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propositen

connecues
arecalled
form

Mes

as

dagtal
words
&
and
then

sed
are
such
on
i
connectues Logical
f

and
not
like

to 6r
the

wOrds

-
-
Value.
tuth
propasiton
falsity
alled
,
huth

of
The

Ps
or

it
a
tlh

: ales
papattn
0
denoted
false

,iE

by
df

the
fs
s
uh
pafosition
alues
deroted
false

tfhe
by
fs
ft
is
a a
f
sespresuutad
ech

ally

amall
e

by
NotE:
feToposi
hon
sta
aud

so

is
y
values
t
tnow wnless alse,
e
bsaies
tue

the
oT

o
we
deeisirey Cannot
ther
day

Whe
we

it
thfs
tor 5.
nunber
prime
is
I)
H.

a
3.
diisble
w
ty
Bengalru
is
karnataka
2.

3
Ex

io
ls
ctther
tut
fue

not

toth
oi

false
Contxt
declasation
Said
proposltion
whch

qlven

be
to
prgostton
n
a
A
tement
s

Y
Sta
symbole ezprsscd
logte
in
Teasonin Mathematic
a
Method

logic
laqic

of

is
-
LOGTC FUNDAMENTALS
0F
MODULE
o1
Page:
Gold
Bafna
hone
at
intiesting
and
book

am
Jhis

i
ls
atudyiunp
hsme
at
am
J
fotres
toth.
nq

not
but
book
Jbis
EaP:

Ps

home
at
studying
ntreshn
eltber
book
thls

fam
tudying
PYq:

home
iniestn
Ps at
book

Ps
Jhs
Ex

P:
-
C
P
tuth

talte

CasesS
Pt

ps

false
both

and

ase
q
P

ttue
coniuncion
Authtalte:
Dule

and
:

ony

when
tiue
fs
conjunclon
but_uot
etheA
deroted
and

tue
he Ihe

Ony

Ps
when
p^a

is
by
PP
a
Compound
a4
es

are

toth tiue
Cald
obas
A

be
ue Ption

p
Rule:

qorq
afostton

t
denoted onunclin called
puopasl
PYa
and

ty
hoo

tion

Es
the
of

wn

a
P p
dijuncln însAtung
eæcusue DiSfunctim
EæcusWC beleèn
s
wnrd
by

the

(Y
quen
CooFpund Confunctan
the
progosttbns
'ànd'

tn

o
sbtalned
-
(^)A

at
shuding
bome
iotres
tinq

am
or.
Ps
to0k
Tbls

)
stucying
home
am

at
lotrestng
S
Tuthtable
book
Jhts

is
P:
P
p ersa
eceV

negatisn
Pule
jalse

and
the

of
P
Aue
is
P

s
denoted propasttioh negalon
ty.
The

of

is
P

suthtabte:
Called
Pvq
PRropate
tasestag
fs

ot
UDTd
the

an
in

pleca

obtaincd proposifion Negationo)


otheroise
ony
by
A

Pand
both
when

i
fs

it
talse
4
ensled dlsfunction CoDDectives.
and
The
propasttons
Rule

of
conmbining
talse
is
dbsfunckon
denited
guein

pauaastten
otatned

pupariton
Yg
by
Ps Ps
and
the
by

te

of

p
disfunctsn
ae 44
neo

:-
angound

Jhe

proposftton cahnectwes loglcal Contain


'orbetween
caled
tntertng
PPa
paofestimn
any

given
he
wDTd
fsby

the
obtalned compound
Disjun.cm
-
tinple

sofaton

ftion
donot
dhe

A
whlh

Ps
propos
()
-
Page:
Gold Bafna
- Pule

9
Fa
: Rule

at

Tuuth
Jbe

P
ta
9
hue
P9
P: ble
S P9
The

p
Tuthtate:
-Conditimal
appaguate
aastm

-BfcondPtanal
this
Rs

nplcalin
am by
fs l>)

alse
totth
tbe

c¢probuate
slace

P es
hene this took

n salse
bondltnal
fs

Condetonal
(or),
sf ue took
wng
wTTd C<)t

Pa and laces

dtudyng
only
called
Ps
at
all anly

p Rs the
and

9 ae
wicn

s a{
and

Pq and

other
Compound
i wBd

Iopkalisn
Potre home

ioresting
called
toth ónl

P
false
sting

cases
Pt
biondittsnal
and
Eo

Rstue
uotosttion
denited
aud As
is
by an

denoted
and 'the
Studyng
n'
ue..
at by
ae

cond'tmal
sr
obtained
P4
P4

3 1
P PY

v
(wp)
PA(

: --oo
Jsuth
Expaeis

at
PROBLEMS
va) 4:V5
1etPA
(a)

