Heat

Heat:
 We know that many things around us can be hot or cold, like tea or boiling water is
hot, and ice or ice cream is cold.
 This is not just a sensation but a form of energy called heat energy. Heat can be
termed as an energy which makes you feel hot or warm or we can say scientifically
that it is a form of energy where the transfer of energy from a hot to a cooler object
takes place.
 The differentiation of hot and cold comes from the difference in their temperatures.
Hence temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness of an object.
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Measuring Temperature:
 The device that measures the temperature is known as a thermometer. There are
various kinds of thermometers depending on the purpose or usage of the same.
 The various kinds of thermometers are as follows:
1. Clinical Thermometer:
 This type of thermometer is used to measure the body temperature only and is
used in hospitals by doctors and also at home.
 A clinical thermometer generally consists of a long narrow glass tube with a bulb at
one end that contains mercury. A thread of shining mercury is seen along the scale
indica`ted on the thermometer, which helps in taking the reading.
 The scale used in India is the Celsius scale and is indicated by the symbol ∘C.
 The normal human body temperature is 37∘C, and so the range of this
thermometer is from 35∘C to 42∘C. To take the reading, the bulb of the
thermometer is kept below the tongue for a minute.
 Nowadays due to the toxic nature of mercury and issues of the thermometer being
broken and spilling it, digital thermometers are in use which are safe and do not
contain mercury.
2. Maximum-Minimum Thermometers:
 These are used to measure the maximum and minimum temperatures of a day.
 They are U-shaped parallel glass tubes. It is used to record the temperatures at a
place.
3. Laboratory Thermometer:
 This thermometer is used to measure the temperature of all objects other than a
human body.
 It consists of a long glass tube without a kink and has a bulb containing mercury at
the end of the tube.
 This is generally used in laboratories for checking the boiling points, freezing points
etc. Hence the range of this thermometer is from −10∘C to 110∘C.
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Transfer of Heat:
 We know that heat is the transfer of energy from a hotter object to a cooler object,
like if a spoon is left in a bowl of hot soup, then the heat from the soup is
transferred to the spoon and it becomes hot.
 This transfer of heat can occur in different ways. They are:
1. Conduction:
 This is a process of heat transfer where the heat is transferred from the hot part to
the cold part of the object. Example - The handle of a pan gets hot when the pan
becomes hot and so a wooden or plastic handle is made for them.
 The substances that allow the heat to pass through them are termed as
conductors. Example - iron, copper, etc.
 The substances that do not allow the heat to transfer through them are called
insulators or poor conductors. Example - wood, plastic.
2. Convection:
 This is the form of heat transfer in liquids and gases where the heat is transferred
by the movement of the heated molecules within them. Example - boiling of water.
 The molecules of the fluid or gas near the source of heat become hot and rise up
and this is replaced by the colder molecules in the fluid or air. They also get heated
up and rise till the entire fluid or air is heated.
 This is the principle behind the interesting feature in the coastal areas called the
sea and land breeze.
a. Sea Breeze:
 In the coastal regions, the land gets heated up faster during the day time. And as
the land gets hotter, the hot air rises up.
 At that time the cool air from the sea blows in to take its place and the warm air
from the land moves to the sea to complete the cycle. This cool breeze flowing
from the sea to the land is termed as the sea breeze.
b. Land Breeze:
 The opposite of this happens at night. The land cools faster than the water at night,
so the cool air moves towards the sea to replace the warm air of the sea.
 The cool air moving from the land towards the sea is termed as land breeze.
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3. Radiation:
 This is the form of heat transfer where a medium like air or liquid is not required to
transfer the heat energy. Example - Heat from the sun, a hot utensil becomes cool
after some time by transfer of heat to surroundings this way.
 All the hot bodies are capable of radiating heat.
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Absorption of Heat:
 The heat that is radiated by the objects is reflected, absorbed.
 The heat increases the temperature of the object.
 Dark-colours are capable of absorbing heat. So, we feel comfortable wearing them
in winters and we use a black umbrella to go out in the sun.
 Light colours reflect heat and so we feel comfortable wearing them in summers.
 We use woollen clothes in winters. Though wool is a poor conductor of heat, it can
trap air (again a bad conductor of heat) in between the fibres which does not allow
the heat from the body to escape into the surroundings and thus keeping us warm.

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