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Class : 7 Chapter : 3 Sub : Science

HEAT By : Nawaz Sir

Heat : Heat is the form of energy that gives us the sensation of hotness and
coldness is called as the Heat

Nature of Heat :
 Heat flows from Hotter object to Cooler object
Temperature : The Measuring degree of Coldness and hotness is called as
Temperature , The S.I Unit of Temperature is KELVIN
Measuring of Temperature
 Temperature is measured in three Scales They are Celsius , Fahrenheit and
Kelvin Scale
 Thermometer : Device used for the measurement of temperature is
called as Thermometer.
Fahrenheit Scale :
 Gabriel Fahrenheit Found this scale for measuring temperature .
 Temperature is measured in Degree Fahrenheit (Fo)
 The freezing point of water is 32 Fo
 The Boiling point of water is 212 Fo
 There are 180 Divisions in Fahrenheit scale
Celsius Scale :
 Anders Celsius Found this scale for measuring temperature .
 Temperature is measured in Degree Celsius (Co)
 The freezing point of water is 0o C
 The Boiling point of water is 100o C
 There are 100 Divisions in Celsius Scale
Kelvin Scale :
 Lord Kelvin Found this scale for measuring temperature.
 Temperature is measured in Degree Kelvin (Ko)
 The freezing point of water is 273o K
 The boiling point of water is 373o K
 There are 100 Divisions in Kelvin Scale
 The S.I Unit of Temperature is Kelvin
Inter conversion Between Scales

o o o
Scale F C K
Boiling point of water 212 100 373
Freezing point of water 32 0 273
Normal room temperature 72 23 296

 9
 To convert C to F we use
o o F   C    32
 5
Ex : 1) Convert 30o C to oF
 9
Soln :
F   C    32
 5 
 9
F   30    32
 5
 270 
F    32
 5 
F  54  32  86F

 To Convert F to C we use
o o C 
5
F  32
9
Ex: 2) Convert 185oF to oC

C
5
F  32
9
C  185  32
5
9

C
5
153
9
5 153 765
C    85C
9 1 9
Types of Thermometer : There are 3 Types of Thermometer used in
our day to day life, They are Laboratory Thermometer, Clinical
Thermometer and Digital Thermometer .
1) Laboratory Thermometer : Laboratory thermometer is used in labs so
it is called as laboratory thermometer.
 One end is sealed and other end is filled with MERCURY
 This thermometer is usually measures the range up to 10oC to 110oC.
 The marks on the thermometer is called as calibration.
Precaution(¯Áå¨ÉÆÃgÉÃlj xÀªÀÄð«ÄÃlgï §¼À¸ÀĪÁUÀ vÀUÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîªÀ ªÀÄÄ£ÉßZÀÑjPÉ
PÀæªÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ) should be taken to use laboratory thermometer
 The thermometer should be washed before and after use.
 Always hold the thermometer in vertical direction
 Keep your eyes at the level of mercury to read the
temperature.
2) Clinical Thermometer : The thermometer used in hospitals and clinics is
called clinical thermometer.
 This thermometer has two end one end is sealed and another end is
filled with mercury.
 This thermometer used to measure the range between 35oC – 42oC
or 94oF to 108oF
 This thermometer has a special feature that is slightly bend called as
KINK
 The KINK prevents the back flow of mercury ,thus allows to read the
accurate temperature when removed from the mouth.
Precaution(Qè¤PÀ¯ï xÀªÀÄð«ÄÃlgï §¼À¸ÀĪÁUÀ vÀUÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîªÀ ªÀÄÄ£ÉßZÀÑjPÉ PÀª
æ ÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ)
should be taken to use laboratory thermometer
 The thermometer should be washed with dettol or with clean water
 Always handle with care
 Give soft jerks (eÁr¸ÀÄ)2-3 times to the thermometer to bring mercury
to below kink
 Do not place the thermo meter to hot flame.
 Keep your eyes at the level of mercury to read the temperature.
 3) Digital Thermometer :Digital thermometer is a device which is used by
thermocouple technology to measure the temperature
 It is a widely used thermometer because it does not contain any
mercury
 The digital thermometer gives accurate result compare to other
thermometers
Conduction : Conduction is the process by which heat energy is
transmitted through the collision between neighboring atoms and
molecules.
 Conduction takes place only in solids.
 Conductors :The material that allow heat to pass through them is
called as Conductors Ex : Iron,Silver,Copper Etc
 So our cooking vessels are made up of silver and copper which are
the good conductors of heat
 Insulators : The materials that do not allow heat to pass through
the is called as Insulators Ex : Plastic,Wood,Rubber and Bakelite Etc
Condition necessary for conduction of heat
 Distance : Larger the Distance it conducts less heat where as shorter
distance conduct more heat.
 Area : Larger the are ,fast the heat transfer
 Time : More the time ,more the transfer of heat
Convection :it is the process of heat transfer that occurs in fluids—liquids
and gases. It happens when hot part of a liquid rise and cooler parts sink,
creating a circulation pattern that transfers heat.
Convection Currents :When gas is heated , it warms , expands and
rises up it is lighter after cooling they become dense and come down this
process of movement of gases and liquids up and down creates convection
currents.
Formation of Sea Breeze
 Sun Heating Land and Sea: During the day, the sun heats both the
land and the sea. However, land heats up much faster than water.
 Warming Land: As the land gets hotter, the air above it also heats
up. Warm air is lighter and less dense, so it starts to rise.
 Cooling Sea: The sea, on the other hand, heats up more slowly, so
the air above it stays cooler and denser.
  Air Movement: As the warm air over the land rises, cooler air from
over the sea moves in to replace it. This movement of air from the
sea to the land is what we call a sea breeze.
 Sea Breeze: The cool, fresh air from the sea creates a gentle breeze
that blows onto the land, helping to cool down the area

Formation of Land Breeze :

 Cooling Land and Sea: During the night, the land cools down quickly
because it loses heat faster than the sea. The sea, however, retains
heat longer and stays warmer.
 Cooling Land Air: As the land cools, the air above it also cools down
and becomes denser (heavier). This cooler, denser air starts to sink.
 Warmer Sea Air: Meanwhile, the air above the sea remains relatively
warmer and lighter.
 Air Movement: Because the cooler, denser air from the land sinks, it
creates an area of higher pressure. The warmer, lighter air over the
sea moves in to replace the sinking air from the land.
 Land Breeze: This movement of air from the land to the sea is called
a land breeze.

Radiation : refers to the transfer of Heat energy without the need for a
physical medium, like(Solid , Liquid and Gas ) air or water called as
Radiation

 Energy Transfer: Radiation is a way energy moves from one place to

another. It doesn’t need anything to travel through, like air or water.
Instead, it moves through empty space.
 Examples: The most common example of radiation is the heat and
light from the Sun. The Sun’s energy travels through the vacuum of
space and warms the Earth.
 Aside from sunlight, another example is the warmth you feel from a
heater or a campfire. These sources emit infrared radiation, which
travels through the air and warms your skin

Thermos Flask : A thermos flask, also known as a thermos, is a container

designed to keep liquids hot or cold for long time

Structure of thermos : A thermos flask has a special design with two

main parts:

 Inner Container: The liquid (like coffee or cold water) is held in an inner
container.
 Outer Container: The inner container is surrounded by an outer container,
and there is a vacuum (a space with no air) between them.

 Vacuum Insulation: The key to a thermos flask’s effectiveness is the

vacuum between the inner and outer containers. Because there’s no air in
the vacuum, heat cannot easily pass through. This keeps the heat from
escaping if the liquid is hot or prevents heat from entering if the liquid is
cold.
 Reflective Coating: The inner surface of the flask is often coated with a
reflective material that helps to reduce heat transfer by reflecting heat
back towards the liquid inside.
 Lid: The lid of the thermos flask helps to keep the heat or cold in by sealing
the container tightly.