-
(9)
the is
table
Ec:PJhis
words.
dtidyag
am
iicle
h heal 6
5.
s hoe
at
Weal
P a book
Etber
a
fatloung
eal aeal then

fs
-
homo
olesa
)
num
circle
nuober
dudyng
thl's
(4
ber
v mmbe
Conle.
?s at
a and
uber
took
Conic
se,
aompeund
home
aod

puats
an
d am
VSs thian
Bafna
V5

tn
Gold
Potrestinq.
Page.
Ps 0ot
thenf
dtadying
am
tesm
p

oo 1 it 5 4
PA 1 (o Duth

talte
0vI (Pvq P

(e) (9

consut
stesttn vov]

cescle
-
)vr
tauto (wp)

Yalues
Y)
be
0,
tuth
NalueS
o V5
(o of
the
e s

swota
and
talte
1
a

|
1 3. o) he seal

ConseAqent
ole
tor

ps

Conlo
+
P the scal

Conic

4 1 nambe.

folloroing
Con'o
(a)

Mnbes
aud

prspesttionhawin
then
fotlowng
camteund
then

only a

ether
he
tuth is
ompound

Pn
fostin 1
o o
Considea
1 0 O

,
Lo

(o) () (o) (1)


(w)
P(Na)
1 O 1 1 1
tuth

talte

fo

(PAQ)

()
the

(0) (1)

Y Y
(1)
(
H.

NP)
(0)
V
1
2

(P)

(1) (o)
y va
baty.
(4)
Bafna
: :

1 oo o
Gold
L (o)
Page:
o

o-o-o
o |
5.

diud
the
tuth
S, (Pv

1 t w
the
[af
:o
vauepuemtli

o
detesmineal
Cwp
uh
the
-

Condesahuth
v)A
the

)Cv Naue
ws} huth s)
sapostton
tate
6f
tJ kor
value
thL

A{s
the

uth

ae

atnmed
Valle
false.
fotlerung
fon

Cmprnd

Let
Csnside
NTA

1 1

L
Bafna
Gold
Paa
S0
coriadicln Pa(wpA4)
(Pva)
Jaulo

loq4
Ps es
P

oo
o

P
PYP

3
P
caniligenay
palapnas
p>(Pv)
pA
conacecn.
(P4)s adicisn
q)A
e.(PY
Cont

Rapasttn
Ps

tautotogy tautnloqy
pnlapA)
1(PYQ)
P

v)

one

that

fs
q)
(P
v
4
Compound papsttins
s
Rdhw

tin
(Pny
for
that

the
end and
P
a
contodiiiom
p
PA

Tautstoqy
Pp
Ps 2s

1
PAp

contiadlisn
and

PA

Ps_
wp

uspositionPPvnp
tutaloqy
any
tol
tiat
pn

a
{p>ca)}+
(PY)}
s

fCp4)
bawo
PROBLEM
s

1
tautaogy
pupsthn Cmjouna contiguey
whih
NoTË

tontzgeny callecla conrgonenZ


is
R
u

fusteatin
te
an
tAat
tampand

Conthadiuon called
possible
Lompnenti
o

o
Iuth
all
fot

dales
tasti

74p>l(p>P
(Pq)>(P>)
P4
8

(2>)|
spasition
gpostble
{(P4)
lP
all

(4)}
fos

comoud
tatte
Zth

nen
of
walues

it

(P>}
s
Page:
Gold Bafna
Abseiplian
(Pv4) Commutotiue
<=>
ft

P)
Fo
(P
Tt

Fo)

(
Aomination
5.
fiePA
ASstoo
p)<

Fo
dwerse
-
Lau
4.

To)

>
(PA
it
Kas

-
megalan
kauw

dauste
Jhe

of
contadiln denstes Tautatogy denstes
1

aud

fo
1

the
always
p

a
then

is
waulvalent
laglay
denste
autvalen
e
lagaity

Dy
it
we
proposltions
the
wher
NOTE

asc
ond
p
densied valucs.
----oo

dame
have

mst poP
uth
Pva

q dy
is
t t
wheneves eauiralence
.
ealdd
ahe

to

be

and
Logical
eauisalence
esopostiong
(e-)}T
5(Pva)Aip)
and
uD

pP
(o)

49
Page
te
Gold
Bafna
vv)
>

dentty

kau
vq)r)
((P
A (P T,
ouesse (pva)]v (pva)v
laus
va

v)
((p
DernotSn's
kaw
>[pvq

A
(wpa
v

r)
g
conades,
)

vp)

fo
>(q,
Tdemorgon's
destibuin
PA(Pva]<=>p
Pv

Cominutalwe
P

Abssrptian
ompotent
kaw kas kau kau
kaus
kaus.
Commulalie
[
Pv[pa(Pvq)]
Absor

kas
pln
DnsldeA
cond'timal
(vg)]
[(p>)
kaw
LHs

A
Loq
A
Comdeh
lwaaCTvwa)JN
5.ICp>4)
vp)
(4
table
tuth

eauivalent wtthout
logical eQuatisn eauivalecDCe
uing

shis

is
PROBLEMS:
kaw
{Pv

tuee
va}on
wg)]
(aA
,
Cosidel,
(PA)(PA
PA(v)E
iit

(2AT)
DDSibuwe
PA
(P

(Pv)
va)a
Pv
iE

Absorpln'
)

kawcgalien
(PA4)A)
ondlisnal
Assoclatwe
a)
lp

kaw
q.

kaw
Demorgm
conslder
'S
Denorgn's
L(wpv
pAa
(pA

A)
a)
3

bate:
Gold Bafna
Commutalie
clalie
Asso

lie
cla
Aso
Commutalse
v)
(P
DenorgorD'S
kaus
Condiional.
kau
Comider
ddeinli
t

kaw
TA(?va)
Swerse (pva)]
kao
v

Commutalúe
kaus
dishibusc
kou
commutaise
dstibuuc
laus
A4)
L(wpA

v(AP)
a)air

commtalie cialwe,
L(4n)v( (ogar)
Asso
PA)J
lrpa

Conides
Cond'tnal
(Pva)
r

301

Laus
Commutoalsc
Conditismal
N(pva)y
kaus

Demorgan's
=>

las

Commulawt Assolalwe
kaut

bernsrgen's
Canaltional
kaw
p

(pv4)
cond'tsnal
a)Condon
al

kaus kaus
P>

law
=>

onsider
>]
comideA,
(pAa)r
(a7)
P

Gold
Bafna
:
înrnce
ules
mued
cetain
o
rules_ase
wte

and
ogtt
of
sules

those
a
sylaglsm
Dfuclre
ahqument
the

Pva
other

(P,A
words

APos
A
A-
Ps
P
Comcuion
a
tue

the
then
n Ps

heneUEY
þremlses
B
Yald

Cach

the

PPa
of
peceediug
Pa
asgument
The

datd

be
to
fs
Jollens Modus
6
Po

P>
ponenS Modus
5.
P

tabula
column
form
the

ot
n

Pr
seted ty Concusfon
>
ag

Es
pt
tfhe
of

cpre
then

Sylagism
ument

(P-)
prenises
aÁqument
Called
P
H
and
an

tcpa)A

(4>)}
es

aAgument
q

a
s

Called
are
Pi,
an

Po
tte

Caled
, Pn)a
-
orm

prepositon
(PAPa
the

PA
A
A
Ps

the
then
and

roposttons
a

Campound

Lp)v(a)] Considek
pv
juncho
3.Dis
at
a
s

INFERENcE
RoLE
dnpliaiin.
OF

4ablhso(PA
2.

=>
controposhre
P
4)
g
Called

R4
P
en
alled

of

PAA
yerse
is

Conver
^(2)]=>pAg
P>4
se

4
o

L()
-
aued
the

is

Gonjnin
Pder
Cons

autoioqical Jogacnce
TTTVE
CONTROPos TNVERSE GONVERSE
AND

form
Name

Rule

ay
Paga:
ate
Gold Bafna
sollens Modus
(e>)aT}
>(P)

Sylagim
ontdes
Let

Jhe
w
neqalisn
Douste
Condit'nal
kaw

of
meqalism
kaw
Doubte
taivc Commu
sollens
Modus
ls
hstesty
Sylagim
Cominutalint
Considu
w
Let
Checklbe
-4
ther
6

p
zpression
Yald
The

lid

his
Ya

i
aagument

s
nens
Modus

fo

Demstqon's
(PN4)
sguagism
(
{PA

Las.
w}

Jotlens congde
s)
Lets

A
wPng)

Modus
ws)
Let

conde
s
Y
S PROBLEMS:
(PA
H.

4)

Oata:
Pagu.
Gold Bafna
temorgon's
tollens
>4)Py
Modu
kaw

(p

S
afN(svt)
210Modus
)
v

to
(svt)

lens
TeMSTGOn'S
A
v
va)>

kaw
CS
(wp Wp

(oSA
t)

wt)
>1(v)(svt)
tollens
P>
NE)f
lwua
A

Modus
lu
(ws
(nu-yNt)
((svt))
^ va)-)
{lop

A)a
(ws
n
Sachiu
censy
hitt
^

a
P:
Nu

tree
gets

Car
He
ceaMs
sachio
TCs

kts
vt)

a
Sachiu
e
va)7
(as
then
conly

qt
he
hitt
(wp

a
q.
tollen
Madus
{(p->s)
tollens Modus
s
=>
tollens ModuS
Cas)}
Commutalic
commutoist
tisnal
DemsrGon'S
>{(p>s)
codl
(t)}
vs)A
(t
«
Conditional
(TNq)}
Mo

tol

lens
ddus
>{P

cond'tnal
A

>{(p>s)
(anr)

Cu}
vuA
Cwt
vs)
(t
contopositive
^

,
(y)A

>os}
(9
>P

lonsiles
(aA)A

vs)Condtlonal
(2^)
w
Let
>p

frq
A

ls
(r>)

Conlde
Ret

Ws

v
nt

vS
t
6

Page
Gold
Bafna
NT
q
i gi i Ret
S
1
qi
let
. y

Sachio
sie Rawi
4paui Jhe
u

Sachen
i Paui
u
tHs

sachiu
does
will
bas

tather
bas
dachu

goes

Sachiu
hitt
fs
a
father
not
father
doesnot
not
ot
fs ut

Conses
hitt

a
constdes
not

not
study
gone
study a qels

a
het
teones
ofth

out
arny
his a1gument
sree a free
angiy fs

CantunyAe
angy
car
car
Modus_
trends
gls
yathex
oith
centiny

he Vald

a
tollens
ll free
rleods
becomes
not

angy s car

tudy

ket

s donot
Jmust
I
J2Jstudy,
Jaileda
A
(P->9)
have hatoh
Consdes
the
te TV
will

not
eUening
atched
TV i fail
eeamioatisn
În
Nfll

the

Maus
study.
ta
Bafra
doute
Modws
examralon
Commutalivc
Gold
weoing.
Commutalue
tollens
Mdustollens
Commulaie
tolens
megalm
>(PA

pAa)s)
A

9))a

(rs)a

ss

0T

Dem Modus he

srgon Syagim
s
Jollen!
doesn't
noTk

bd

5
a(): :
P(2)

1
p(2)
PE

PC2)
v
p(2)
site (alled
Sen
OPEN
Suppase
Exanple
Thie
Varlaste.
an
tenCes
AHopostons
conssdes
tI the ase
Ps
Ps =
2<3

1
down

the
ty ten
is
Ddd
o Aac0)

the
open

dd open
denoted
be mot
STATEMENTS:
guing

o) ty
universal
Vor(2)
ulh The
dtatementt
at
ie
a
tatenent
values

Pz),
dtatement
to be and
Ao
PC-)
value
z c
defieclSuch
ddeclaait
T2),
s
coTHtiu
Ql1)

rom
ive
a(*)
Bafna
al
Cenlences
wp tbe
Gold
atatementt
(8)
libe
re
vr(0)
aateqers
e+3
universal
0,
dutnble itegers
by
Some

Qie
wen
inteqa
Yer
that
Hie
osf
eist
Jhee

s
pmAtleast aymbiie
n
eveO
ne
aitatemnt quanlifed divßsiole
doun
dNen

wie

she
ty
š
unirerse
the
for

au
of
Eaample
Yialte. touod alled
przsent
Yaslable
a
qantifie
dtotement
the
Pn

is
Jhe
statement quaniier
a
a
-Thut

fs
dtatemnt. quentifers quanitihlerg
called
sotasthoninoting
fs
universal
ezistordial
-A
auarliffers.
tential
a
ecls
+C0):D>0
alcalled these atteatly eliss CEaise
foT
tor

Some

are
dymbot3
denote r(o):
ued

phra
>0

The

the
F

Io

as thL
t
uanlltiers. enisal called
these
s
)

all
are
and

alasl
phans

any
wey
all

each,
for
fo

for
=os3(Arue)
for
todenote
Jhe

been

sed

the
har
Symbot

t
NOTE:
-
ivé

p(3)

vT(o)

quantity
auantijers
such.

caled
of

are
wTds
a
Hhere
Some'
fdea
elc

the
bth
exis
proppsitons
t'these
q()

uhih
P-1)

fpune

mnuber.
mumbes
Jhu
del
are

an
ez
X3-s3=1
dinslble
Pl-)

ble
duiai

by
htge
by

ase
dorme

3.
e
tntegert atalemeni Conides ETERS: QUAITI
aL
a
Page:
Gold
Bafna
Pule
fule
Rule

-
T
fs ghe Lune
she Tuh
lse
al S
+*E not

enough
E

atieat
fals
oT

element
sfmllar
y s e tn
one

o value

a for
each

5a
P(z)

atatment
t
Statemeot
show

values
dststble
yalue o
¢es
by
erough
weAy at
tue
aesþa)
to xES hat
fs
to 2eS
s
groosfton
pa)

show pz) fs then


ES,plx)
hden

Quanliyies
sutpose
false Ps
thesr
Rs pa)
i{ it
show that
tue
Ps
tha false
it
t exl any
fs
odd

should
here

statemert.
false
on only

()
Lueonly
one
be
alse
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p)
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2i
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or
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and
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the
fs
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Thue
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s
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ot
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pc any sar apen


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2l2)]
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pl):

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pa):
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20
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Bafna
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tue

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35
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10 =5
22 or
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r(z)
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bQUIVALANCE
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CAL
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p
Date:
Page:
Gold Bafna
-
2
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Page.
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Gold Bafna
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Page
Date:
Bafna
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odd an

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Analyts
a
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k
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= +L
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all

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L

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ase
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ategers
odd

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and

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ke

true fs and

o i
C20+1
dd

kLPs

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e

et
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let n
Analysts
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ntI
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is
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fs
miag qs RK is odd
ur
t an
odd Ps >op
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p
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Ie.
ue
by odd

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n
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is
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an
Date
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that
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p
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Ps
Analyats
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Q

knalysts
ket
sfs

nm m
P Ps
es
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men fs

s
det

a
n

fs
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nst
s even

te Cdd
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k4
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2m L aae
Assume

ae
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even
tue
mot nq,
odd
LE
fs
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K
Ps
20+1L
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e
RCmto)+
both
Rn+1
and

Le
ue
>
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both
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Odd OT

wen
oT)
bDt -
Qdd
Date
or) not
Bafna
odd

not

o
Gold
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both

dd odd
n
Lt

: then

Analya
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buy

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Analy's

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s

Conclusfon:
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p:n the

Aypohesfa
by

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Q
bence
Lel P fs hence
ising
the
A
n?
aPs oddfueng
Assume

8s
s ue :Assume
odd
by
tfhen
pur the
that
t.eDs
cantiadlcion
false
HK

wen fale that


n
even

aMAnptin
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Ps
pfs
s
s1022
Wen p9 odd
fale lonsdes

4
metod
Ps

e ue fabe
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that

felse

intgs

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m
qy intage
p
Zence
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henceo
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n'
mf
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e Let
p
m fs
an n?
q
even
fs ASsume

an
n
fs fs evn
P.emtf
en
Assume
en es
that
odd Ps odd
pfs
fefale
odd

(2kti odd
that
false
even

p9 tue

fo

fale
s M
Date
Bafna
sale

an
Gold
Page:
odd
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tnalyia

hphests
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po

Apottests
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t1

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p
the

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pt
tae Ps #1 nt
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ue an

atatemnt
odd Psan
cistble
praf
een

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ntqer by

Aralyia
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n=

2k
p9
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+ fale

by
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Bafna
Gold
Pace:

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