be cos A and b? = c? + a? ~ 2ca cos B. 3.3.7 Applications of Sine rule, Cosine rule and Projection rule: (1) Half angle formulae: In AABC, if a + b + ¢ = 2s then Fein eo epee @ sin = es) (in cos 4= = a? +b? -2ab cos C. foun 4 - [@ De Gi) an 5 = ae-a)Proof :(i) Wehave, I -. cos A=2 sin? 4 2 B+e-a 2be rbe-b-c+a! 2be og 2sin? ry by cosine rule = 2sin 4 2 2 P= +0? -2be) 9 sige 4 2be 2 2 a -0-) 27 5g A 2be Z (2-0 (040-9) ayy {at+b+e-2b) {a+b+c~2c} 2be {25-26} {2s- 2c) _9 55,74 Qhe 2 =2sin? nie (s-ONS=0) _ gig? A be 2 _ A_ [e-ble-9) sine (ii) We have, 1 + cosA = 2 cos* hie (get) 20 riania by cosine rule _ Crerab+e-a) — rq 4 ee Dhees 2 BE(bter ah eo 2he (28)(28~ 2a) 2be Ae fte=o POTN be (iii) tan 2 =20) = 205 4 2 A = 2eog? & con _ (= De=9 5(5—d) A (s=bys=0) 2 2 tan iG=0) Similarly we can prove that BL [e-Mere) 4 £ [s=bMe- 9) 2 eG! ab sas s(s—c) cos B = fE—?) , co8 Lay ab 2 ac sin B I(s—a)(s—c) Cc I(s— a)(s—b) ton = Yo s(s-B) 7! ZY 55-0) (2) Heron's Formula : If a,b,c are sides of AABC and a+b+c=2s then ‘A (aaBC) = VEC= AEDS O) lesa, Proof : We know that A(AABC) = > ab sin C A(AABC) = 4 ab2sin£ cos© (ABC) = 5 ab2sin = c08-5 4 e-BE=d Acar) ~ \se=ane-bye=0) " = b- A @) Napler's Analogy : In ABC, tan (55) s os cot 5 ee oeyr y sine rule b= 2R sin B and c =2Rsin C proof : B: oc) _ 2RsinB-2Rsinc ro) = 2RsinB+2RsinC (6-0) sin B-sinC (+0) ~ sinB+sinC 2eas 22 sin 2=©) -0) _ 2 2 Thiel). B-C (b-<) woot (BC) in (45) (b+e) 2 2 (b-c) nA B-C (+e) ~ oot ($-4) tn 2 _ bo) A B-C (+e) -a (3) an ( 2 } Fitin(B=C)\ One) A {i 2 \2 Gp ee Simi Mmilarly We can prove that tm[f=4) _(c-0) B (c+a) wat 2 “(4 - (a+b) © 2 kay ih iC ifa213 } 214. 6 =15 then Gnd tha oa: _ Ae O debeo Fa B.C) In AABC prove that cot > + cot 2 +cot a2 Face 5 oot 3 A B : Solution : L.H.S. = cot > «+ cot 5 + cot 5 L tanmem. [seh rm see) . (se dene) (save) (v= ash) s-ay (sb) H (eds =a) Y= ays—ee=P) : = es [Ts f(s) (s+ (6-5)} = Y(s-dY(s-as-0) |__§ __ {3s-(a+b+e)} = VG@-ds-ayls-e) Peis se hea) = Y(s-b)(s-ays—e) s fe eee, = V(s=Ys-aNfs-c) 7 : ~ \enE-5 “Yea s(s—a) s (-bys-e) * (s=a) ce tea s(s—a) Qs-2a) * V(s=by(s—<) = a ttb+c | [ s(s-a) (a+b+e-2a) (s—b)(s—c) = Gtbhte breng Ot 5 =RHS. | sey (e-byw= ays)es + An equation involving trigonometric function (or functions) is called a trigonometric equation. + A value of o variable in a trigonometric equation which satisfies the equation is called a solution of the trigonometric equation. + Asolution o of a trigonometric equation is called a principal solution if 0 < a < 2z. + The solution of a trigonometric equation which is generalized by using its periodicity is called the general solution. + The general solution of sin @ = sin a is @= nx + (-1)" a, where n € Z. * The general solution of cos® = cos a is @= 2n a+ a, where n € Z. * The general solution of tan 6 = tan a is @= nn + a, where n € Z. * The general solution of sin? 6 = sin?a is = nz +a, where n € iz * The general solution of cos? @ = cos? a is@ =n +a, wheren e€ Z. * The general solution of tan? @ = tan? a is @ =n +a, wheren e Z. 0 ieee a a lel ee eeOR, where R is the ciroumradius of Ap, sind sinB ip seen ‘Toe Projection Rule : In AABC. a=beosC+ccos B =coos A+a.cos C c=acosB+bcosA Hai eng female :Tn ABC,» ee eae Aa [HEA ogg B_ [=D gg [205-0 Caz Nicbeigt 62 Vm 2 Naab Ax [-Os-9) 1B _ f(s-a(s-) | C_ [s=ayls-B) Gi BL fs aye) 4 C_ a aa (eo PS GT Yu@s0 Heron's Formula : If a,b,c are sides of AABC and a+b+c=2s then ACAABC) = Js(s—a\'s—BYs—c) : K “epiets Amoy 18 ABC, ton (2=) O-0),, 2) (bre) * Inverse Trigonometric functions : @ sin(sinx) =. =3,forx € F1,1]4 ie >. EN ay WHET * 2 nere N © 7 is the Tequired general solution. [* -—-Bxercise 3 1) __ Find the prine al soluti a Solutions of the following equations : ” 2 7 fii)sec 0 Ya Miiiyeot o= V3 fivy eat 0=0 Seo 0- 2) Find the principal solutions of the following equations: Re : Hsin =—> ii) tand=-1 (iii) V3 cosec 0 +2=0 Find the general solutions of the following equations : fe 3) Aro > cipeoso= 8 Ei) and = (iv) cot 0=0 4) @secd= V2 (ii) cosecO=-V2 (iii) tand =-1 7 5) @ sin20= + (ii) tan 2 =V3 (iii) cot 40=-1 : : & 6) 4 cost =3 Gi) 4 sin? = 1 (iii) cos 40 = cos 20 7 Af sin @ = tand (ii) tan’ 0=3tand SMSF cos + sin 8 = 1 Which of the following equations have solutions ? . \ (i) cos 20 =—1 (ii) cos’ @=~1 (iii) 2 sind = 3 (iv) 3 tan 8 =5 \ ——— SOO SS ).00._—o(5) Fina the Cartesian co-ordinates of the point whose polar co-ordinates are : os i) (+3) ) 2] v) Find the of the polar co-ordinates point whose Cartesian co-ordinates are. } O ae 2) i) (04) tid (1-8) ww 3)-_ In AABC, if A= 45°, B = 60° then find the ratio of its sides. 4) In AABC, prove that sin ot JArsyd oA With usual notations prove that 2 6)... In ABC, prove that (a? sin(B ~ C) + b'sin(C - A) + e’sin(A- B) = In AABC, if cot A, cot B, cot C are in A.P. then show that a’, b?, c? are also in A.P JnAABC, ifacos A=b os B then prove that the triangle is right angled or an isosceles traingle|, With usual notations prove that 2(be cos A + ac cos B + ab cos C) =a? + b? +c? In AABG, if a= 18, b= 24, c= 30 then find the values of {oso +esn =atbte, A (i) cosA, (ii) sin 2 (iii) cos 4 (iv) tan 4 (v) A(AABC) (vi) sinA A 11) (In ABC prove that (b +e-a) tan > =(¢+a~b) tan Be (a+b-c) tan 2 2 ) 12) fin ABC prove that sin — A A sin & sin S sin © = [ASBON] 3.3 Inverse Trigonometric Function : _ Wekow haifa function : A —>B is one-one and onto then its inverse function, denoted bys: B > A, exists. Forx ¢ Aandy eB if y =f (x) then x = f(y) : |) Seay, te domein ot ie range of fand the range of f-! = the domain of /.. Trigonomett ines functions, called trigonometric functions or circular dunctions. Their in i are called inverse trigonometriefmetions or inverse eicular functions, Be ae ied r invers se cicular functions, Before finding inverse trigonometric (circular) function , let us revise dor ; seca . 7 , main , ral ic i funetion. We summarise them in the following table . OO et No trigonometric fuction is one-one, An equation of the type sin @ = k, (|k|<1) has infinitely many solutions given by @= nx +(~1)" a, where sina =. ee od 1) _ Find the principal values of the foll (3) ser) _ Aili D . fe 1 1 : ee (iv) tan‘! 3 (v) sin! (+) (vi) cos"! 2) _ Evaluate the following : # mow (irae() move (a Gi) cos? (5) +2 sin! (5) Gii) tan J3 —sec™ (-2) — 40D lowing :(iv) cosec" (-v2) + cot! (v3) 6) roe the following : 1 3 3x at (5) (8) 2 Gi) sin! -3) + cos! Gal = cost (-3) (it) tan [sagen -7 40 ifec (-2.2] cos@-sind | 4 . (ili) for 08? 8 ig @ (= nm ) tan l+cos@ 2” pe eae c eee * An eo, : : : +, Wation involving trigonometric function (or functions) ise Wake 35: