ˆRe imvqb

 ˆRe imvqb:
Kve©b wkKj Øviv MwVZ wewfbœ †hŠ‡Mi imvqb‡K ˆRe imvqb ejv nq|
 ˆRe †hŠM:
ˆRe †hŠM ej‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Kve©b Øviv MwVZ nvB‡WªvKve©b Ges nvB‡WªvKve©b †_‡K D™¢~Z
†hŠMmg~n‡K †evSvq| G me ˆRe †hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi mv‡_ cÖavbZ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb,
mvjdvi, dmdivm, n¨v‡jv‡Rb cÖf„wZ †gŠj hy³ _v‡K| †hgb, wg‡_b (CH4), wg_vBi †K¬vivBW
(CH3Cl), wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (CH3OH), A¨vwmwUK GwmW (CH3COOH) cÖf„wZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU
nj ˆRe †hŠM|
 cÖvYkw³ gZev`:
weÁvbx ev‡R©wjqv‡mi g‡Z-ˆRe †hŠMmg~n †KejgvÎ GK inm¨RbK kw³ ÔcÖvYkw³Õ Gi cÖfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z n‡q
_v‡K| Zvi g‡Z Rxebx kw³ Qvov G †hŠMmg~n cix¶vMv‡i cÖ¯‘Z Kiv Am¤¢e Kiv Am¤¢e|
 1808 mv‡j weÁvbx ev‡R©wjqvm Dw™¢` I cÖvYx †_‡K cÖvß †hŠMmg~n‡K ˆRe †hŠM Ges LwbR c`v_© n‡Z
cÖvß †hŠMmg~n‡K A‰Re †hŠM bvgKiY K‡ib|
 †d«WwiK Dn&jvi A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvqv‡bU‡K DËß K‡i BDwiqv cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib|

NH4CNO  H2N.CO.NH2

ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi †kªYxwefvM

ˆRe †hŠM

A¨vwj‡dwUK ev gy³wkKj

m¤ú„³ Am¤ú„³
h_v: CH3 CH3 B‡_b h_v: CH2 = CH2 Bw_b

PvwµK ev e×wkKj

Kv‡e©vmvBwK¬K †nUv‡iv mvBwK¬K ev welg PvwµK

A¨vwjmvBwK¬K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †nUv‡iv †nUv‡iv

h_v: h_v: A¨vwjmvBwK¬K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK
CH2 CH2 h_v: h_v:
O
O
CH2 CH2 CH2  CH2
†ebwRb N
mvB‡K¬vweD‡Ub
wcwiwWb
O
Bw_wjb
A·vBW
2
 ˆRe I A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi cv_©K¨:
ˆewkó¨ ‰Re †hŠM A‰Re †hŠM
mshyw³ cÖavbZ Kve©b Øviv †h †Kvb †gŠj Øviv
MwVZ| H, N, O, MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
P, S Gi cÖf…wZ
†gŠj _v‡K|
eÜb cÖavbZ mg‡hvRx AvqwbK I
cÖK…wZ eÜb Øviv MwVZ| mg‡hvRx Dfq
cÖKvi eÜb Øviv
MwVZ|
AvYweK mvaviYZ RwUj mvaviYZ mij
MVb
Mjbv¼ I DØvqx, wbgœ Mjbv¼ AbyØvqx, D”P
ùzUbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ wewkó| Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼
wewkó|
`ªve¨Zv cvwb ev †cvjvi cvwb ev †cvjvi
`ªve‡K A`ªeYxq `ªve‡K `ªeYxq|
Z‡e ˆRe `ªve‡K ˆRe `ªve‡K
`ªeYxq| A`ªeYxq|
Zwor MwjZ Ae¯’vq ev `ªe‡Y ev MwjZ
cwievwnZv `ªe‡Y Zwor Ae¯’vq Zwor
Acwievnx| cwievnx|
mgvbyZv cÖvqB mgvYyZv mgvYyZv mvaviYZ
cÖ`k©b K‡i| †`Lv hvq bv|
wewµqv mvaviYZ AvqwbK mvaviYZ AvqwbK
†KŠkj I ev gy³ i¨vwWK¨vj †KŠk‡j N‡U|
MwZ †KŠk‡j AbymiY wewµqv `ªæZ I
K‡i| wewµqv gš’i GKgyLx|
I wØgyLx| cÖfve‡Ki cÖfve‡Ki
cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
cvk¦© wewµqv cÖvqB cvk¦© wewµqvi
nq| m¤¢vebv KZ
R¡jb ev mn‡R R¡‡j, `n‡bi mvaviYZ R¡‡j bv,
`nb ci Ae‡kl _v‡K Z‡e R¡j‡j
bv| `n‡bi ci
Ae‡kl _v‡K|
mg‡MvÎxq G‡`i‡K K‡qKwU mgag©x †hŠM
†kÖYx mgag©x mg‡MvÎxq †kÖYx‡Z wef³
†kÖYx‡Z wef³ Kiv Kivi we‡kl
hvq| my‡hvM †bB|
msL¨v 80 j‡¶i Dci| 1 j‡¶i
KvQvKvwQ|

 Kve©‡bi PZz‡h©vR¨Zv:
Kve©‡bi we‡kl ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q Kve©b PZz‡h©vRx|
C(6) = 1s2 2s2 2p lx 2p ly 2p oz
C*(6) = 1s2 2s1 2p lx 2p ly 2p lz
mvaviY Ae¯’vq, Kve©‡bi 2Px 2Py AiweUvj `ywU we‡Rvo e Av‡Q Ges 2Px Lvwj| ZvB Kve©‡bi
w؇hvRx nIqv DwPZ wKš‘ Kve©b PZz‡hvRx| KviY D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’vq Kve©b cigvYyi ewnt¯Í‡ii 2s Dc¯Í‡ii
e hyMj †f‡½ GKwU e duvKv 2Pz AiweUv‡j DbœxZ nq Ges msKixKi‡Yi gva¨‡g PviwU bZzb mgZzj
AiweUvj MVb K‡i|

 Kve©‡bi K¨vwU‡bkb:
†Kvb †gŠ‡ji cigvYymg~n wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ hy³ †nq wewfbœ AvKvi I AvK…wZi `xN©wkKj MVb Kivi ag©‡K
K¨vwU‡bkb e‡j|| j¨vwUb 'catena' Gi A_© wkKj| K¨vwU‡bk‡bi we‡kl D`vniY nj dzjvwib|
dzjvwiY bvgK `xN© wkK‡ji (C60) ˆRe †hŠMwUi AvYweK fi 720| G KvVv‡gv‡Z cigvYymg~n sp2
msKwiZ _v‡K|

 wewfbœ †hŠ‡M cigvYyi eÜb cÖK…wZ I eÜb ˆ`N©¨:

eÜb AiweUvj 1%S eÜb eÜb ˆ`N©¨
msKib PwiÎ cÖK…wZ (nm)
B‡_b sp 3
25 C-C 0.154
Bw_b sp 2
33.3 C=C 0.134
B‡_b sp 50 C C 0.120

 wewfbœ †hŠ‡M cigvbyi eÜb I eÜb kw³:

†hŠM eÜb ˆ`N©¨
4
 Å nm
CC 1.54 0.154
C=C 1.34 0.134
C C 1.20 0.124

 wmMgv eÜb I cvB e܇bi cv_©K¨:

wmMgv () eÜb cvB () eÜb
1. wmMgv eÜb MV‡b 1. cvB eÜb MV‡b
AiweUvjØq GKB AiweUvjØq
mij †iLvq _v‡K| mgvšÍivj Ae¯’vq
_v‡K|
2. AiweUvj Øviv 2. AiweUvj؇qi
gy‡LvgywL m‡ev©”P AvswkK cvk¦©
Awf‡jcb ev Awf‡jcb ev
Awaµg‡Y m„ó wmMgv Awaµg‡Y m„ó cvB
eÜb `„p nq| eÜb `ye©j _v‡K|
3. mKj GKK eÜb 3. wmMgv eÜb m„wói
wmMgv eÜb Øviv ci m¤¢e n‡j 1wU I
MwVZ| 2wU cvB eÜb m„wói
gva¨‡g wØeÜb I
wÎeÜb nq|
4.  eÜb hy³ 4.  eÜb m„wói d‡j
cigvYyØq Zv‡`i A¶ cigvYyØq A¶
eivei Nyi‡Z cv‡i| eivei Nyi‡Z cv‡i
bv|
5. msKi AiweUvj I 5. s AiweUvj I msKi
weï× AiweUvj Dfq AiweUvj Qvov Ab¨
†¶‡Î  eÜb n‡Z AiweUv‡j  eÜb
cv‡i| NU‡Z cv‡i|

 m‡e©v”P ev Kvh©Kix Awaµg‡Yi kZ©:

cvigvYweK AiweUvj †_‡K m‡e©v”P ev Kvh©Kix Awaµg‡Yi gva¨‡g AvYweK AiweUvj MV‡bi Rb¨ wKQy
kZ© cvjb Ki‡Z nq| h_v -
(K) ms‡hvMKvix AiweUvj‡K Aek¨B Aa©c~Y© n‡Z n‡e|
(L) ms‡hvMKvix AiweUvj؇qi kw³ Abyiƒc n‡Z cv‡i|
(M) eÜbx AiweUvj‡K AvYweK A¶ eivei GKB cÖwZmgZv wewkó n‡Z n‡e|
(N) eÜbx AiweUvj‡K B‡jKUªbØq‡K Aek¨B wecixZ N~Y©bag©x n‡Z n‡e|
 mg‡MvÎxq †kÖYx:
GKB cÖKvi †gŠj mgš^‡q MwVZ mgag©x ˆRe †hŠMmg~n‡K G‡`i AvYweK f‡ii µgea©gvb msL¨vgv‡b
A_©vr AYyw¯’Z Kve©b cigvYyi e„w×µ‡g mvwie× K‡i Ges cÖ‡Z¨K cvkvcwk `ywU †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ wgw_wjb
(–CH2–) g~j‡K cv_©K¨ eRvq †i‡L †h †hŠM †kªYx cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K mg‡MvÎxq †kªYx ev †nv‡gvjMvm&
wmwiR e‡j|
GKB mg‡MvÎxq †kªYxi cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ †hŠM‡K GK GKwU mg‡MvÎK ev †nv‡gvjM e‡j|
 GKB mg‡MvÎxq †kªYxi †¶‡Î cvkvcvwk `yBwU mg‡MvÎK Gi g‡a¨ wgw_wjb g~j‡Ki (-CH2-) cv_©K¨
_v‡K|
 A¨vj†K‡bi ms‡KZtCnH2n+2
A¨vjwK‡bi ms‡KZtCnH2n
A¨vjKvB‡bi ms‡KZtCnH2n-2

 KwZcq †hŠ‡Mi Kvh©Kixg~jK:

mg‡MvÎxq Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki ms‡KZ
†kÖYx bvg
A¨vj‡Kb A¨vj‡Kb gyjK C–C
(GKK eÜb)
A¨vjwKb A¨vjwKbg~jK C=C
(wØeÜb)
A¨vjKvBb A¨vjKvBbg~jK CC
(wÎeÜb)
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW g~jK -R–X
n¨vjvBW
A¨vj‡Kvnj nvB‡Wªvw· g~jK - OH
cÖvBgvix (1) 1 A¨vj‡KvnwjK - CH2OH
A¨vj‡Kvnj g~jK
†m‡KÛvix (2) 2 A¨vj‡KvnwjK -CHOH
A¨vj‡Kvnj g~jK 
Uviwmqvix (3) 3 A¨vj‡KvnwjK  C – OH
A¨vj‡Kvnj g~jK
A¨vjwWnvBW A¨vjwWnvBW gyjK -CHO
wK‡Uvb wK‡Uvb g~jK -CO-
Kve©w·wjK GwmW Kve©w·j g~jK -COOH
B_vi B_vi g~jK C–O–
C
6
A¨vwgb A¨vwg‡bv g~jK -NH2
GwmW A¨vgvBW A¨vgvB‡Wv g~jK -CONH2
GwmW †K¬vivBW GwmW †K¬vivBW -COCl
g~jK
G÷vi G÷vig~jK -COOR
GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBWg~jK -CO-O-
A¨vbnvBWªvBW CO-
A¨vjKvBj mvqv‡bv g~jK -CN
mvqvbvBW
(bvBUªvBj)
bvB‡Uªv †hŠM bvB‡Uªvg~jK -NO2
_vBIj _vBIjg~jK -SH
wdbvBj/ A¨vivBj A¨vivBj g~jK C6H5-
wdbvBwjb wdbvBwjbg~jK -C6H4-
b¨vc_vBj b¨vc_vBj g~jK C10H7-
†ebRvBj †ebRvBjg~jK C6H5CH2-
†ebRvj †ebRvjg~jK C6H5CH=
†eb‡Rv †eb‡Rvg~jK C6H5C
mvj‡dvwbK GwmW mvj‡dvwbK g~jK -SO3H

 Kvh©Kix g~jKmg~‡ni AMÖMY¨ µg:

mg‡MvÎxq †kÖYxi Kvh©Kix g~jK
bvg
Kve©w·wjK  COOH
GwmW
mvj‡dvwbK  SO3H
GwmW
GwmW n¨vjvBW  COX
GwmW A¨vgvBW  CONH2
bvBUªvBj ev  CN
mvqvbvBW
A¨vjwWnvBW CHO
wK‡Uvb CO
A¨vj‡Kvnj  OH
_v‡qvj  SH
A¨vwgb  NH2
 A¨vjwKb C = C
A¨vjKvBb C  C

Avj‡Kb CC
B_vi OR
n¨vjvBWm  F, Cl,  Br,  I
bvB‡Uªv †hŠM  NO2
AvjKvBj gyjK  R
 ˆRe wewµqv:
†h wewµqv ˆRe Abyi †Kvb Kve©b-cigvYyi m‡½ Aci †Kvb Kve©b-cigvYyi ev Ab¨ cigvYyi ga¨eZ©x
mg‡hvRx eÜb †f‡O bZzbfv‡e mg‡hvRx eÜb m„wói gva¨‡g wewµqv-Ae¯’vi Dc‡hvMx ¯’vqx AYy m„wó nq
Zv‡K ˆRe wewµqv e‡j| ˆRe wewµqv ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYyw¯’Z ÔKvh©Kix g~jKÕ Øviv cÖavbZ wbqwš¿Z nq|
ˆRe AYyw¯’Z wewfbœ Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki msN‡l©i d‡j wewµqv N‡U|

 ˆRe wewµqvmg~n m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vejx:

†KŠkjMZ w`K, wewµqvi aviv I Drcbœ e¯‘i cÖK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i ˆRe wewµqv‡K Pvi †kÖYx‡Z fvM
Kiv nq| h_vt

 cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv:
†h wewµqvq †Kvb ˆRe †hŠM n‡Z GK ev GKvwaK cigvYy ev g~jK cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q †m ¯’v‡b AwaKZi
mwµq †Kvb cigvYy ev g~jK ¯’vwcZ nq Zv‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv e‡j| h_vt
CH3Cl + KOH [Rjxq]  CH3OH+KCl
GLv‡b '-OH' g~jK Øviv n¨vjvBW g~jK cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|

 hyZ ev ms‡hvRb wewµqv:

†h wewµqvq `ywU c`v‡_©i mivmwi ev cÖZ¨¶ ms‡hv‡M GKwU bZzb †hŠM MwVZ nq Zv‡K hyZ wewµqv
e‡j| GwU  eÜbhy³ †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨g~jK wewµqv| †hgb-
H2C = CH2+Br2H2C-CH2
 
Br Br
Am¤ú„³ ˆRe †hŠ‡M G wewµqvq GKwU  eÜb †f‡½ `ywU  eÜb m„wó nq|

 AcmviY wewµqv:
†h wewµqvq †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi AYy¯’ cvkvcvwk `ywU ev PviwU cigvYy ev g~jK AcmvwiZ n‡q Am¤ú„³Zvi
m„wó nq Zv‡K AcmviY wewµqv e‡j| †hgb:
8
 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 + KOH [alc]  CH3 - CH =

C1
CH2 + H2O + KCl

 mgvYyKiY wewµqv:
†h wewµqvq †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi AYy¯’ cigvYyM‡jv ev g~jK¸‡jv cybwe©b¨¯Í n‡q GKB AvYweK ms‡KZwewkó
bZzb †hŠM Z_v g~j †hŠ‡Mi mgvYy Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K cybwe©b¨vm ev mgvbyKiY wewµqv e‡j|
NH4CNO  NH2-CO-NH2


A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvqv‡bU BDwiqv

 eÜb wefvRb `yB cÖKvi| h_v:

 mylg wefvRb:
eÜb fv½vi mgq hw` eÜbhy³ Dfq cigvYy GK †Rvov e- n‡Z GKwU GKwU K‡i mgvbfv‡e fvM K‡i
†bq Zv‡K e܇bi mylg wefvRb e‡j|
 welg wefvRb:
eÜb fv½‡bi mgq hw` †kqviK…Z Dfq e- eÜb hy³ GKwU cigvYyi m‡½ P‡j Av‡m Ges Aci cigvYy
†kqviK…Z B‡jKUª‡bi †Kvb Ask bv cvq Z‡e Zv‡K e܇bi welg wefvRb e‡j|
 wd« i¨vwWK¨vj:
we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb msewjZ †h †Kvb cÖRvwZ‡K gy³ cigvYy‡RvU ev wd« i¨vwW‡Kj e‡j|
ˆewkó¨:
(i) Giv AZ¨šÍ mwµq I ¶Y¯’vqx (ii) Giv AvqwbK cÖK…wZi bq
(iii) Giv Ab¨ B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q myw¯’Z cigvYy ev MÖæc MVb Ki‡Z Pvq|

** Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb:
abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©b cigvYy msewjZ ˆRe Avqb‡K ÔKv‡e©vwbqvgÕ Avqb e‡j|
D`vniY: 1| wg_vBj Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb CH+
2
+
2| B_vBj Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb CH3 – CH 2

* Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqbmg~‡ni ¯’vwqZ¡µg:

+
CR3 +CHR2 +CH2R +CH3

** Kve©vbvqb: FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©b cigvYy msewjZ ˆRe Avqb‡K ÔKve©vbvqbÕ e‡j|
D`vniY: 1| wg_vBj Kve©vbvqb, : CH–
2
– 2 – CH3
2| B_vBj Kve©vbvqb, : CH

 Kve©vbvq‡bi ¯’vwqZ¡ µg:

 
CH3 :CH2R :CHR2 :CR3

** B‡jK‡UªvdvBj: B‡jK‡UªvdvBj A_© B‡jKUªb AvKl©x MÖæc| wewµqv Kv‡j †h me weKvi‡Ki FYvZ¥K
PvR©hy³ Kve©vbvqb ev Gi B‡jKUª‡bi cÖwZ cÖej AvKl©Y _v‡K Ges B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K
B‡jK‡UªvdvBj ev B‡jKUªb AvKlx© weKviK e‡j| G‡`i‡K mvaviYfv‡e E Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
B‡jK‡UªvdvBj `yÕcÖKvi; †hgb, abvZ¥K B‡jK‡UªvdvBj I cÖkg B‡jK‡UªvdvBj|

* abvZ¥K B‡jK‡UªvdvBj:
R+, Br+, H+, NO2+ BZ¨vw`|

* cÖkg B‡jK‡UªvdvBj:
AlCl3, BF3, FeCl3 BZ¨vw`|

** wbDwK¬IdvBj: wbDwK¬IdvBj A_© wbDwK¬qvm AvKlx© MÖæc A_©vr wewµqvKv‡j †h me weKvi‡Ki

ÔwbDwK¬qvmÕ ev abvZ¥ PvR©hy³ †K‡›`ªi cÖwZ cÖej AvKl©b _v‡K Ges wewµqvKv‡j B‡jKUªb `vb Ki‡Z
cv‡i, Zv‡`i‡K wbDwK¬IdvBj ev †K›`ªvKlx© weKviK e‡j| G‡`i‡K mvaviYfv‡e Nu Øviv cÖKvk Kiv
nq| wbDwK¬IdvBj `yÕcÖKvi| †hgb, FYvZ¥K wbDwK¬IdvBj I cÖkg wbDwK¬IdvBj|

* FYvZœK wbDwK¬IdvBj:
CN-, Cl-, OH BZ¨vw`|

* cÖkg wbDwK¬IdvBj:
NH3, H2O, R-OH BZ¨vw`|

 wbi‡c¶ wjM¨vÛ:
cÖkgb wjM¨vÛ  RwUj †hŠM Ave× Ae¯’vi bvg
CH3-NH2  wg_vBj A¨vwgb
H2N-CH2-CH2-NH2  Bw_wjb WvB A¨vwgb
NH3  A¨vwgb
H2O  A¨v‡Kvqv
CO  Kve©wbj
NO  bvB‡Uªvwmj
N2  WvB bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
 IUPAC c×wZ‡Z bvgKiY:
 CHO  b¨vj ev bvj
 OH  Aj
10
  CO  Ib
 COOH  AwqK GwmW
C=C  Bb

CC  AvBb
 NH2  1 A¨vwgb

 NH  2 A¨vwgb
 N  3 A¨vwgb
 wjM¨vÛmg~‡ni bvgKiYS:
A¨vbvqwbK wjM¨vÛ  RwUj †hŠ‡M Ave× Ae¯’vq bvg
CH3COO-  A¨vwm‡UU
Cl-  †K¬v‡iv
CNO-  mvqv‡bU
H -
 nvBwWª‡Wv
I-  Av‡qv‡Wv
NO 
2  bvB‡Uªv
NO 
3  bvB‡UªU
CNS-  _v‡qvmvqv‡bU
S 2 O3    _v‡qvmvj‡dU

 mgvYyZv: †h me †hŠ‡Mi AvYweK ms‡KZ GK I Awfbœ nIqv m‡Ë¡I G‡`i MvVwbK ms‡K‡Zi wfbœZvi
Kvi‡Y Ges AYyw¯’Z cigvYymg~‡ni wÎgvwÎK web¨v‡mi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y G‡`i †fxZ I ivmvqwbK a‡g©
AšÍZ `y-GKUv cv_©K¨ cÖKvk cvq, †m me †hŠM‡K mgvYy e‡j Ges †hŠ‡Mi Giƒc ag©‡K mgvYyZv ejv
nq|
†hgb, B_vbj (C2H5–OH) I WvBwg_vBj B_vi (CH3–O–CH3) Dfq †hŠM ci¯ú‡ii mgvYy|

** mgvYyZv‡K cÖavbZ `yB †kÖYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq:

---1. MvVwbK mgvYyZv
---2. †÷wiI ev wÎgvwÎK mgvYyZv|

 MvVwbK mgvYyZv: †hŠ‡Mi AYyw¯’Z wewfbœ cigvYyi m¤¢ve¨ GKvwaK Ae¯’vb web¨v‡mi cv_©K¨‡nZz †h
mgvYyZvi D™¢e N‡U, G‡K MvVwbK mgvYyZv e‡j|
MvVwbK mgvYyZv Avevi cvuP cÖKvi: 1| †PBb mgvYyZv 2| Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv 3| Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv
4| †gUvgvwiRg I 5| U‡UvgvwiRg;
 †c›Uv‡bv‡bi (C5H10O) †gUvgvwiRg wbgœiƒc:

CH3–CO–CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2–CO–CH2CH3
†c›Uv‡bvb-2 †c›Uv‡bvb-3
 †cÖvcv‡bv‡bi (C3H6O) U‡UvgvwiRg wbgœiƒc:
O OH
CH3 C CH3 CH3 C CH2
wK‡Uv KvVv‡gv Bbj KvVv‡gv

 R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv ev wmm& UªvÝ mgvYyZv:

GKB AvYweK ms‡KZ I MvVwbK ms‡KZwewkó ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Kve©b -Kve©b e܇bi A¶ eivei gy³
AveZ©b m¤¢e bv n‡j ZLb weYœ KbwdMv‡ikb ev R¨vwgwZK MvVwbK web¨vmhy³ `yÕai‡bi †hŠM AYy m„wó
nq; Zv‡`i‡K R¨vwgwZK mgvYy Ges †hŠ‡Mi Gi~c ag©‡K R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv e‡j|

 wmm& UªvÝ mgvYyi my›`i D`vniY:

--g¨v‡jwqK GwmW (wmm&- weDwUb WvB AwqK GwmW) I
--wdDgvwiK GwmW (UªvÝ-weDwUb WvB AwqK GwmW)|

 weDwUb-2 Øviv MwVZ mgvby¸wj wbgœiƒc:

H H H CH3
C =C =
C C
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

wmm& weDwUb - 2 UªvÝ weDwUb - 2

 Av‡jvK mgvbyZv: †h me †Re †hŠ‡Mi AvYweK ms‡KZ I MvVwbK ms‡KZ GKB Zv‡`i `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK
wfbœ KbwdMv‡ikbhy³ wfbœ mgvYy m¤¢e| Gme mgvYy Zv‡`i †fxZ I imvqwbK a‡g© GK I Awfbœ, wKš‘
ÔGK-mgZjxqÕ Av‡jvi cÖwZ wfbœiƒc AvPiY K‡i, Hme †hŠM‡K Av‡jvK mwµqv mgvYy ev Av‡jvK mgvYy
e‡j| GK-mgZjxq Av‡ji †¶‡Î H me †hŠ‡Mi cÖwZwµqv‡K Av‡jvK mgvYyZv e‡j| †hgb:

COOH COOH
H C OH HO C H
CH3 CH3
D ev (+1) j¨vKwUK GwmW L ev (- l) j¨vKwUK GwmW

12
 †hŠ‡Mi Av‡jvK mwµq mgvbyZv cÖ`k©‡bi kZ©:
i) †hŠ‡Mi Aby‡Z AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvby ev KvBivj †K›`ª _vK‡Z n‡e|
ii) KvBivj Kve©‡bi mv‡c‡¶ †hŠ‡Mi Aby AcÖwZmg n‡e|
iii) Aby I Zvi `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ ci¯ú‡ii Dci mgvcwZZ n‡e bv|

 KvBivj Kve©b: GKB Kve©b cigvYy‡Z PviwU wfbœ cigvYy ev g~jK _vK‡j H Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡c‡¶
AYywU AcÖwZmg n‡q _v‡K; ZvB H †hŠM AYy‡K AcÖwZmg †hŠM Ges H Kve©b‡K ÔAcÖwZmg Kve©bÕ e‡j|
AcÖwZmg Kve©b‡K †hŠ‡Mi MvVwbK ms‡K‡Z ZviKv (*) wPý Øviv †`Lv‡bv nq| AcÖwZmg †hŠM‡K
ÔKvBivj †hŠMÕ Ges AcÖwZmg Kve©b‡K ÔKvBivj- †K›`ªÕ ejv nq|

 GbvbwmIgvi: †h Av‡jvK mgvYyØq mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K GKB gvÎvq A_©vr GKB AveZb †Kv‡Y
ci¯úi wecixZ w`‡K AveZ©b K‡i Ges ZvB Zv‡`i mg‡gvjvi wgkª‡Yi AveZ©b gvÎv cÖkwgZ n‡q k~b¨
n‡q hvq Zv‡`i‡K ci¯ú‡ii GbvbwmIgvi ev GbvbwkIgd© e‡j| G‡`i‡K A¨Aw›Ugvi ev A¨vw›UcWI
ejv nq| †hgb d-j¨vKwUK GwvmW I l-j¨vKwUK GwmW ci¯ú‡ii GbvbwmIgvi| d-j¨vKwUK GwmW‡K
gvsm‡ckx †_‡K Ges l-j¨vKwUK GwmW UK `wa †_‡K cvIqv hvq|

 †i‡mwgK wgkªY: GbvwmIgvi؇qi wgkªY‡K †i‡mwgK wgkªY e‡j| †hgb: d-j¨vKwUK GwmW I l-
j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi wgkªY GKwU †i‡mwgK wgkªY|

 †i‡mwgK wgkªY I †g‡mv †hŠ‡Mi cv_©K¨:

welq †i‡mwgK wgkªY †g‡mv †hŠM
†Kvb †hŠ‡Mi
AYy‡Z `ywU
As‡k hw` GKB
mg‡gvjvi cwigv‡Yi
msL¨K m`„k
1| cwiPq `y‡Uv GbvbwmIgv‡ii
KvBivj Kve©b
wgkªY|
_v‡K Z‡e
†hŠMwU‡K †g‡mv
†hŠM e‡j|
d-j¨vKwUK GwmW
2| Ges l-j¨vKwUK UviUvwiK
D`vniY Gwm‡Wi mg‡gvjvi GwmW|
wgkªY|
3| KvBivj Kve©b
Av‡jvK mwµq `ywU
Av‡jv _vKv m‡Ë¡I
†hŠ‡Mi Av‡jvK
K Av‡jvK wbw®Œq
wbw®Œq wgkªY|
ˆewkó¨ †hŠM|
 GKwU †hŠM|
wgkª‡Yi
ZvB Av‡jvK
4| Dcv`vbØq‡K
mwµq AskØq
c„_KxKiY ci¯úi †_‡K c„_K
c„_K Kiv hvq
Kiv hvq|
bv|

¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨

 c„w_ex‡Z A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v cÖvq GK j‡¶i gZ|

 eZ©gv‡b ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v 80 j‡¶iI †ekx|
 ˆRe †hŠMmg~n cÖavbZ mg‡hvRx|
 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi MjbvsK I ùzUbvsK LyeB Kg|
 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi wewµqvmg~n RwUj Ges axi MwZm¤úbœ|
 1916 mv‡j weÁvbx jyBm mg‡hvRx e܇bi B‡j±«bxq gZev` cÖKvk K‡ib|
 wg‡_b AYy‡Z cÖwZwU H-C-H eÜb †Kv‡Yi cwigvc mgvb Ges Zv 10928.

 mg‡hvRx wmMgv e܇bi mylg-fvO‡bi Drcbœ d‡j we‡Rvo B‡j±«bhy³ cigvYy ev g~jK‡K gy³ g~jK ev
wd«-†iwWK¨vj e‡j|
 wd«-†iwWK¨vj¸‡jv mwµq I ¶Y¯’vqx|
 abvZ¡K PvR©hy³ Kve©b cigvYy m¤^wjZ ˆRe Avqb‡K ÔKv‡ev©wbqvgÕ Avqb e‡j|
 †÷wiI mgvYyi wÎgvwÎK wP·K Kb&wdMv‡ikb ejv nq|
 wbKj wcÖRg K¨vjmvBU bvgK GK we‡kl LwbR c`v_© †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
 KvBivj Kve©‡b 4 wU wfbœ cigvYy ev MÖæc wfbœ _v‡K|
 j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi AYy‡Z GKwU AcÖwZmg Kve©b ev KvBivj †K›`ª _vKvq, j¨vKwUK GwmW GKwU
Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM|
 wg_vbj Gi ùzUbvsK 64.5C.
 cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv mvaviY wmM&gv eÜb hy³ ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨c~Y© wewµqv|
 Bw_wjb AYyi `ywU Ask Kve©b؇qi A¶ eivei AveZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 cÖ‡Z¨K sp3 msKi AiweUv‡ji 25% s- PwiÎ I 75% p -PwiÎ _v‡K|
 cÖ‡Z¨K sp2 msKi AiweUv‡ji 33.3% s- PwiÎ I 66.7% p -PwiÎ _v‡K|
 cÖ‡Z¨KwU sp msKi AiweUv‡j 50% s-PwiÎ I 50% p-PwiÎ _v‡K|
 Kve©b cigvYyi e¨vmva© 0.077 nm. [1 nm=10-9m]
 D‡ËwRZ Ae¯’vq Kve©b cigvYyi B‡jKUªb web¨vm 1s22s12px12py12pz1
 b¨vc_vwj‡bi MvVwbK ms‡KZ:

14
 ˆRe †hŠ‡M Aek¨B Kve©b _vK‡e|
 wcwiwW‡bi ms‡KZt C5H5N
 KzB‡bvwj‡bi ms‡KZt C9H7N
 ˆRe imvq‡bi RbK †d«WvwiK Dn&jvi|
 A¨vjwKb‡K A¨vjKv-WvB-Bb ev WvB-A¨vjwKb e‡j|
 Bw_wjb evqy A‡c¶v mvgvb¨ nvjKv|
 Bw_wjb Aw·-Bw_wjb wkLv cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 eZ©gv‡b B_v‡ii cwie‡Z© Bw_wjb †PZbvbvkK iƒ‡c cÖPzi e¨eüZ nq|
 K…wÎg Dcv‡q KuvPv dj cvKv‡Z Bw_wjb e¨eüZ nq|
 Bw_wj‡b sp2 msKiY we`¨gvb|
 A¨vwmwUwjb‡K WvB- A¨vjKvBbI ejv nq|
 A¨vwmwUwjb evqy A‡c¶v mvgvb¨ nvjKv|
 A¨vj‡Kvnj I A¨vwm‡Uv‡b A¨vwmwUwjb h_vµ‡g 1 I 25 AvqZ‡b `ªexf‚Z nq|
 †jŠn wmwjÛv‡i D”P Pv‡c A¨vwmwUwjb‡K A¨vwm‡Uv‡b `ªexf‚Z K‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv nq|
 Zij A¨vwmwUwjb we‡ùvib NUvq|
 SiO2-†K KvB‡Rj ¸o ejv nq|
 A¨vwmwUwjb †UUªv‡K¬vivBW evRv‡i I‡q÷ªb bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb wkLvi ZvcgvÎv 35000C.
 Kcvi-A¨vwmwUjvBW Gi eY© jvj|
 wmjfvi-A¨vwmwUjvB‡Wi eY© mv`v|
 A¨vwmwUwj‡b sp msKiY we`¨gvb|
 A¨vwmwUwjb GKwU A¤øag©x †hŠM|

KwZcq †hŠ‡Mi bvgKiY (IUPAC)

 A¨vj‡Kb:
1 2 3
01. CH3 – CH – CH3
CH3
2–wg_vBj cÖ‡cb

2 1 Cl
02. CH3 – CH
Cl
1, 1–WvB‡K¬v‡iv B‡_b
 CH3
1 2 3 4 5
03. CH3 – CH – C – CH2 – CH3
C2H5 CH3
2–B_vBj–3,3–WvB wg_vBj †cb‡Ub

6 5,4,3 2 1
04. CH3 – (CH2)3 – CH–CH3
CH3
2–wg_vBj †n‡·b

1 2 3
05. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3
4CH2
5CH3
3–wg_vBj †cb‡Ub

3 4 5
CH2 – CH2 – CH3
1 2
06. CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3
2–B_vBj †cb‡Ub

CH3
07. CH3 – C – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
CH3 CH2
CH3
3, 3, 4- UªvBwg_vBj †n‡Þb

CH3
5 4 3 2 1
08. CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH3
Cl
4–†K¬v‡iv–2–wg_vBj †c‡›Ub

1 2 3
09. CH3 – CH – CH3
CH3
2–wg_vBj †cÖv‡cb

16
 1CH3 C2H5
2 3 4 5 6
10. CH3 – C – CH – CH2 – CH3
Cl
4–B_vBj–2–wg_vBj †n‡·b

CH3 C2H5
1 2 3 4 5
11. CH3 – C – C – CH2 – CH3
CH3
3–B_vBj-2, 2-WvBwg_vBj †cÖv‡cb

1 2 3 4 5 6
12. CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH3 C2H5
4–B_vBj–2–wg_vBj †n‡·b

1 2 3 4 5 6,7 8
13. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH – CH2 – (CH2)2 – CH3
C2H5 C3H7
3–B_vBj–4–†cÖvcvBj AK‡Ub

CH3 C2H5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
14. CH3 – C – CH – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
CH3 C2H5
2,2–WvB wg_vBj –3,4–WvB B_vBj †n‡Þb

5 4 3 2 1
15. H3C – CH2 – CH2 – C (CH3)2 – CH3

2,2–WvB wg_vBj †c‡›Ub

1 2 3 4 5
16. CH3 – CH – CH – CH – CH3
CH3 CH3 Cl
2,3–WvB wg_vBj –4–†K¬v‡iv †c‡›Ub
17. H3C – C(CH3)2 – Br

2–†eªv‡gv –2– wg_vBj–†cÖv‡cb

1 2 3 4
18. CH3 – CH – CH – CH3
CH3 Br
3–†eªv‡gv –2– wg_vBj weD‡Ub

6 5 4 3 2 1
19. H3C – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH3
CH3 Br
2–†eªv‡gv –4– wg_vBj †n‡·b

5 4 3 2 1
20. CH3 – CH2 – CH – C (CH3)2– CH3
Br
2,2–WvB wg_vBj–3–†eªv‡gv †c‡›Ub

1 2 3 4 5
21. CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH– CH3
l Cl CH3
2–Av‡qv‡Wv–3–†K¬v‡iv–4–wg_vBj †c‡›Ub

CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1
22. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH– CH–CH3
Br
2–†eªv‡gv–3–wg_vBj †n‡·b

Cl Br
1 2
23. H3C – CH2

1–†eªv‡gv–2–†eªv‡gv B‡_b

18
 CH3
1 2 3
24. CH3 – C – CH2 – CH3
Br
2–wg_vBj–2–†eªv‡gv weD‡Ub

Br
1 2 3
25. H3C – C – CH3
Br
2,2–WvB †eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb

CH3
1 2 3
26. H3C – C – CH3
Cl
2–†K¬v‡iv–2–wg_vBj †cÖv‡cb

Cl
1 2 3 4 5
27. H3C – CH – C – CH2 – CH3
Br CH3
2–†eªv‡gv–3–†K¬v‡iv–3–wg_vBj †c‡›Ub

Cl Cl
1 2 3
28. F – C – C – CH3
Cl F
1,1,2–UªvB‡K¬v‡iv–1,2–WvB‡d¬v‡iv †cÖv‡cb

Cl
1 2 3
29. H3C – C – CH3
Cl
2,2–WvB‡K¬v‡iv †cÖv‡cb

 A¨vjwKb:

1 2 3 4
30. CH3 – CH = CH – CH3
weDUb–2
 CH3
4 3 2 1
31. CH3 – C – CH = CH2
CH1
1 2 3 4 5
32. CH3,3– WvBwg_vBj weDwUb–1
3 – CH = CH – C(CH3)2–CH3

4, 4–WvBwg_vBj †cw›Ub–2

1 2 3 4 5
33. CH3 – CH2 – CH2CH = CH2
†cw›Ub–1

1 2 3 4 5
34. CH3 – CH = CH – C(CH3)2 – CH2
8,8–WvBwg_vBj †cw›U–2

1 2 3 4 5
35. CH3 – CH = CH – C(CH3)2 – CH2
8,8–WvBwg_vBj †cw›Ub–2

1 2 3 4 5
36. CH3 – CH2 – CH2CH = CH2
†cw›Ub–1

1 2 3 4 5
37. CH3 – C = CH – CH2CH3
CH3

2–wg_vBj 2–†cw›Ub

1 2 3 4
38. CH3 – CH2 – C = CH2
CH3
2–wg_vBj weDwUb–1

20
 CH3 CH2CH3
1 2 3 4 5
39. CH2 = C – CH – CH2 – CH3
2–wg_vBj-3-B_vBj †cw›Ub-1

1 2 3 4
40. CH2 = C – CH – CH3
CH3 CH3
2,3– WvBwg_vBj weDwUb–1

CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6
41. H3C – CH2 – CH – (CH3) – CH2 – CH3
Br
3– †eªv‡gv–3– wg_vBj †n‡·b

CH3
1 2 3 4
42. CH2 = CH – CH – CH3
3–wg_vBj–1–weDwUb

1 2 3 4 5
43. CH2 = CH – CH – CH2 – CH3
3–wg_vBj–1–†cw›Ub

1 2 3 4,5 6 7 8
44. CH2 = CH – CH2 – (CH)2 – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH3 CH3
3, 6– WvB wg_vBj AKwUb–1

1 2 3 4 5 6
45. CH3 – CH = C – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH3 C2H5
4–wg_vBj–3–wg_vBj †nw·b–2
 1 2 3 4
46. CH2 = CH = CH = CH2

weDUv–1,3–WvB Bb

CH3
1 2 3 4 5
47. CH3 – CH = CH – C – CH3
CH3
4, 4–WvB wg_vBj †c›U–2–Bb

H 3C H

48. C = C

H CH3
trans–2– †cw›Ub

H H

49. C = C

H3C CH3
Cis–2 weDwUb

H 3C H

50. C = C

H CH2 – CH3
trans–2 †cw›Ub

Cl
1 2 3
51. CH2 = C – CH3
2 †K¬v‡iv †cÖvwcb–1

22
 Cl
1 2 3 4 5
52. H3C – CH = CH – CH – CH3
4–†K¬v‡iv †c›U–2–Bb

 A¨vjKvBb:
1 2 3 4
53. CH  C – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH2 C2H5

CH–3–
2–wg_vBj 3
B_vBj †c›UvBb–1
CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6
54. CH3 – C  C – C – CH2 – CH3
CH3
4, 4–WvB wg_vBj †n·vBb–2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
55. CH3 – C  C – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH3 CH3
4,5–WvBwg_vBj †ncUvBb–2

CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6
56. CH3 – C  C – C – CH2 – CH3
CH3
4,4–WvBwg_vBj †n·vBb–2

3 2 1
57. CH3 – C  CH

†cÖvcvBb–1

4 3 2 1
58. CH3 – CH – C  CH
CH3
3–wg_vBj–weDUvBb–1
 6 5 4 3 2 1
59. CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – C  CH
CH2 CH3
4,5–WvBwg_vBj–1 †n·vBb

CH3
4 3 2 1
60. CH3 – CH – C  CH
CH3
3,3–WvBwg_vBj–weDUvBb–1

CH3
4 3 2 1
61. CH3 – CH2 – C  CH
CH3
2,2–WvBwg_vBj weDUvBb–1

62. CH3 – CH2 – C  CH2

CH3
3–wg_vBj weDUvBb–1

1 2 3 4 5
63. H3C – C = CH – CH2 – CH3
Cl
2–†K¬v‡iv–2–†cw›Ub

Cl Br
1 2
64. H2C – CH2
1–†K¬v‡iv–2–†eªv‡gv B‡_b

24
 1 2 3 4 5 6
65. CH = C – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH3
CH3
5–wg_vBj †n·vBb–1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
66. CH3 – CH – C = C – CH2 – CH – CH3
CH3 CH3
2,6–WvB wg_vBj †nÞvBb–3

1 2 3 4 5
67. CH3 – CH  C – CH – CH3
CH3
2–wg_vBj †c›UvBb–2

1 2 3
68. HC = C – CH2 – Br
Br CH3
2– †eªv‡gv †cÖvcvBb–1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
69. H2C – CH – C = C – CH2 – CH – CH3
Br CH3
2–†eªv‡gv–6–wg_vBj †nÞ–3–AvBb

1 2 3 4 5
70. H3C – C  C – CH2 – CH3
Br
4– †eªv‡gv–2– †c›UvBb

Cl
1 2 3 4
71. CH  C – CH – CH3
3– †K¬vi–1– weDUvBb
 A¨vj‡Kvnj, †dbj:

5 4 3 2 1
72. CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH – CH3
OH
4– †cw›Ub–2–Aj

5 4 3 2 1
73. CH3 – CH – CH – CH – CH3
CH3 OH3 OH
3,4–WvB wg_vBj †c›Uvbj–2

1 2 3 4
74. OH = CH2 – C = C – CH2 – OH

weDUv–2–AvBb–1,4–WvB Aj

14 3 2 1
75. CH2 – CH – C – CH2 – OH
CH3
2,2,3–UªvB wg_vBj weDUvbj

1 2 3 4 5 6
76. CH3 – CH
7 – CH –8(CH2)2 – CH – CH2 – CH3
OH CH3 CH3
3,6–WvB wg_vBj Aóvbj–2

CH3
3 2 1
77. CH3 – CH = CH – OH
CH3
2–WvB wg_vBj †cÖvcvbj

4 3 2 1
78. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3
OH
weDUvbj–2

26
 CH2OH
79.

wdbvBj wg_vbj

CH3
1 2
80. H3C – C – OH
3CH3
2–wg_vBj †cÖvcvbj–2

1 2 3
81. H2C – CH – CH3
OH OH
†cÖv‡cb–1,2–WvB Ab

1 2 3
82. CH3 – CH – CH3
OH
†cÖvcvbj–2

1 2 3 4
83. CH3 – O – CH2 – CH3

wg‡_vw· B‡_b

1 2 3
84. CH3 – CH
4 – CH – CH3
OH Cl
3– †K¬v‡iv–weDUvbj–2

1 2
85. H2C – CH2
OH OH
B‡_b–1, 2–WvB Aj
 OH
86.
CH3

2–wg_vBj-†dbj

3 2 3
87. H2C – CH2 – CH2
Cl OH
3– †K¬v‡iv– †cÖvcvbj–1

1 2 3 4
88. H2C – CH – CH2 – CH2 – OH
CH3
3–wg_vBj–1–weDUvbj

CH3
3 2 1
89. CH3 – C – CH2 – OH
CH3
2,2–WvB wg_vBj †cÖvcvbj–1

90. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – Cl

OH
1– †K¬v‡iv–3– †c›Uvbj

1 2 3 4
91. CH3 – CH – CH = CH2
OH
3–weDwUb–2–Aj

1 2 3 4 5
92. CH2 – CH – CH = CH – CH3
OH CH3
2–wg_vBj–3–†cw›Ub–1–Aj

28
 CH3
3 2 1
93. CH3 – CH – CH2 – OH

2–wg_vBj †cÖvcvbj–1

OH
CH3
94.

2–wg_vBj †dbj

OH
Br Br
95.

Br
2,4,6–UªvB‡eªv‡gv †dbj

 A¨vjwWnvBW:
OH

96.

Cl
c¨viv †K¬v‡iv †dbj

OOC – CH3
97.

Cl
wdbvBj B_vb‡qU

6 5 4 3,2 1
98. CH3 – CH – CH – (CH2)2 – CHO
CH3 CH3
4,5–WvB wg_vBj †n·vb¨vj

5 4 3 2 1
99. CH3 – CH – CH3 – CH2 – CHO
Cl
4– †K¬v‡iv †c›Uvb¨vj-1
 7 6,5 4 3,2 1
100. CH3 – (CH2)2 – CH – (CH2)2 – CHO
CH3
4–wg_vBj †nÞvb¨vj-1

CH3 O
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
101. CH3 – CH – CH – CH – CH2 – C – CH3
CH3
CH3 †nÞvBb–2
4,5,6– †UªvB wg_vBj

5 4 3 2 1
102. CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – CHO
NH2
3–A¨vwg‡bv †c›Uvb¨vj

O
6 5 4 3 2 1
103. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – C – CH3
CH3
4–wg_vBj †n·v‡bvb–2

 A¨vwgb:
6 5,4,3,2 1
104. CH3 – (CH2)4 – CH – NH2
CH3
1–wg_vBj †n·vBj A¨vwgb

NH2

105.

NO2
30 4–bvB‡Uªv wdbvBj A¨vwgb
 H3C CH3

106.

N.N–WvB wg_vBj wdbvBj A¨vwgb

Cl CH2CH3
6 5,4,3 2 CH
13
107. CH3 – (CH2)2 – CH – CH – NH2
2– †K¬v‡iv–1– B_vBj †n·vBj A¨vwgb

C2H5
108. C2H5 – N – Cl
(CH3)2
WvB wg_vBj WvB B_vBj A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW

NO2

109. NH2 – NH NO2

2,4–WvB bvB‡Uªv wdbvBj nvB‡WªvwRb

SO2H

110.

NH2
mvjdvwbwjK A¨vwmW

 A¨vwmW:
CH3

111. CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH – CH2 – COOH

4–wg_vBj– †n·–3–Bb–1 AwqK A¨vwmW
 O
4 3 2 1
112. CH2 – C – CH2 – COOH
3–A‡·v weDUv‡gvwiK A¨vwmW

4 3 2 1
113. CH3 – CH = CH – COOH
2–weDwU‡bvwgK A¨vwmW

3 2 1
114. CH3 – CH – COOH
CH3
3–wg_vBj †cÖvcvbvwqK A¨vwmW

4 3 2
115. CH3 – CH – CH – COOH
CH3 Cl
4–wg_vBj–2–†K¬v‡iv weDU‡bvwqK A¨vwmW

4 3 2 1
116. CH3 – CH – CH2 – COOH
CH3 Br
2–†eªv‡gv–3–wg_vBj weDUv‡bvwqK A¨vwmW

O O

117. CH3 – C – O – C – CH3

A¨vwmwUK A¨vbnvBWªvBW ev
B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW

4 3 2 1
118. CH3 – CH2 – CH – COOH
Br
2–†eªv‡gv weDUv‡bvwqK A¨vwmW

CH3
3 2 1
119. CH3 – CH – COOH

2–wg_vBj †cÖvcvbwqK A¨vwmW

32
120. CH2 = CH – COOH
†cÖvc–2–Bb–1–AwqK A¨vwmW

Cl
5 4 3 2 1
121. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – COOH

2– †K¬v‡iv †c›Uv‡bvwqK A¨vwmW

2 1
122. CH2 – COOH
COOH
†cÖv‡cb WvB–AwqK A¨vwmW

F
2 1
123. F – C – COOH
F
2,2,2–UªvB‡d¬v‡iv B_v‡bvwqK A¨vwmW

CH3
4 Br3 2 1
124. CH3 – CH – CH – COOH

2– †eªv‡gv–3–wg_vBj weDUv‡bvwqK A¨vwmW

4 3 2 1
125. CH3 – CH – CH2 – COOH
CH3
3–wg_vBj weDUv‡bvwqK A¨vwmW

nvB‡WªvKve©b

 nvB‡WªvKve©b: nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Kve©b Øviv MwVZ w؇gŠj †hŠMmg~n‡K nvB‡WªvKve©b ejv nq|
†hgb- B‡_b, †cÖv‡cb, Bw_wjb, mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b (C6H12), †ebwRb (C6H6) BZ¨vw`|
 mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b AYy‡Z QqwU Kve©b cigvYy ci¯úi GKK e܇b Ave× Av‡Q Ges Gi ag© gy³ wkKj
A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡Mi gZ nq; ZvB mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b I Giƒc GKK e܇b Ave× PvwµK nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K
A¨vwj mvBwK¬K nvB‡WªvKve©b ejv nq|
 †ebwRb I †ebwRb ejq hy³ ˆRe †hŠMmg~n‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM ejv nq|
 1861 wLª÷v‡ã Aw÷ªqvb weÁvbx jm&wgWZ cÖgvY K‡ib †h, AwaKvsk myMÜhy³ †hŠ‡Mi KvVv‡gv †ebwRb
I †ebwR‡bi D™¢~Z‡Ki mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ A_©vr myMÜhy³ †hŠMmg~n †ebwRb‡qW KvVv‡gvi AwaKvix|
†mRb¨ †ebwRb‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi g~j nvB‡WªvKve©b ejv nq|
 Kve©b wkK‡j †Kej GKK wmMgv eÜbhy³ gy³wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b ev A¨vj‡Kb
e‡j|
 A¨vjwKb nj †m me Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b hv‡`i Kve©b wkK‡j wmMgv eÜb I GKwU cvB eÜb
msewjZ GKwU wØeÜb _v‡K| Zv‡`i mvaviY ms‡KZ nj CnH2n; GLv‡b n = 2, 3, 4 BZ¨vw`|
 A¨vjKvBb nj †m me Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b hv‡`i wkK‡i wmMgv eÜb I `ywU cvB eÜb msewjZ GKwU
wÎeÜb _v‡K| Zv‡`i mvaviY ms‡KZ nj CnH2n–2| GLv‡b n = 2, 3, 4 BZ¨vw`|
nvB‡WªvKve©b

gy³ wkKj

m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b ev Am¤ú„³

A¨vj‡Kb nvB‡WªvKve©b
†hgb, B‡_b
H3C–CH3
A¨vjwKb A¨vjKvBb
†hgb, Bw_b †hgb, B_vBb
H2C=CH2 H–CC–H

e× wkKj

A¨vwjmvBwK¬K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK
†hgb, mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b †hgb, †ebwRb
CH2
H2C CH2

H2C CH2
CH2

34
 cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨:

 A¨vj‡Kb ivmvqwbKfv‡e Kg mwµq e‡j c¨vivwdb (Paraffins) bv‡g cwiwPZ|

 f‚-c„‡ôi wb‡P wg‡_b †_‡K weD‡Ub (C1-C4) ch©šÍ A¨vj‡K‡bi †h wgkÖY cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK
M¨vm ejv nq|
 A¨vj‡Kbmg~n cvwbi mv‡_ †Kvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MVb K‡i bv|
 weÁvbx †fvëv me©cÖ_g wg‡_b M¨vm Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|
 wg‡_b‡K gvk© M¨vm ejv nq|
 1 fvM IR‡bi Abv`ª© Na-A¨vwm‡U‡Ui mv‡_ 4 fvM IR‡bi †mvWvjvB‡gi wewµqvq wg‡_b ˆZix nq|
 †c‡Uªvj ev M¨v‡mvwjb n‡jv C5H12 n‡Z C11H24 Gi wgkªb|
 cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m 80% - 90% wg‡_b _v‡K|
 wg‡_‡b sp3 msKiY we`¨gvb| PviwU wmMgv eÜb we`¨gvb|
 B‡_b‡K wg_vBj wg‡_b ejv nq|
 wg‡_b evqy A‡c¶v nvjKv M¨vm|
 B‡_b evqy A‡c¶v mvgvb¨ fvix M¨vm|
 Av‡qvwW‡bi mv‡_ B‡_‡bi †Kvb wewµqv bvB|
 C4H10 Øviv 2 wU mgvby MVb m¤¢e:

(i) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
n-weD‡Ub
CH3
CH CH3
CH3
(ii)

AvB‡mv weD‡Ub
 †ebwRb I GKvwaK †ebwRb ejq hy³ nvB‡WªvKve©bmg~Zn‡K GK‡Î A¨vwib e‡j| †hgb, †ebwRb,
b¨vd_¨vwjb, A¨vb_ªvwmb nj A¨vwib m`m¨|

 Kj wbqg: nv‡ †h me ejqvKvi, mgZjxq ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z mÂikxj (4n + 2) msL¨K cvB ()
B‡jKUªb _v‡K, Zv‡`i‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM e‡j| GLv‡b n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...... BZ¨vw` n‡Z cv‡i|
mÂiYkxj  B‡jeUª‡bi GB msL¨vwfwËK A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi msÁv‡K Ônv‡Kj wbqgÕ e‡j| †hgb:
†ebwRb (n = 1), b¨vd_¨vwjb (n = 2), A¨vb_ªvwmb (n = 3)- n‡jv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM| Kvib
G‡`i AYy‡Z mÂiYkxj (4n + 2) msL¨K cvB B‡jKUªb _v‡K|
 A¨vwj‡dwUK I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi Zzjbv:

A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨v‡iv‡gwUK
A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠMgy³ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM
wkKj wewkó| †hgb- ejq AvK…wZi| †hgb-
 B‡_b CH3-CH3 †ebwRb

A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM GK A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M

Kve©b wewkó n‡Z cv‡i| Kgc‡¶ PviwU
†hgb-wg‡_b CH4 Kve©bmn N, S, O
cigvYy _v‡K; bZzev
†ebwRb ejq _v‡K|
†hgb-†dbj
C6H5OH
A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡M A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M
Kve©‡bi kZKiv nvi Kve©‡bi kZKiv nvi
A‡c¶vK…Z Kg| †hgb- A‡c¶vK…Z nvi †ewk|
wg‡_b (CH4) †hŠ‡M H †hgb-†ebwRb C6H6
= 25% †hŠ‡M C=92.3%
Ges H=77%
A¨vwj‡dwUK Am¤ú„³ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM
†hŠ‡M n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb, Am¤ú„³ Ges mn‡R
bvB‡Uªkb, mvj‡dv‡bkb n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb,
cÖf…wZ cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv bvB‡Uªkb,
mvaviYZ N‡U mvj‡dv‡bkb cÖf…wZ
cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †`q
A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡Mi A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi
Abyw¯’Z n¨v‡jv‡Rb Abyw¯’Z n¨v‡jv‡Rb
cigvYy †ek mwµq| cigvYy Kg mwµq|
†hgb- CH3Br + †hgb-C6H5Cl +
KOH = CH3OH + KOH  mvaviY
KBr Ae¯’vq wewµqv K‡i
bv
A¨vwj‡dwUK nvBWªw· A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvBWªw·
†hŠM †hgb-A¨vj‡Kvnj †hŠM †hgb-†dbj
mg~n wbi‡c¶ A¤øag©x
A¨vwj‡dwUK Am¤ú„³ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM
†hŠMmg~n KMnO4 Øviv KMnO4 Øviv
mn‡RB RvwiZ nq| RvwiZ nq bv|
†hgb-
CH2 = CH2 +KMnO [O]
KOH
36
 HOCH2-CH2OH

wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK

wewµqv N‡U cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv N‡U

 A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi Drm:

1| cÖvK…wZK M¨vm: cÖvK…wZK M¨vm mvaviYZ f~c„ô †_‡K wewfbœ MfxiZvq wkjv ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ mwÂZ
†c‡Uªvwjqvg LwbR ˆZ‡ji Dcwifv‡M ev c„_Kfv‡e f~M‡f© D”PPv‡c mwÂZ _v‡K| f~ -c„‡ôi wb‡P wg‡_b
†_‡K weDw‡Ub (C1 – C4) ch©šÍ A¨vj‡K‡bi †h wgkªY cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK M¨vm ejv nq|
cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m wg‡_b (80% – 90%), B‡_b (cÖvq 13%), †cÖv‡cb (cÖvq 3%), weD‡Ub, Bw_wjb
(cÖvq 20%), bvB‡Uªv‡Rb (cÖvq 13%) wgwkªZ _v‡K|
2| †c‡Uªvwjqvg LwbR ˆZj: f~M‡f©i 5000–15000 dzU MfxiZvq c„w_exi wewfbœ As‡k KwVb wkjv&Z‡i
†h LwbR ˆZj mwÂZ _v‡K Zv‡K †c‡Uªvwjqvg e‡j| †c‡Uªvwjqv‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb A¨vj‡Kb, mvB‡K¬v
A¨vj‡Kb I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b| G †c‡Uªvwjqv‡g cÖvq †`ok †hŠM _v‡K| A‡kvwaZ
†c‡Uªvwjqv‡g C1 †_‡K C40 Kve©b cigvYyMwVZ nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi wgkªY _v‡K| A‡kvwaZ †c‡Uªvwjqvg Mvp
iwOb I `yM©Ühy³ Zij c`v_©| mvjdv‡ii †hŠM †hgb, H2S M¨vm `ªexf~Z _vKvi Kvi‡Y Giƒc `yM©Ü
nq|

 A‡kvwaZ †c‡Uªvwjqvg ˆZ‡ji AvswkK cvZb:

cvwZZ cvZb Kve©Y wewfbœ cvwZZ

Ask ZvcgvÎv wkK‡ji As‡ki e¨envi
ˆ`N©¨
Gj.wc. 30C C1  C4 ZijxK…Z
M¨vm †c‡Uªvwjqvg
M¨vm ivbœvi M¨vm
Pzjøx‡Z e¨eüZ
nq
jvBU 3060 C5  C6 `ªveK iƒ‡c
†c‡Uªvwj C e¨eüZ nq
qvg
jvBU 6011 C6  C7 `ªveKiƒ‡c I WªvB
b¨vc_v 0C Iqvwms Kv‡R
e¨eüZ nq
M¨v‡mvwj 3517 C5  †gvUihv‡bi
b 5C C12 R¡vjvbxiƒ‡c
e¨eüZ nq
‡K‡ivwm 1752 C12  Av‡jv R¡vjv‡Z,
b 75C C15 M¨vm UvievB‡bi
R¡vjvbxiƒ‡c
e¨eüZ nq
wW‡Rj 2404 C13  †Uªb, evm, jix
ev M¨vm 00C C18 BZ¨vw`i
A‡qj R¡vjvbxiƒ‡c
e¨eüZ nq
jyweª‡KwU 2704 C15  †gwmbvix
s A‡qj 00C C18 hš¿cvwZi
wcw”QjKviKiƒ‡
c e¨eüZ nq
c¨vivwd 400C C18  †gvgevwZ I
b Iqv· C30 Iqv· †ccvi
ˆZix‡Z e¨eüZ
nq
weUzwgb AbyØvqx C30 Gi Qv` XvjvB,
Ae‡kl D‡aŸ© iv¯Ív ˆZix‡Z
e¨eüZ nq

 AK&‡Ub bv¤^v‡ii msÁv:

†Kvb †c‡Uªvj Bwćb R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c M¨v‡mvwjb e¨env‡ii d‡j Bwćb †h cwigvY av°v ev bwKs
(knocking) m„wó K‡i, †mB GKB cwigvY bwKs †m Bwćb m„wó Ki‡Z e¨eüZ iso-AK&‡Ub I n-
†nc&‡U‡bi †Kvb wgkÖ‡Y †h kZKiv cwigvY iso – AK&‡Ub `iKvi nq; iso- AK‡U‡bi †mB kZKiv
cwigvY‡K H M¨v‡mvwjb R¡vjvwbi AK‡Ub bv¤^vi e‡j|
†hgb: †Kvb †gvUi R¡vjvwbi AK&‡Ub bv¤^vi nj 85 A_©vr H R¡vjvwbwU 15% n- †n‡Þb I 85% iso
AK&‡Ub wgkÖ‡Yi mgvb ÔR¡vjvwb `¶ZvÕ m¤úbœ ˆZj| †h R¡vjvwbi AK&‡Ub bv¤^vi hZ †ewk †m R¡vjvwb ZZ
†ewk DrK…ó|
 R¡vjvbxi AK&‡Ub bv¤^vi e„w× Kiv ev bwKs Kgvevi Dcvq:

i) D”PZi nvB‡WªvKve©‡Yi Zvcxq we‡qvRb K‡i, A‡c¶vK…Z †QvU AYyi nvB‡WªvKve©Y ˆZix Kiv|
C8 H18 (l ) C6 H14 (l )  C2 H 4 (g)

ii) mij A¨vj‡Kb‡K A¨vjKvB‡jkvb cÖwµqvq kvLvhy³ A¨vj‡K‡b iƒcvšÍi:
CH3
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3 AlCl3.HCl
300C
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH CHCH3

38
 A¨vj‡Kb
 †fŠZ ag©vejx:

†fŠZ Ae¯’v, eY©, MÜ: mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq C1-C4 nj M¨vmxq Ges eY©nxb ; C5-C17 n‡j eY©nxb,
DØvqx I †c‡Uªv‡ji b¨vq MÜhy³ Zij Ges C18 †_‡K c‡ii¸‡jv KwVb c`v_©|
`ªve¨Zv: cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq wKš‘ ˆRe `ªveK †hgb- †ebwRb, B_vbj I B_v‡i `ªeYxq|

ùzUbvsK: mij wkKjgy³ A¨vj‡K‡bi ùzUbvsK Kve©b msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ ev‡o| Z‡e †h †Kvb A¨vj‡K‡bi
kvLvwqZ mgvbyi ùzUbvsK bigvj mgvbyi †P‡q Kg Ges kvLv hZB e„w× cvq, ùzUbvsK ZZB n«vm
cvq|
MjbvsK: Kve©b †Rvo msL¨v wewkó A¨vj‡K‡bi MjbvsK we‡Rvo msL¨vi Kve©bhy³ A¨vj‡K‡bi †P‡q
wKQyUv †ewk|
Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡: 1 Gi †P‡q Kg A_©vr A¨vj‡Kbmg~n cvwb †_‡K nvjKv|

 ivmvqwbK ag©vejx:
1. A¨vj‡Kb mg‡MvÎxq †kÖYxi †hŠM Ges G‡`i mvaviY ms‡KZ nj CnH2n+2|
2. Pvi ev Z‡ZvwaK Kve©b cigvYywewkó A¨vj‡K‡bi GKvwaK mgvYy i‡q‡Q|
3. A¨vj‡Kb ïaygvÎ  eÜb (wmMgv eÜb) we`¨gvb hv †ek kw³kvjx| GRb¨ A¨vj‡Kb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
¯^í wµqvkxj Ges myw¯’Z|
4. ivmvqwbK wbw®ŒqZvi Rb¨ G‡`i‡K c¨vivwdb e‡j|
5. ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq Giv GwmW, ¶vi I RviK Øviv AvµvšÍ nq bv|

 A¨vj‡K‡bi wk‡ívrcv`b:
i) CO+3H2 –––––– Ni
300C CH4 + H2O
NiCO3
ii) CO+2H2O (÷xg) ––––––––––––
250C–270C CH4 + 3CO2

 A¨vj‡Kb cix¶vMvi cÖ¯‘wZ (DU©R wewµqvi gva¨‡g):

ﮋ
RX+Na ––––– RR + NaX
B_vi
D”PZi A¨vj‡Kb
 A¨vj‡Kb ms‡kølY:
200C CH3CH3
i) CH2 = CH2+H2 –––––– Ni
B‡_b
ii) CH3 COONa+NaOH ––––– CaO CH4+Na2CO3

 wg‡_‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewµqv:
 hLb †mvwWqvg A¨vwm‡UU‡K †mvWvjvB‡gi mv‡_ DËß Kiv nq ZLb CO2 Acmvi‡Yi c×wZ‡Z wg‡_b
I †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU cvIqv hvq|
CH3COONa + NaOH –––– CaO CH4


 wew¶ß ev g„`y m~h©v‡jv‡K wg‡_‡bi mv‡_ †K¬vwi‡bi wewµqvq wg_vBj †K¬vivBW, WvB‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b,
UªvB‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b I †k‡l Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq|
CH4 + Cl2 ––––– g„`y CH3Cl + HCl
m~h©v‡jvK
CH3Cl + Cl2 ––––– g„`y
m~h©v‡jvK CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH3Cl2 + Cl2 ––––– g„`y
m~h©v‡jvK CHCl3 + HCl
CHCl3 + Cl2 ––––– g„`y
m~h©v‡jvK CCl4 + HCl

cÖLi m~h©v‡jv‡K wg‡_‡bi mv‡_ †K¬vwi‡bi wewµqvq Kve©b I nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
cÖLi m~h©v‡jvK C + HCl
CH4 + Cl2 ––––––––––

wg‡_‡bi mv‡_ †K¬vwi‡bi AÜKv‡i †Kv‡bv wewµqv nq bv|

 B‡_b Cl2 Gi mv‡_ cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq Ae‡k‡l †n·v‡K¬v‡iv B‡_b ˆZix K‡i|

 †Kve ms‡kølY:
Rvg©vb imvqbwe` †Kve-Gi bvg Abymv‡i Kve©w·wjK GwmW n‡Z D”PZi A¨vj‡Kb ms‡køl‡Yi c×wZ‡K
†Kve ms‡kølY e‡j|
--GB c×wZ‡Z †mvwWqvg B_v‡bv‡qU †_‡K B‡_b cvIqv hvq|
CH3COONa+2H2O ––––– Zwor
we‡k-lY

CH3  CH3 + CO2 + 2NaOH + H2

A¨v‡bv‡W K¨v‡_vW

 †h †Kvb A¨vj‡K‡bi kvLvwqZ mgvYyi ùzUbvsK bigvj mgvYyi †P‡q Kg Ges kvLv hZB e„w× cvq
ùzUbvsK Z‡ZvB n«vm cvq| †hgb:
CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH2CH3
n†c‡›Ub 2 wg_vBj weD‡Ub
CH3
CH3 C  CH3
40 CH3
2, 2 WvBwg_vBj cÖv‡cb
 A¨vj‡K‡bi e¨envi:

1. cÖvK…wZK M¨vm A_©vr wg‡_‡bi R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨envi QvovI evsjv‡`‡ki PÆMÖvg, †Nvovkvj, AvïMÄ,
Rvgvjcyi I †dÂzM‡Äi mvi KviLvbvq BDwiqv mvi Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq| GQvov wg‡_b M¨v‡mi Zvc
we‡hvR‡b cÖvß Kve©b ¸uov †_‡K Qvcvi Kvwj, eyU cwjk cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z Ges wg‡_b †_‡K cÖvß H2 M¨vm
nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bkb Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| wg‡_b M¨vm †_‡K wk퇶‡Î wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj,
dig¨vjwWnvBW, wg_vBj †K¬vivBW cÖf…wZ †hŠM Drcv`b Kiv nq|
2. A‡kvwaZ †c‡Uªvwjqv‡gi AvswkK cvZ‡b cÖvß M¨vmxq wgkÖY‡K [C1- C4 MwVZ A¨vj‡Kb‡K] D”P Pv‡c
Zijxf‚Z K‡i Gj. wc. M¨vm (L.P. Gas) iƒ‡c ivbœvi Kv‡R I R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c Zv e¨eüZ nq|
3. B‡_b †_‡K B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj, B_vBj †K¬vivBW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| B‡_b †_‡K Am¤ú„³ Bw_b M¨vm
ˆZwi K‡i wewfbœ ivmvqwbK c`v_© Drcv`b Kiv nq|
A¨vjwKb
 †fŠZ ag©vejx:
1. †fŠZ Ae¯’v, eY©, MÜ: ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎvq C2-C4 ch©šÍ M¨vmxq, C5-C8 A¨vjwKb Zij I Gi
cieZ©x¸‡jv KwVb| G‡`i g‡a¨ Bw_wj‡bi myMwÜ Av‡Q, Ab¨vb¨ A¨vjwKb eY©nxb I MÜnxb|
2. `ªve¨Zv: cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq, wKš‘ ˆRe `ªve‡K `ªeYxq|
3. MjbvsK I ùzUbvsK: AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ A¨vjwKb m`m¨‡`i MjbvsK I ùzUbvsK
ev‡o|
4. Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡: 0.566-0.8 Gi g‡a¨ A_©vr cvwb †_‡K nvjKv|
 ivmvqwbK ag©vejx:
1. A¨vjKbmg~n B‡jKUªb AvKl©x hyZ ev ms‡hvRb wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
2. A¨vjwKbmg~n hyZ wewµqv QvovI RviY, I‡RvbxKiY ev I‡RvbvjvBwmm Ges eû‡hŠwMK ev
cwjgviKiY wewµqv †`q|
 KwZcq A¨vjwK‡bi ùzUbvsK:
bvg MvVwbK ms‡KZ ùzUbvsK
(C)
Bw_b CH2 = CH2  102
†cÖvwcb CH3CH  48
=CH2
weDwUb 1 C2H5  6.5
CH=CH2
†cw›Ub 1 C3H7  30
CH=CH2
†nw·b 1 C4H9  61
 CH=CH2
÷vBwib C6H5  145
CH=CH2

 A¨vjwK‡bi wk‡ívrcv`b:
RCH2OH Al2O3 RCH= CH2+H2O

†c‡Uªvj ev A¨vj‡K‡bi Zvc we‡hvRb mvnv‡h¨t

R  CH2CH2CH3 Cr2O3 RCH=CH2+CH4

A¨vjwK‡bi cix¶vMvi cÖ¯‘wZ:
A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K wbiæ`K c`v_© Mvp H2SO4 mn 170C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j wbiƒ`K Øviv
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji AYy †_‡K GK AYy cvwb †kvwlZ n‡q A¨vjwKb Drcbœ nq|
R–CH2–CH2–OH+H2SO4 (conc) –––– 
Al2O3 R–CH = CH2 +
H2O.H2SO4
 A¨vjwKb + I‡RvbxKiY CCl 4 ,  20C Kve©wbj †hŠM|
R–CH = CH–R' + O3 Zn/  R–CHO+
H O
2

R'–CHO + H2O + ZnO

g‡b ivL‡e, wØe܇bi Dfq cv‡k mgvb msL¨vK Kve©b _vK‡j Drcv` n‡e GKUv Ges Zv `yB AYy|
D`vniY: Bw_wjb‡K I‡RvwbKiY Ki‡j 2 AYy wg_vb¨vj cvIqv hvq|
H2C = CH2 + O3  2HCHO

 Bw_b cÖ¯‘wZ:

cÖvK…wZK M¨vm n‡Z:

600C
CH3  CH3 CH2 = CH2 + H2

Bw_b
cix¶vMv‡i Bw_b cÖ¯‘wZ:
CH3 CH2OH +HOSO3H 100 C
  
CH3CH2OSO3H+H2O

42
 CH3CH2OSO3H 165

C
 CH2 = CH2+H2SO4

 Bw_‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wewµqv:

Bw_wj‡bi mv‡_ nvB‡cv‡K¬vivm Gwm‡Wi wewµqv:
CH2–OH
| H2C = CH2 + O3  H2C – O – CH2
H2C = CH2 + HOCl  CH2–Cl CaO
Bw_wjb †K¬v‡iv nvBwWªj ––– 2HCHO + H2O2


O O

CH2 = CH – Br + HBr  CH3 – CH – Br2

Bw_wjb †K¬v‡iv nvBwWªj

 cvZjv ¶vixq cUvwmqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU `ªe‡Y Bw_wjb M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j Bw_wjb MøvBKj ˆZwi nq|
KMnO4 + 2KOH  2K2MnO4 + H2O + [O]

H2C = CH2 + H2O [O]  CH2OH

|
CH2OH
G‡K nvB‡Wªvw·‡jkb wewµqvI ejv nq|
 gviKwbK‡fi wbqg:
ÒAcÖwZmg Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡Mi m‡½ AcÖwZmg weKvi‡Ki hyZ wewµqvq weKviK AYyi FYvZ¡K Ask
mvaviYZ Kg msL¨K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYywewkó Am¤ú„³ Kve©b cigvYy‡Z hy³ nq|Ó
 wecixZ gviKwbK‡fi wbqg:
weÁvbx Lvivm (kharasch) 1933 wLª÷v‡ã cix¶v-wbix¶vi ci †`Lvb †h, ¯^í cwigvY ˆRe cvi-
A·vBW †hgb- A¨vjKvBj cvi-A·vBW (RO-OR) Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z AcÖwZmg A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½
AcÖwZmg weKviK †hgb- HBr Gi wewµqvi dj gviKwbK‡fi wbq‡gi wecixZfv‡e N‡U; A_©vr †ewk
msL¨K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy wewkó Am¤ú„³ Kve©b cigvYy‡Z weKvi‡Ki FYvZ¥K Ask hy³ nq| G‡K
Lviv‡mi cviA·vBW djvdj (peroxied effect) ev wecixZ gviKwbK‡fi wbqg e‡j|
 A¨vjwK‡bi cwjgviKiY:
g‡bvgvi cwjgvi
Bw_wjb cwjBw_wjb
†cÖvwcwjb cwjcÖwcwjb
†K¬v‡ivBw_wjb cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW
ev PVC
֬vwib cwj֬vwib
†cÖvwcb bvBUªvBj Aijb
wfbvBj A¨vwm‡UU cwjwfbvBj
A¨vwm‡UU
 †UUªvdy¬‡iv Bw_wjb †Udjb
2-wg_vBj †cw· Møvm
†cÖvwcb‡qU

 A¨vjwK‡bi hyZ cwjgvimg~n:

1. cwjw_b: cøvw÷K e¨vM, †Ljbv, ivbœvN‡ii hveZxq †hgb-dzW e·, Mvgjv, Møvm, e`bv, gM, evjwZ
BZ¨vw`|
2. cwj cÖwcb: GwU cwjw_‡bi †P‡q k³ cøvw÷K| `wo, Kv‡c©U, †evZj, cvBc BZ¨vw` ˆZix‡Z e¨eüZ
nq|
3. wc.wf.wm: M„n wbg©v‡Yi Kv‡R, ˆe`y¨wZK mvgMÖx, cvwbi cvBc, K…wÎg Pvgov I †iKW© ˆZix‡Z e¨eüZ
nq|
4. cwj÷vBwib: c¨v‡KwRs Dcv`vb, †dv‡gi mvgMÖx, Zvc wb‡ivaK (Insulator) Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| K…wÎg
ivevi Drcv`‡bI e¨eüZ nq|
5. †Udjb: GwU AZ¨šÍ k³ cøvw÷K| †Udjb Zvc I we`y¨r Acwievnx, bbw÷K ivbœvi c¨vb, ˆe`y¨wZK
Bbmy‡jUi cÖf…wZ ˆZix‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
6. wc.wf.G: wc.wf.wm.i Zzjbvq P.V.A AwaK bgbxq| MÖv‡gv‡dvb †iKW© cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z I Bgvjkb †cB›U
cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z GwU e¨eüZ nq|
7. Aijb, Gw·j¨vb: Aijb †_‡K G·vBwjK dvBevi ev myZv ˆZix Kiv nq| G·vBwjK myZv w`‡q Kvco,
K¤^j I Kv‡cU© ˆZix Kiv nq|
8. cvi‡¯ú·, †cw·Møvm: †cw·Møvm LyeB ¯^”Q Møv‡mi weKí wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| †jÝ, cÖwZdjK iƒ‡c I
Rvbvjvi KvP wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|

 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Am¤ú„³Zvi cix¶v:

1. †eªvwgb cvwb cix¶v:

Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡M †eªvwgb cvwb †hvM Kwi‡j †eªvwg‡bi jvj eY© jyß nq A_©vr eY©nxb `ªeY Drcbœ nq|
CH2=CH2+Br2 cvwb  CH2CH2

Br Br
2. †eqvi cix¶v:
Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡M ¶vixq KMnO4 †hvM Kwi‡j ¶vixq KMnO4 Gi †Mvjvcx eY© webó nq|
KMnO4+KOH  K2MnO4+H2O+[O]
CH2 = CH2+HOH+[O]  CH2CH2

OH OH
Bw_wjb MøvBKj
 †mvWvjvBg:
44
1. †mvWvjvBg n‡jv NaOH I CaO Gi wgkÖY|
2. †mvwWqvg †cÖvwcq‡bU‡K †mvWvjvBg mn‡hv‡M DËß K‡i B‡_b ˆZix Kiv hvq|
CaO
CH3 CH2 –COONa + NaOH CH3-CH3 +Na2 CO3


3. †mvWvjvBg mw”Q`ª, mn‡R M‡j bv|ZvB KvPcv‡Î RgvU ev‡a bv|

A¨vjKvBb
 †fŠZ ag©vejx:
1. †fŠZ Ae¯’v, eY©, MÜ: C2-C4 M¨vmxq, C5-C11 Zij Ges C12 I Zvi cieZ©x¸‡jv KwVb,
eY©nxb, MÜnxb|
2. `ªve¨Zv: cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Z‡e ˆRe `ªve‡K `ªeYxq|
3. MjbvsK I ùzUbvsK: AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ MjbvsK I ùzUbvs‡Ki µg e„w× cvq|
4. Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡: A¨vj‡Kb I A¨vjwKb †_‡K GKUz †ewk Z‡e cvwb A‡c¶v nvjKv|
 ivmvqwbK ag©vejx:
1. A¨vjKvBbmg~n A¤øag©x
2. Giv B‡jKUªb AvKl©x hyZ wewµqv †`q|
 A¨vjKvB‡bi wk‡ívrcv`b:

i) 1, 2 WvB n¨vjvBW †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj wgwkÖZ KOH Øviv A¨vjKvBb Drcv`b|

X X

R  CH  CH2 + 2KOH –––––––

A¨vj‡Kvnj

R  C  CH + 2KX+2H2O

ii) Bw_b †_‡K:

CH2= CH2+Br2 C Cl 4
BrCH2CH2Br
BrCH2CH2Br + 2KOH R  OH
CH  CH + 2KBr+2H2O
 B_vBb cÖ¯‘wZ:
cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb wg‡_b| wg‡_b‡K 1500C ZvcgvÎvq AwZ Aí mgq a‡i DËß
Ki‡j B_vBb cvIqv hvq|
 CH  CH+3H2(fvOb)
oC
2CH4 1500 
  CH  CH+3H2O AvswkK `nb|
1500 o C

 cix¶vMv‡i B_vBb cÖ¯‘wZ:

CaC2+2H2O  CH  CH + Ca(OH)2
K¨vjwmqvg B_vBb Kve©vBW

 A¨vjKvB‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewµqv:

 jNy mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ A¨vwmUvBwjb I gviwKDwiK mvj‡d‡Ui wewµqv:
HC=CH
| |
H OH
 HgSO
Ans: HC  CH + H – OH jNy
–––––
c~Y©webvm
4
H2SO4
A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW

H3C–CHO
 jNy ¶vixq cUvwmqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ A¨vjKvB‡bi wewµqv:
Ans: (i) A¨vjKvBb-1 †K ¶vixq KMnO4 Øviv Rvi‡Yi d‡j ˆRe A¨vwmW I CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ
nq|
O O O
|| || ||
KMnO
R–CC–H+2[O] ––––––– 2[o]
4 R–C–C–H ––––
OH– H2O R–C–OH+CO2
2KMnO4 + 2KOH  2K2MnO4 + H2O + [O]
wKš‘ B_vBb ¶vixq KMnO4 `ªeY Øviv RvwiZ n‡q A·vwjK Drcbœ nq|
OH

HC  CH + 4[O] –––––
¶vixq
KMnO4
 A¨vwmUvBwj‡bi mv‡_ A¨v‡gvwbqvK¨vj wmjfvi bvB‡Uª‡Ui wewµqv:
Ans: HC  CH + AgNO3 + 2NH4OH  Ag – C  C – Ag + 2NH4Cl + 2H2O
wmjfvi A¨vwmwUjvBW mv`v Aat‡¶c
 A¨vwmUvBwjb‡K A¨v‡gvwbqvK¨vj wKDcÖvm †K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqv:
Ans: HC  CH + Cu2Cl2 + 2NH4OH  Cu – C  C – Cu + 2NH4 Cl + 2H2O
Kcvi A¨vwmwUjvBW jvj Aat‡¶c
 Zij A¨v‡gvwbqvq `ªexf~Z †mvwWqvg avZzi mwnZ A¨vjKvBb-1 ev B_vB‡bi wewµqv:
2R–C  C–H(g) + 2Na(s) Zij NH3 2T–C  .Na(s) + H2(g)
–––––
A¨vjKvBb-1 Na–A¨vjKvbvBW
Zij NH3 Na.C  C.Na(s) + H2(g)
HC  C–H(g) + 2Na(s) ––––––
A¨vwmwUwjb Na- A¨vwmwUjvBW
 A¨vwmUvBwj‡bi mv‡_ I‡Rv‡biO wewµqv:CHO
C –––– C |
Ans: HC  CH + O3 –––––
| CCl 4CHO H–
| HO 2 –H + H2O
O –––– O ––––
Zn

 CH  CH+ HCl CH2 = CHCl

wfbvBj †K¬vivBW
CH2 = CHCl+ HCl  CH3CHCl2
Bw_wjwWb †K¬vivBW
 A¨vj‡Kb, A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvB‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
e¨eüZ A¨vj A¨vjwKb A¨vjKvBb
weKvi †Kb
K
46
¶vixq †Kvb ¶vixq ¶vixq
KMn wewµ KMnO4 Gi KMnO4 Gi
O4 qv †Mvjvcx eY© †Mvjvcx eY©
K‡i webó nq webó nq
bv KMnO4+K KMnO4+K
OH OHK2Mn
K2MnO4+ O4 +
H2O+[O] H2O+[O]
CH2 = CH2 CHCH+4(
+ HOH + O)
[O] 
CH2CH2 COOH
OH OH COOH
A¨v‡gvw †Kvb †Kvb wewµqv mv`v Aa:‡¶c
bqv wewµ K‡i bv Drcbœ nq
hy³ qv HC  CH +
AgN K‡i Ag(NH3)2
O3 bv NO3
AgC 
CAg
+ NH3 +
NH4NO3
†Kvb wewµqv jvj Aa:‡¶c
A¨v‡gvw †Kvb K‡i bv Drcbœ nq
bqv wewµ CH  CH +
hy³ qv Cu(NH3)2
Cu2 K‡i Cl CuC
Cl2 bv  C  Cu
+ NH3 +
NH4Cl
 A¨vj‡Kb, A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvB‡bi Zzjbv:
ˆewkó¨ A¨vj‡Kb A¨vjwKb A¨vjKvBb
mvaviY CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2
ms‡KZ I D`vniY: D`vniY: D`vniY:
D`vnviY CH3- H2C = HC  C-H
CH3 CH2
Kve©b Kve©b-Kve©b Kve©b-Kve©b Kve©b-Kve©b
wkK‡j GKK eÜb wØ-eÜb (1wU wÎeÜb (1wU
eÜb I _v‡K|
Kvh©Kix , 1wU , 2wU
g~jK  eÜb)  eÜb)
Kve©‡bi sp3 sp2 sp
msKixKiY
AYyi MVb PZz¯ÍjKxq w·KvYxq mijˆiwLK
AvK…wZ mgZjxq mgZjxq
eÜb †KvY 109.5 120 180
Kve©b- 0.158 0.134 nm 0.121 nm
Kve©b eÜb nm
`~iZ¡
mgvYyZv wkKj I R¨vwgwZK ev Ae¯’vb
Ae¯’vb wmm& UªvÝ mgvYyZv
mgvYyZv mgvYyZv
cÖ¯‘Z ˆRe A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji WvB n¨v‡jv
c×wZ Gwm‡Wi wbiƒ`b, A¨vj‡Kb I
jeY I A¨vj‡K‡bi A¨vj‡Kvnjxq
†mvWvjvBg Zvc we‡hvRb KOH Gi
mn cvZb I wfm& WvB AcmviY
Ges n¨v‡jv wewµqv Øviv|
†c‡Uªvwjqvg A¨vj‡Kb I
ˆZj wRsK ¸uovi
†_‡K| wewµqvq|
ivmvqwbK Kg AwaK AwaK
mwµqZv I mwµq| mwµq| mwµq|
wewµqvi cÖwZ¯’vcb, hyZ wewµqv, hyZ wewµqv,
†kÖYx Zvcxq RviY, RviY,
we‡hvRb I I‡RvbvBW I‡RvbvBW
cÖfveKxq MVb MVb,
mgvYyKiY| I cwjgvi cwjgviKiY
MVb| I A¤øxq H-
cigvYyi
cÖwZ¯’vcb|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨

 ÔgviKwbK‡fi wbqgÕ iæk weÁvbx gviKwbKf 1870 wLª÷v‡ã cÖ`vb K‡ib|

48
 cwjw_b bgbxq wKš‘ `„p cÖK…wZi KwVb cøvw÷K c`v_© nIqvq GwmW, ¶vi Ges wewfbœ `ªevK Øviv Zv
AvµvšÍ nq bv|
 mwµq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wewkó †hgb A¨vj‡Kvnj, Kve©w·wjK GwmW BZ¨vw` weKvi‡Ki m‡½ A¨vwmwUwj‡bi
hyZ-wewµqvq wfbvBj †hŠM MVb Kivi cÖwµqv‡K fvBbvB‡jkb (vinylation) e‡j|
 A¨vjwK‡bi cÖ_g wZbwU m`m¨ (C2-C4) mvaviY Ae¯’vq M¨vmxq| cieZ©x (C5-C15) Zij Ges
cieZ©x m`m¨¸‡jv KwVb|
 AvYweK fi e„w×i m‡½ A¨vjwKb m`‡m¨i Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ e„w× cvq|
 A¨vjwKb‡K A¨vjKv-WvB-Bb ev WvB-A¨vjwKb e‡j|
 Bw_wjb evqy A‡c¶v mvgvb¨ nvjKv|
 eZ©gv‡b B_v‡ii cwie‡Z© Bw_wjb †PZbvbvkK iƒ‡c cÖPzi e¨eüZ nq|
 †jŠn wmwjÛv‡i D”P Pv‡c A¨vwmwUwjb‡K A¨vwm‡Uv‡b `ªexf‚Z K‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv nq|
 Zij A¨vwmwUwjb we‡ùvib NUvq|
 SiO2-†K KvB‡mj ¸o ejv nq|
 A¨vwmwUwjb †UUªv‡K¬vivBW evRv‡i I‡q÷ªb bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 Aw· A¨vwmwUwjb wkLvi ZvcgvÎv 3500C
 Kcvi-A¨vwmwUjvBW Gi eY© jvj|
 wmjfvi-A¨vwmwUjvB‡Wi eY© mv`v|
 K…wÎg Dcv‡q KuvPv dj cvKv‡Z Bw_wjb e¨eüZ nq|
 Bw_wj‡b sp2 msKiY we`¨gvb|
 Aw· Bw_wjb wkLv cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z Bw_wj‡bi e¨envi Av‡Q|
 A¨vwmwUwj‡b sp msKib we`¨gvb|
 A¨vwmwUwjb GKwU A¤øag©x †hŠM|
 A¨vwmwUwjb‡K WvB- A¨vjKvBbI ejv nq|
 A¨vwmwUwjb evqy A‡c¶v mvgvb¨ nvjKv|
 A¨vj‡Kvnj I A¨vwm‡Uv‡b A¨vwmwUwjb h_vµ‡g 1 I 25 AvqZ‡b `ªexf‚Z nq|
 ÷¨vwib †_‡K hyZ cwjgviKiY cÖwµqvq cwj÷¨vwib cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
 Aijb †_‡K GµvBwjK dvBevi ev myZv ˆZwi Kiv nq|
 Aijb Gi g‡bvgvi nj †cÖvwcb-bvBUªvBj|
 A¨vjKvB‡bi Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ G‡`i mgmsL¨K Kve©bwewkó A¨vj‡Kb I A¨vjwKb †_‡K GKUz AwaK
nq|
 A¨vjwKb A‡c¶v A¨vjKvBbmg~n B‡jKUªb AvKl©x weKviK ev B‡jK‡UªvdvBj Gi wbKU Kg mwµq|
 A¨vjKvB‡bi wÎ-eÜb GKwU -eÜb I `ywU -e܇bi mgš^q|
 avZz Mjv‡bv I avZz †Rvov †`qvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb wkLv iƒ‡c A¨vwmwUwjb e¨eüZ nq|

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b Ges †ebwRb

 †ebwRb‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi g~j nvB‡WªvKve©b ejv nq|

 †Kvj I †c‡Uªvwjqvg nj A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi cÖavb Drm|
 Kqjvi weaŸsmx cvZ‡bi d‡j †Kvj M¨vm (17%), AvjKvZiv (4-5%), A¨v‡gvwbqvK¨vj wjKvi (8-
10%) I †KvK (70%) cvIqv hvq|
 jNy ˆZ‡j cÖavbZ †ebwRb, UjyBb, RvBwjb cÖf…wZ wbi‡c¶ †hŠM _v‡K|
 110-140C ZvcgvÎvq cvwZZ Ask‡K 50% †ebRj e‡j|
 †ebwR‡bi MjbvsK 5.4 †m. I ùzUbvsK 80.4 †m.
 †ebwRb cvwb A‡c¶v nvjKv Ges cvwb‡Z A`ªve¨|
 mvjdvi, Av‡qvwWb, †gvg cÖf…wZi Rb¨ †ebwRb GKwU fvj `ªveK|
 †ebwR‡b C-C eÜb `~iZ¡ 0.139 nm.
 †ebwRb AYy †_‡K GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy Acmvi‡Yi d‡j Drcbœ g~jK‡K wdbvBj g~jK e‡j|
---wdbvBj g~jK‡K ms‡¶‡c Ph ev  -Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 †ebwRb GKwU Am¤ú„³ †hŠM Ges GKwU †ebwRb AYy‡Z wZbwU wØeÜb Av‡Q|
 AMvó †KKzj me©cÖ_g †ebwR‡bi PvwµK KvVv‡gv cÖ¯Íve K‡ib|
 †ebwR‡bi Am¤ú„³Zv GK we‡kl ai‡bi Am¤ú„³Zv|
 †ebwRb †eªvwgb `ªe‡Yi eY©‡K webó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 KMnO4-Gi †Mvjvcx eY© †ebwRb `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 †ebwRb Bw_wjb A‡c¶v Kg mwµq|
 A¨vivBj ev wdbvBj g~j‡Ki ms‡KZ C6H5-
 1825 mv‡j weÁvbx d¨viv‡W wZwgi ˆZ‡j cÖvß `xß M¨vm nB‡Z me©cÖ_g †ebwRb wb®‹vkb K‡ib|
 1834 mv‡j Rvg©vb weÁvbx wgZmviwjP Mvg †ebRwqb nB‡Z cÖvß †eb‡RvwqK GwmW‡K Pz‡bi mwnZ
DËß Kwiqv †ebwRb cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib|

 AvjKvZiv ev †KvjUv‡ii AvswkK cvZ‡b cÖvß wewfbœ Ask I Dcv`vb:

cvwZZ cvZb kZKiv cvwZZ Zi‡j

As‡ki ZvcgvÎv cwigvY cÖavb
bvg Dcv`vnbmg~n
jNy ˆZj 170C 5% †ebwRb,
(Light ch©šÍ UjyBb,
oil) RvBwjb, wKQy
(Avt ¸t = †dbj,
0.97) wcwiwWb,
_v‡qvwKb,
A¨vwbwjb
BZ¨vw`|
ga¨g ˆZj 171- 7.5% †dbj,
(Middle 230C wµmj,
oil) b¨vd&_wjb
50
(Avt BZ¨vw`|
¸t=1.005)
fvix ˆZj ev 231- 10% wµmj,
wµ‡qv‡RvU 270C b¨vd&_wjb,
ˆZj KzB‡bvwjb
(Heavy BZ¨vw`|
oil)
(Avt ¸t
=1.03)
meyR ˆZj ev 271- 20% A¨vb_ªvwmb,
A¨vb_ªvwmb 360C wdbvb&w_ªb
ˆZj BZ¨vw`|
(Green
oil)
(Avt ¸t =
1.09)
wcP wiU‡U© 57.5% †KvK-Kve©b|
(Pitch) Ae‡kl
_v‡K|
 †ebwRb I Ab¨vb¨ A¨vwib mg~n Zij ev Kg MjbvsK wewkó KwVb c`v_©| Z‡e G‡`i A‡b‡Ki 1wU
ˆewkó¨ c~Y© myMÜ _v‡K| AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Zi‡ji ùzUbvsK e„w× cvq wKš‘ MjbvsK
Z‡ZvUv wbqwgZ fv‡e e„w× cvq bv|
p-
†ebw UjyB 0- m- RvBwj
Rb b RvBwjb RvBwjb
b
Mjbv

sK 5.5  25  47 13
95
(C)
ùzUbv
sK 80 111 149 139 138
(C)
 †h mKj cÖwZ¯’vc‡K GKK eÜb _v‡K Zviv mwµqKvix MÖæc| Giv A‡_©v I c¨vivwb‡`©kK| e¨wZµg-
wbw®ŒqKvix MÖæc| wKš‘ hviv wØ ev wÎ eÜb hy³ Zviv †gUv wb‡`©kK|

A‡_©v-c¨vivwb‡`©kK †gUv wb‡`©kK

mwµqKvix mwµqZv
n«vmKvix
–CH3/R –F –NO2
–OH –Cl –SO3H
 –O– –Br –CHO
–NH2 –I –COOH
–C6H5/– –CN
Ar
–NHCR –COOR
†ebwRb
 †fŠZ ag©vejx:
1. †ebwRb we‡kl MÜhy³ eY©nxb DØvqx Zij c`v_©|
2. Gi MjbvsK 5.4C ùzUbvsK 80.4C
3. †ebwR‡bi Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡ 0.88 Ges cvwb A‡c¶v nvjKv
4. †ebwRb cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Z‡e ˆRe `ªve‡K `ªeYxq|
5. Pwe©, †gvg, mvjdvi, †iwRb BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ †ebwRb GKwU fvj `ªveK|
6. †ebwRb mnR `vn¨ c`v_©

 ivmvqwbK ag©vejx:
1. †ebwRb G B‡jKUªb¸‡jv mÂiYkxj ev mÂvwjZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| ZvB Giv B‡jKUªb AvKl©x
weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ hyZ wewµqv †`q bv Z‡e ˆewkó¨c~Y© wewµqv wn‡m‡e B‡jKUªb AvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb
wewµqv †`q|
2. GQvovI †ebwRb RviY wewµqv, WvB-wdbvBj MVb wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
†ebwR‡bi wewµqv

1. Mvp mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ †ebwR‡bi wewµqv:

Ans: +H – OSO3H  + H2O
2. wbiæ`K A¨vjygwbqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡ †ebwRb I wg_vBj †K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqv:
CH3

Ans: + CH3Cl –––– AlCl3 + HCl

HCl
3. †ebwR‡bi mv‡_ Mvp bvBwUªK I mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi wewµqv:
NO3

Ans: + H – ONO2 –––––––––H2SO4(cone) + H2O

4. m~² wb‡Kj P~Y© cÖfve‡Ki mv‡_ †ebwRb ev®ú I nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wewµqv:
+ 3H2 ––––– Ni
†ebwRb 200C
mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b

5. AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwR‡bi mv‡_ †K¬vwi‡bi wewµqv:

m~h©v‡jvK C6H6Cl6 (M¨vgvw·b/
+ 3Cl2 ––––––
†ebwRb
wjb‡Wb)

52
6. mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq †ebwR‡bi mv‡_ I‡Rv‡bi wewµqv:
C6H6 + 3O2  C6H6O9 ––– 3H2O 3OHC–CHO+3H2O2
†ebwRb I‡Rvb †ebwRb UªvB-I‡RvbvBW MøvBA·vj
Rvb‡Z n‡e:
†ebwRb ej‡q CH3 g~jK B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ †hvMvb †`q|
†ebwRb ejq †_‡K  NO2 g~jK B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ †U‡b †bq|
UjyBb

 †fŠZ ag©vejx:
1. UjyBb GKwU eY©nxb Zij c`v_©|
2. Gi MjbvsK I ùzUbvsK h_vµ‡g 98C Ges 110C
3. UjyBb cvwb A‡c¶v nvjKv (Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡ 0.866)
4. GwU cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq wKš‘ A¨vj‡Kvnj, B_v‡i `ªeYxq
5. GwU GKwU DËg `ªveK|
 ivmvqwbK ag©vejx:
1. UjyB‡bi AYywU GKwU wdbvBj g~jK ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wbDwK¬qvm I GKwU wg_vBj g~jK ev
cvk¦©wkKj Øviv MwVZ d‡j A¨v‡iv‡gwUK I A¨vwj‡dwUK Dfq cÖKvi ag© UjyB‡b Av‡Q|
2. UjyBb ˆewkó¨c~Y© cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †hgb- bvB‡Uªkb, mvj‡dv‡bkb, wd«‡Wj µ¨vdUm wewµqv I
n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i|

 cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨:
 UjyBb cvwb A‡c¶v nvjKv|
 Bnvi MjbvsK 98 †mt Ges ùzUbvsK 110 †mt|
 UjyBb‡K wg_vBj †ebwRb ev wdbvBj wg‡_bI e‡j|
 Ujyevjmvg n‡Z me©cÖ_g cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq e‡j Gi bvg UjyBb|
 UjyBb GKwU eY©nxb Zij c`v_©|
 †iwRb, evwb©k, cøvw÷K cÖf…wZi `ªveK wn‡m‡e UjyBb e¨eüZ nq|
 UjyBb cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq wKš‘ A¨vj‡Kvnj I B_v‡i `ªeYxq|
 UjyBb A‡_©v I c¨viv wb‡`©kK|
 _v‡qvwdb (C4H4S), wdDivb (C4H4O), cvB‡ivj (C4H5N) BZ¨vw` n‡jv A-‡ebwRb RvZ
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
 n¨v‡jv‡Rb e¨ZxZ Ab¨ mKj A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK MÖæc †ebwRb ejq mwµqKvix MÖæc|
 †ebRvj †K¬vivB‡Wi ms‡KZ t C6H5CHCl2.
 †K¬v‡ivUjyB‡bi ms‡KZ t C6H4(CH3)Cl.
 nv‡Kj wbqg Abymv‡i A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M (4n+2) msL¨K  B‡jKUªb _v‡K|
 †ebwR‡b 6wU, b¨vc_vwj‡b 10wU, A¨vb_ªvwm‡b 14wU  B‡jKUªb _v‡K|
 A¨vwbwjb, wcwiwWb ¶vixq c`v_©|
 ˆRe `ªve‡K (wµ‡qv‡RvU †Z‡j) †Kvj M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j jNy †Zj c„_K nq|

 n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK:

Fe, FeCl3, AlCl3,†jvwnZ P I Av‡qvwWb BZ¨vw`|

 `ywU H cigvYy †ebwRb n‡Z Acmvib Ki‡j wdbvBwjb g~jK cvIqv hvq|
 †ebwR‡bi cÖ_g D”PZi mg‡MvÎxq †hŠ‡Mi bvg UjyBb|
 ga¨g ˆZj‡K cvZb Kwi‡j b¨vc_vwjb cvIqv hvq|
 wdbvBj AvB‡mv mvqvbvB‡Wi ms‡KZt C6H5NC.
 UjyBb‡K KMnO4 Øviv RvwiZ Kwi‡j †eb‡RvwqK GwmW cvIqv hvq|
 UjyBb‡K †µvgvBj †K¬vivBW Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j †ebRvjwWnvBW cvIqv hvq|
 UjyBb me mgq A‡_©v I c¨viv wb‡`©kK wKš‘ dzUšÍ UjyB‡b Cl2 Pvjbv Kwi‡j UjyB‡bi cvk¦©wkK‡ji
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb µgvš^‡q cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q h_vµ‡g †ebRvBj †K¬vivBW, (C6H5-CH2Cl), †ebRvj
†K¬vivBW (C6H5-CHCl2) I †eb‡RvUªvB†K¬vivBW (C6H5 -CCl3) Drcbœ nq|
 T.N.B
1, 3, 5 UªvB-bvB‡Uªv †ebwRb‡K T. N. B e‡j|

Bnvi ms‡KZ: NO2

O 2N NO2

 T.N.T

2, 4, 6 UªvB-bvB‡Uªv UjyBb‡K T.N.T e‡j|

CH3
O2N NO2

NO2

 wU.Gb.wU. Clr njy` e‡Y©i ùwUKvKvi KwVb c`v_©|

 Bnvi MjbvsK 81 C
54
  we‡ùviK wnmv‡e T.N.T e¨eüZ nq|
UjyB‡bi wewµqv
 wewµqv mg~n:

1. wd«‡Wj µvdU wewµqv: †h wewµqvq Av`ª© A¨vjywgwbqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwR‡bi mwnZ
A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vmvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi wewµqv Kwi‡j A¨vjKvBj †ebwRb ev wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq Dnv‡K
wd«-†Wj µvdU wewµqv ejv nq|
Abv`ª© AlCl
+ R–X ––––––3 R + HX

A¨vjKvBj †bwRb

A¨vjKvB‡jkb †ebwRb
Abv`ª© AlCl3
+ CH3I –––––– CH3 + HCl

UjyBb

O O
|| Abv`ª© AlCl3 ||
+ R–C–X –––––– C–R+HX
A¨vjKvBj wdbvBj wK‡Uvb

O O
|| Abv`ª© AlCl3 ||
+ – C–Cl –––––– C–CH3+HCl
A¨vmvB‡jkb †ebwRb

A¨vwm‡Uvwd‡bvb

O O
|| Abv`ª© AlCl3 ||
+ – C–Cl –––––– C +HCl
WvB wdbvBj wK‡Uvb

2. dzUšÍ UjyCHB‡bi mv‡_ †K¬vwib M¨v‡mi wewµqv:

3
CH3Cl CHCl2 CCl3
Cl2 Cl2 Cl2
Ans: ––––– ––––– –––––
HCl HCl HCl

3. mvjwdDwiK A¨vwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †eb‡RvwqK A¨vwm‡Wi mv‡_ bvBwUªK A¨vwm‡Wi wewµqv:

COOH COOH

+ HNO3 Mvo H2SO4

––––––
NO 2

4. DËß wb‡K‡ji Dcw¯’wZ‡Z UjyBb I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨v‡mi wgkªY‡bi wewµqv:

CH3 CH3

UjyBb †n·v nvBWªv-UjyBb

 Ni.200C
+ 3H3 ––––––

5. n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Ges m~h©v‡jv‡Ki AYycw¯’wZ‡Z mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq UjyB‡bi mv‡_ †K¬vwib
M¨v‡mi wewµqv:
CH3 CH3 CH3
Cl

Fe
+ 2Cl2 –––– + + 2HCl
20CCK
UjyBb A‡_©v-†K¬v‡iv UjyBb c¨viv-†K¬v‡iv UjyBb
¬v
‡iv
6. UjyB‡bi RviY: Uj
yB
bl
CH3 CHO

i. CrO2Cl2
+ 2 [O] –––––– + H2O
CS2

CH3 COOH

ii. HNO3
+ 3 [O] –––––– + H2O
7. UjyB‡bi mv‡_ Mvp HNO3 Ges H2SO4 Gi wewµqv:
CH3 CH3 NO2 CH3 CH3 NO2
Mvp H2SO4 HNO3H2SO4
+ HNO3 –––––– + –––––– ––
50C
NO2 NO2
CH3
O2N NO2
HNO3+H2SO4
––––––
110C
O2N

2, 4, 6 - UªvBbvB‡Uªv UjyBb

8. a~gvwqZ H2SO4 Gi mv‡_ UjyB‡bi wewµqv:

CH3 CH3 CH3
SO3 SO3H
+ 2HO–SO3H –––––– + + 2H2O
Mvo H2SO4
UjyBb mvjwdDwiK A¨vwmW A‡_©-UjyBb mvj‡dvwbK SO3H
A¨vwmW c¨viv-UjyBb mvj‡dvwbK
A¨vwmW

¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨
1. A¨vjwK‡bi Drm:
(a) †c‡Uªvwjqv‡gi fvOb ev µ¨vwKs
(b) Av‡gwiKvq cÖvK…wZK M¨vm n‡Z
(c) BD‡iv‡c A‡kvwaZ †Z‡ji b¨vc_v n‡Z
(d) A¨vj‡K‡bi Zvcxq fvOb
56
2. wg‡_‡bi Drm:
(a) gvk© M¨vm (b) †Kvj M¨vm
3. A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi Drm:
(a) †c‡Uªvwjqvg ˆZj (b) †K‡ivwmb ˆZj
(c) wW‡Rj ˆZj (d) cÖvK…wZK M¨vm
4. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi Drm:
(a) AvjKvZiv (b) †c‡Uªvwjqvg †Zj
(c) ms‡kølY: B_vB‡bi cwjgviKiY
5. wg_vBj †ebwRb ev UjyB‡bi Drm:
(a) AvjKvZiv (b) A‡kvwaZ LwbR ˆZj
6. A¨vjKvB‡bi Drm:
(a) cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`b wg‡_‡bi AvswkK `nb
(b) Pzbvcv_i n‡Z K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW ˆZwi K‡i Zvi Av`ª© we‡kølY|
 we‡kl Z_¨:

1. K¨v‡U‡bkb: Kve©‡bi mv‡_ Kve©‡bi kw³kvjx mg‡hvRx eÜb m„wói ag©‡K K¨v‡U‡bkb e‡j| †hgb-
720 AvYweK f‡ii 60 Kve©‡bi dzjvwib G m‡e©vrK…ó K¨v‡U‡bkb cvIqv hvq| K¨v‡U‡bkb ag© Av‡Q-
Kve©b, wmwjKb, dmdivm|
2. A¨v‡iv‡gwUwmwU: A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi ag© nj A¨v‡iv‡gwUwmwU| A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi ag© ej‡Z eySvq
mylg lof‚RvKvi PvwµK I mgZjxq †hŠ‡M _vK‡j wbqgwfwËK mÂvibkxj (4n+2) msL¨K 
B‡jKUª‡bi we`¨gvb Zv‡K †evSvq A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ wbgœwjwLZ ˆewkó¨vewj cwijw¶Z nq|
* we‡kl ai‡bi Am¤ú„³Zv
* cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv
* we‡kl ¯’vqxZ¡
* Abyibb
3. KvBivj Kve©b: AcÖwZmg Kve©b‡K KvBivj Kve©b e‡j| A_©vr G Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡_ mshy³ PviwU
cigvYy ev g~jKB wfbœ|
4. A¨vwib: A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b †kÖYxi m`m¨‡`i A¨vwib e‡j|
5. †K‡ivwmb †Zj: C13-C16 Kve©bwewkó nvB‡WªvKve©b|
6. wW‡Rj †Zj: C13-C16 Kve©bhy³ nvB‡WªvKve©b hv †K‡ivwmb ˆZ‡ji †P‡q AwaK ùzUbvsKwewkó|
7. M¨v‡mvwjb/†c‡Uªvj: C5-C12Kve©bhy³ nvB‡WªvKve©b|
8. cÖvK…wZK M¨vm: cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb wg‡_b (CH4)| G‡Z Aí cwigvY Ab¨vb¨ M¨vm Ges
nvB‡WªvKve©b wgwkÖZ _v‡K evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m 96-98% wg‡_b _v‡K|
9. bwKs: R¡vjvwb ˆZj †_‡K m‡e©v”P kw³ †c‡Z n‡j Ggb Bwćbi `iKvi hvi Øviv mg¯Í †c‡Uªvj ev®ú
`»xf‚Z nq| G D‡Ï‡k¨ †c‡Uªvj ev®ú I evqyi mswgkÖY‡K Pvc w`‡q msKzwPZ Kiv nq| G ms‡KvP‡bi
d‡j ¯^`nb ev A‡Uv BMwbkb N‡U| Gi d‡j cÖPÛ Pv‡ci m„wó nq hv wc÷b‡K av°v †`q Ges Bwćb
NU NU kã nq| G‡K bwKs e‡j| †`Lv hv‡”Q gy³wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi `n‡bi d‡j Mvwoi bwKs ev‡o
Ges kã ev‡o| G‡Z R¡vjvwbi AcPq ev‡o Ges Bwćbi `¶Zv I Avqy K‡g hvq|
 * Mvwoi †avqvq _v‡K - CO2, NO2 Ges Pb.
10. bwKs wbeviK: Mvwoi bwKs Kgvevi me‡P‡q Dc‡hvMx R¡vjvwb n‡”Q kvLvwqZ nvB‡WªvKve©b| †hgb-
2, 2, 4-UªvBwg_vBj †c‡›Ub ev AvB‡mvAK‡Ub| G †hŠ‡Mi e¨envi K‡i bwKs wbeviY Kiv hvq|
11. AK‡Ub bv¤^vi: bigvj †n‡Þb me‡P‡q Lvivc bwKs wbeviK| Gi AK‡Ub bv¤^vi k~b¨| eZ©gv‡b
Mvoxi R¡vjvwb ˆZj‡K AvB‡mv AK‡Ub I †n‡Þ‡bi wgkÖ‡Yi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq Ges AK‡Ub bv¤^vi
†`qv nq| hw` †c‡Uªv‡ji Kvh©`¶Zv 25% n-‡n‡Þb I 75% AvB‡mvAK‡U‡bi wgkÖ‡Yi gZ nq Zv
n‡j H †c‡Uªv‡ji AK‡Ub bv¤^vi 75 n‡e|
GK bR‡i ˆRe imvq‡b e¨eüZ KZ¸‡jv mvaviY weRviK

i) LiAlH4
ii) SnCl2 + HCl
iii) (Zn/Fe/Sn) + jNy (HCl/H2SO4/CH3–COOH)
iv) Na + A¨vj‡Kvnj
v) DËß Ni+Pd/Pt+H2
vi) HI
vii) (Na–Hg) + cvwb
viii) (Zn–Cu) + A¨vj‡Kvnj/cvwb

GK bR‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ivmvqwbK wewµqvmg~n

 A¨vj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b  A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b

400  C
3CH = CH Fe
 C6H6
 A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW‡K ﮋ B_v‡i `ªexf~Z K‡i Na mn wid¬v· Ki‡j D”PZi A¨vj‡Kb cvIqv hvq|
G‡K DU©R wewµqv e‡j|
R–X + Na dry  R–R+NaX
Ether
CH3–I + Na  CH3 – CH3 + Nal
 gvK©wbK‡fi bxwZ Abymv‡i, †hLv‡b Kg msL¨K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy Av‡Q †mLv‡b FYvZ¥K Avi †hLv‡b
†ewk Av‡Q †mLv‡b abvZ¥K Ask hy³ n‡e|
R–CH=CH2+HBr  R–(Br)CH–CH3
cvi A·vB‡Wi (H2O2) cÖfv‡e GwU wecixZ wbq‡g N‡U| cviA·vBW cÖfve ev wecixZ gvK©wbK‡fi
bxwZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib weÁvbx Lvivk|

we‡kl `„wó: A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ ïaygvÎ HBr ms‡hvR‡bi †¶‡Î wecixZ gvK©wbKf bxwZ Abym„Z nq|
 hLb †mvwWqvg A¨vwm‡UU‡K †mvWvjvB‡gi mv‡_ DËß Kiv nq ZLb CO2 Acmvi‡Yi c×wZ‡Z wg‡_b I
†mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU cvIqv hvq|

58
 CH3COONa+NaOH –––– CaO CH4 + Na2CO3

 jNy mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ A¨vwmUvBwjb I gviwKDwiK mvj‡d‡Ui wewµqvq A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW
Drcbœ nq|
HC  CH + H – OH HgSO  CH3–CHO
 H SO 4 2 4

A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW
 A¨vjKvBb-1 †K ¶vixq KMnO4 Øviv Rvi‡Yi d‡j ˆRe A¨vwmW I CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
R–C  C–H + 2[O] KMnO  R–COOH + CO2 4

wKš‘ B_vBb ¶vixq KMnO4 `ªeY Øviv RvwiZ n‡q A·vwjK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
CH  CH + 4[O] KMnO COOH 4

|
COOH
A·vwjK GwmW
 g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e:
i) A¨vjKvBb-1 †K ¶vixq KMnO4 `ªeY Øviv RviY Ki‡j
ˆRe GwmW I Kve©bWvB A·vBW cvIqv hvq|
ii) A¨vjKvBb-2 †K ¶vixq KMnO4 `ªeY Øviv Rvi‡Yi d‡j
ˆRe A¨vwmW I A¨vwmwUK A¨vwmW Drcbœ nq|
iii) A¨vjKvBb-3 †K ¶vixq KMnO4 `ªeY Øviv Rvi‡Yi d‡j
ˆRe A¨vwmW I †cÖvwcqwbK A¨vwmW Drcbœ nq|
R – C  C2H5 + 2[O]   
KMnO
4

R – COOH + C2H5COOH
wKš‘ A¤øxq K2Cr2O7 Øviv RviY Ki‡j ˆRe GwmW Drcbœ
K‡i|
HC  CH + [O]  CH3COOH

 A¨vwmwUwj‡bi mv‡_ A¨v‡gvwbqvK¨vj wmjfvi bvB‡Uª‡Ui wewµqv Ki‡j wmjfvi A¨vwmwUbvjvB‡Wi mv`v
Aat‡¶c c‡o|
HC  CH + AgNO3 + 2NH4OH  Ag–C  C– Ag + 2NH4Cl + 2H2O

 wRsK-Gi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vjKvBb‡K I‡RvbxKiY Ki‡j WvBwK‡Uvb ˆZwi nq|

o o

R – C  C – H + O3 
  R – C – C – H + H2O2
H O
2

D`vniY: A¨vwmUvBwj‡bi mv‡j IR‡bi wewµqvq MøvBA·vj cvIqv hvq|

HC  CH + O3 CCl  CHO – CHO (MøvBA·vj)
4

 m~² wb‡Kj P~Y© cÖfve‡Ki mv‡_ †ebwRb ev®ú I nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wewµqvq mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b ˆZwi nq|

Ni
+ 3H2 –––––––
200C
 AwZ †e¸bx iwk¥i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwR‡bi mv‡_ †K¬vwi‡bi wewµqvq M¨vgvw·b ˆZwi nq|
 dzUšÍ UjyB‡bi mv‡_ †K¬vwib M¨v‡mi wewµqvq avivevwnKfv‡e †ebRvBj-†K¬vivBW, †ebRvj-†K¬vivBW,
†eb‡Rv-UªvB‡K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq|
CH3 CH2Cl CHCl2 CCl3
Cl2 Cl2 Cl2
HCl HCl HCl

†ebRvBj-†K¬vivBW †ebRvj-†K¬vivBW †eb‡Rv-UªvB‡K¬vivBW

 UjyBb‡K g„`y RviK Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j †ebRvjwWnvBW I Zxeª RviK Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j †ebRwqK
GwmW cvIqv hvq| GLv‡b g„`y RviK wn‡m‡e †µvwgj †K¬vivBW I Zxeª RviK wn‡m‡e GwmW K2Cr2O7
e¨eüZ nq|
CH3 CHO3
CrO2Cl2
i) + 2[O] + 2H2O (g„`y RviK)
CS2

CH3 COOH
H2SO4
ii) + 3[O] + 2H2O (Zxeª RviK)

 mKj ˆRe †hŠM‡K `nb Ki‡j mvaviYZ Kve©bWvB A·vBW I cvwb Drcbœ nq|
†hgb: CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O
 we‡klfv‡e g‡b ivL‡e, A¨vjwKb‡K I‡RvbxKiY Ki‡j MøvBKj (Bw_b †_‡K Bw_wjb MøvBKj), A¨vjKvBb
I‡RvwbKiY Ki‡j MøvBA·vj Ges †ebwRb‡K I‡RvwbKiY Ki‡jI MøvBA·vj cvIqv hvq|
 i) †nUv‡iv A¨vUg †hŠM ZvivB hv‡`i g‡a¨ †nUv‡iv cigvYy _v‡K (NHOPS)| †hgb:
wdDivb  (C4H4O), _v‡qvwdb  (C4H4S)
cvBij  (C4H4N), wcwiwWb  (C4H4N)
ii) †ebwRb ev †ebwRb RvZ †hŠ‡M hZ wØ-eÜb Av‡Q  B‡j±ªb n‡e Zvi
wظY| †hgb: †ebwRb 6wU, b¨vc_vwj‡b 10wU I Avb_ªvwm‡b 14wU  B‡j±ªb _v‡K Ges wØ-eÜb
_v‡K h_vµ‡g 3wU, 5wU I 7wU|
nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi bvg wfwËK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewµqv

i) wd‡Wj µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb: †ebwRb‡K wg_vBj †K¬vivBW/ †eªvgvBW Gi mv‡_ Ab©v`ª AlCl3 Gi
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z DËß Ki‡j cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvi Øviv UjyBb I HCl/HBr M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
CH3
Abv`ª©
O + CH3Cl O + HCl
AlCl3
UjyBb

60
ii) wd‡Wj µvdU A¨vmvB‡jkb: Abv`ª© AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb I wg_vBj †K¬vivBW wewµqv K‡i
wg_vBj †ebwRb ev UjyBb Drcbœ K‡i|
O
Abv`ª© COCH3
O + CH3CCl + HCl
AlCl3
O

iii) wWKve©w·‡jkb wewµqvt Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi †mvwWqvg jeY‡K †mvWvjvBg (NaOH+CaO) Gi

wgkªY Øviv DËß Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kb cvIqv hvq|
R- COONa + NaOH CaO  R-H+Na2CO3

iv) BUvW© wewµqv t BUvW© wewµqvq g„`y RviK †µvwgj †K¬vivBW (CrO2Cl2) e¨eüZ nq| G wewµqvq
†ebRvjwWnvBW Drcbœ nq|

CH3 CHO
CrO2Cl2
O +2[O] O +2H2O
CS2

A¨vwj‡dwUK I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi n¨v‡jv‡Rb RvZK

:  n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡KbG‡`i A¨vj‡Kb ev c¨vivwd‡bi n¨v‡jv‡Rb RvZK e‡j|

mvaviY ms‡KZ:
i. g‡bvn¨v‡jv‡Rb RvZKÑ CnH2n+1X (D`v: CH3Cl)
ii. WvB-n¨v‡jv‡Rb RvZKÑ CnH2nX2 (D`v: CH2Cl2)
iii. ïay wg‡_‡bi UªvBn¨v‡jv‡R‡bv RvZK‡K n¨v‡jvdig e‡j|
CHX3

CHI3 CHBr3 CHCl3

(Av‡qv‡Wvdig) (†eªv‡gvdig) (†K¬v‡ivdig)

†kªYx wefvM:
i. cÖvBgix- (1 n¨v‡jv‡R‡bvRvZK): RCH2-X
ii. †m‡KÛvix- (2 n¨v‡jv‡R‡bvRvZK): R2-CHX
iii. Uviwmqvix- (3 n¨v‡jv‡R‡bvRvZK): R3C-X
H H X

R C X R C X R C R

H R R
1 2 3
 n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv Av¨vj‡K‡bi mvavib cÖ¯‘Z cªYvjx
1. A¨vj‡Kvnj †_‡K:
(K) A¨vj‡Kvnj I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n¨vjvB‡Wi wewµqvi d‡j A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Drcbœ nq| G
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n¨vjvB‡Wi n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy Øviv A¨vj‡Kvnj (–OH) g~jK cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq|

R–OH(l) + HX (g) ⇌ R–X(l) + H2O(l)

G wewµqvwU DfgyLx| ZvB wewµqvq Drcbœ cvwb‡K Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ wbiæ`K c`v_©iƒ‡c Mvp H2SO4,
Abv`ª© wRsK †K¬vivBW (ZnCl2) BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq| Abv`ª© ZnCl2 jyBm GwmWiƒ‡c KvR K‡i|
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqviµg nj 3 > 2 > 1| HX-Gi wewµqvi µg nj HI > HBr > HCl|
Kg mwµq HX Kg mwµq A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqvq wbiæ`Kiƒ‡c ZnCl2 Ges kw³kvkx HX e¨envi
Ki‡j Mvp H2SO4 AwaK Kvh©Kix nq|
R3C–OH(l) + HCl(g) –––––––––ZnCl2 R3C–C1(l) + H2O(l)
A¨vjKvBj †eªvgvBW cÖ¯‘wZi †¶‡Î 48% HBr I Mvp H2SO4 e¨envi Kiv nq|
CH3–OH(l) + HBr(aq) –––––––––––
Mvp H2SO4 CH3–Br(l) + H2O(l)
A¨vjKvBj Av‡qvWvBW cÖ¯‘wZi †¶‡Î 57% GwmW (HI) e¨eüZ nq| G‡¶‡Î H2SO4 cÖ‡qvRb nq
bv|
CH3–OH(l) + HI(aq) ––– CH3–I(l) + H2O(l)
(L) A¨vj‡Kvnj I dmdivm n¨vjvB‡Wi wewµqvq A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Drcbœ nq| dmdivm
†c›Uv‡K¬vivBW (PCl5) e¨envi Ki‡j AwZwi³ Drcv`iƒ‡c dmdivm Aw·‡K¬vivBW (POCl3) I
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq| wKš‘ dmdivm UªvBn¨vjvBW (PX3) e¨envi Ki‡j AwZwi³
Drcv`iƒ‡c dm‡dvwbK GwmW (H3PO3) Drcbœ nq|
R–OH(l) + PCl5 (s)  R–Cl (l) + FOCl3(g) + HCl (g)
A¨vj‡Kvnj A¨vjKvBj †K¬vivBW
3R–OH(l) + RX3 (l)  3R–X (l) + H3PO3 (l)
A¨vj‡Kvnj dm‡dvwbK GwmW
†hgb, wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ dmdivm †c›Uv‡K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqvq wg_vBj †K¬vivBW, dmdivm
Aw·‡K¬vivBW I HCl M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
CH3 – OH (l) + PCl5 (s) – CH3Cl (l) + POCl3 (l) + HC1(g)
wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj wg_vBj †K¬vivBW

62
 Avevi dmdivm n¨vjvBW mimwi e¨envi bv K‡i jvj dmdjvm I Zij †eªvwgb ev A¨v‡qvwWb ¸uov
†hvM Kiv nq| ZLb dmdivm I †eªvwgb ev Av‡qvwWb cÖ_‡g wewµqv K‡i dmdivm UªvB †eªvgvBW
(PBr3) ev dmdivm UªvBAv‡qvWvBW (PI3) Drcbœ K‡i| †k‡l GwU A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ wewµqvq
n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb I dmdjvm GwmW Drcbœ nq|
2. A¨vjwKb †_‡Kt mvgvb¨ DòZvq A¨vjwKb I HX Gi hy³ wewµqvq A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW cÖ¯‘yZ Kiv
hvq| HX-Gi mwµqZvi µg njt HI > HBr > HCl > HF.
R–CH = CH2 + HX –––– R–CHX – CH3
CH3–CH = CH2 + HBr –––– CH3CHBr–CH3
†cÖvwcb 2– †eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb
3. A¨vj‡Kb †_‡K: cÖvq 400C ZvcgvÎvq ev U/V iwk¥i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vj‡Kb I n¨v‡jv‡Rb (Cl2 ev
Br2) Gi cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW I cwin¨v‡jv‡Rb A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq| AvswkK
cvZb cÖwµqvq Zv‡`i c„_K Kiv nq|
CH4 + Cl2 –––uv Cl2 CH2Cl2 –– Cl2 CHCl3 –––Cl2 CCl4 +HCl
ray CH3Cl ––– uv uv uv
 n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡K‡bi ùzUbv¼ µg nj:
RI > RBr > RCl > RF.
 cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨:
 GKwU n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy hy³ A¨vj‡Kb ev g‡bvn¨v‡jv A¨vj‡Kb‡K n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb ejv nq|
 A¨vj‡K‡bi AYy †_‡K `ywU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy `ywU n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j ZLb Drcbœ
†hŠM‡K WvBn¨v‡jv A¨vj‡Kb ejv nq|
 A¨vj‡Kb AYyi Kve©b wkK‡ji cvkvcvwk 2wU Kve©‡b 2wU n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy hy³ n‡j, Zv‡K
A¨vjwKwjb n¨vjvBW ev wfm WvB-n¨vjvBW ejv nq|
(Vicinal, ms‡¶‡c Vic = cvkvcvwk)
---wfm WvBn¨vjvBW †h A¨vjwKb †_‡K Drcbœ nq, Zvi bvg AYymv‡i WvBn¨vjvB‡Wi bvg KiY Kiv
nq|
ClCH2CH2Cl wfm WvB †K¬vivBW
 A¨vjKvBj Av‡qvWvBW cÖ¯‘wZi †¶‡Î 57% GwmW (HI) e¨eüZ nq|
 weï× Ae¯’vq n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb eY©nxb wKš‘ wgó ¯^v` MÜhy³ nq|
 wewµqvi MwZ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb I AvµgYKvix wbDwK¬IdvBj Df‡qi NbgvÎvi Dci wbf©i kxj
 n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb I n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vwib Gi g‡a¨ Zzjbv:

n¨v‡jv‡Rb n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv
weKviK
A¨vj‡Kb, RX A¨vwib, RrX
1. NaOH(aq): 1. A¨vj‡Kvnj 1. G †¶‡Î X †K|
Drcbœ nq| –ONa
OH Øviv –X- cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i;
Gi cÖwZ¯’vcb c‡i c‡i
RX + Av`ª©we‡kølY
NaOH(aq) †dbj Drcbœ
  ROH + nq|
NaX ArX +
NaOH –– 
ArOH +
NaX
2. wMÖMbvW© 2.ﮋ B_v‡i Mg 2. ﮋ B_v‡i
weKviK MVb: mn wewµqvq Mg mn
RMgX wewµqvq
Drcbœ K‡i| ArMgX
RX + Mg Drcbœ K‡i|
ﮋ
––– ArX + Mg
B_vi ﮋ
RMgX –––
B_vi
ArMgX
3. ﮋ B_v‡i 3. DU©R 3. DU©R
Na avZz: wewµqvq wdwUM wewµqvq
A¨vj‡Kb A¨vwib Drcbœ
Drcbœ nq| nq|
2RX + Mg ArX + 2Na
ﮋ
––– + R–X
B_vi R– ﮋ
–––
B_vi Ar–
R + 2NaX
R + 2NaX
ˆemv`„k¨ ag©: 4. A¨vjKvBj 4. DËß wcwiwW‡b
4. NaCN (aq) mvqvbvBW Cu2 (CN)2 mn
mn: Drcbœ nq| wewµqvq wdbvBj
RX + mvqvbvBW Drcbœ
NaCN ––– nq|
– RCN + ArX +
NaX Cu2(CN)2
wcwiwWb
––

ArCN +
Cu2X2
5. NH3 5. 5. D”P Zv‡c I
(aq) mn: A¨vjKvB Pv‡c Cu2O I
j A¨vwgb NH3mn
Drcbœ nq| wewµqvq
RX + NH3 A¨vwbwjb Drcbœ
64
  R–
–– nq|
NH2 + HX C6H5Cl +
NH3 Cu 
––
2O
C6H5NH2
6. 6. bvB‡Uªkb, 6. bvB‡Uªkb,
B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK mvj‡dv‡bkb, mvj‡dv‡bkb I
cÖwZ¯’vcb: wd«‡Wj µvdU wd«‡Wj µvdU
wewµqv N‡U bv| wewµqv N‡U bv|

 15C ZvcgvÎvq †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi Av‡cw¶K ¸iæZ¡ 1.5|

 wg‡_b I B‡_b-Gi †K¬v‡iv-†d¬v‡iv D™¢yZK †hŠMmg~n‡K †K¬v‡iv-†d¬v‡iv Kve©b ms‡¶c C.F.C e‡j|
 c~‡e© Av‡qv‡Wvdig cPb wbeviK iƒ‡c eûj cÖPwjZ wQj wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Gi cwie‡Z© mvjdv WªvM e¨eüZ
nq|
 Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivB‡Wi givZ¥K welwµqv Av‡Q| Bnv CO A‡c¶v Pvi¸b †ewk gvivZ¥K|
 Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW Pyrene bv‡g AwMœ wbe©vcKiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 wd«‡Ri wngvqK h‡š¿i Rb¨ †d«qb ˆZix‡Z Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW e¨eüZ nq|
 wg_vbj I digvjwWnvBW n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv †`q bv|
 †h mKj wewµqvq g~jZ †K¬v‡ivdig, †eªv‡gvdig ev Av‡qv‡Wvdig cÖf…wZ ˆZix Kiv hvq Zv‡K n¨v‡jvdig
wewµqv e‡j|
 CH3Cl Rjxq ¶vi `ªeY, KCN I NH3 `ªe‡Yi mwnZ DËß Ae¯’vq wewµqv Ki‡jI †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb
H mKj weKvi‡Ki mwnZ †Kvb wewµqv K‡i bv|
 I‡q÷ªb nj A¨vwmwUwjb †UUªv‡K¬vivBW (CHCl2.CHCl2) ---GwU GKwU fvix A`vn¨ Zij|
 I‡q‡÷ªvmj nj UªvB‡K¬v‡iv Bw_wjb (CHCl = CCl2).
 wd«qbmg~n MÜnxb, Awelv³, A`vn¨, cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq, wbw®Œq I wbgœ ùzUbv¼ wewkó|
 A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW ivmvqwbKfv‡e G‡`i gvZ…‡hŠM A¨vj‡Kb A‡c¶v AwaK mwµq nq|
 wg_vBj Av‡qvWvB‡Wi Aci bvg Av‡qv‡Wv wg‡_b|
 weÁvbx wjweM me©cÖ_g †K¬v‡ivdig Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 †K¬vivj n‡Z cÖ¯‘Z †K¬v‡ivdig AZxe weï× wKš‘ A‡c¶vK…Z e¨qeûj|
 †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi ùzUbvsK 61C|
 dmwRb M¨vm I †K¬v‡ivwcwµb nvB‡Wªv‡Rbwenxb ˆRe †hŠM|
 †K¬v‡ivdig weï×fv‡e msi¶‡bi Rb¨ Dnv‡K A¯^”Q †evZ‡j msi¶Y Kiv nq Ges Dnv‡Z wKQy B_vBj
A¨vj‡Kvnj †hvM Kiv nq|
 †K¬v‡ivwcwµb Kuv`y‡b M¨vm wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
 †K¬vwi‡Uvb †PZbvbvkK I wb`ªv Drcv`Kiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 Av‡qv‡Wvdig Clr njy` e‡Y©i `vbv`vi KwVb c`v_©|
 SN1 wewµqv 2 av‡c N‡U Ges SN2 wewµqv GK av‡c N‡U|
 SN1 I SN2 wewµqvi Zzjbv:

SN 1 SN 2
(i) Bnv cÖ_g µg (i) Bnv 2q µg wewµqv
wewµqv
(ii) `yB av‡c N‡U (ii) GK av‡c N‡U
(iii) Gi MwZi g~‡j (iii) Gi MwZi g~‡j
i‡q‡Q kvLv hy³ Kve©Y i‡q‡Q wÎgvwÎK ¯’vwbK
wkKj euvav
(iv) †cvjvi †hŠ‡M SN1 (iv) A‡cvjvi †hŠ‡M
g¨vKvwbRg N‡U SN2 g¨vKvwbRg N‡U
(v) wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji (v) wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji
NbgvÎv Kg NbgvÎv †ewk
(vi) mwµqZvi µg: (vi) mwµqZvi µg:
3 > 2 > 1 > 3 < 2 < 1 <
CH3X CH3X

wg_vBj Av‡qvWvB‡Wi wewK&ªqv

 jvj dmdiv‡mi mv‡_ Av‡qvwWb wgkªY I A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqvq:

Ans: 2P + 3I2  2PI3
3CH3 OH + PI3  3CH3 + H3PO3
wg_vBj Av‡qvWvBW

 ﮋ B_v‡i `ªexf~Z wg_vBj Av‡qvWvBW I avZe †mvwWqv‡gi wewµqv:

ﮋ
–––
Ans: H3CI + 2Na + H3CI B‡_b B_vi H3C – CH3 + 2NaI

 wg_vBj Av‡qvWvBW I cUvwmqvg mvqvbvB‡Wi wewµqv:

Ans: H3C–I+KCNH3C–CN+KI
H3C–CN+2H2OH3C–COOH+NH3
A¨vwmwUK A¨vwmW
 wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ KwVb Kve©bA·vBW Gi wewµqv:
O
CH3
||

Kve©b WvB-A·vBW hyZ †hŠM B_v‡bvwqK A¨vwmW

66
 H2O CH3–C–
CH3–Mg–I+O = C = O  O = C–O–MgI –––
HCI

OH+Mg(OH)I
Kve©b msL¨v e„w×i Dcvq
ˆRe GwmW Kve©b
msL¨v
A¨vgvBW GKwU
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW ev‡o
A¨vwgb

 R–CN+KX
 R–X+K–CN ––––
2H2O
RCOOH
H+
H2O
R–CN RCONH2
jNy H2O2
LiAlH4
R–CH2–NH2
4[H]

 Rjxq
A¨vj‡Kvnj

A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW + ¶vi

A¨vjwKb
A¨vj‡Kvnjxq

 R–X+KOH(Alcoholic) A¨vjwKb/ B_vi

kZ©: i. R–X hw` kvLvwqZ nq Z‡e A¨vjwKb n‡e|
D`v: CH3–(Br)CH–CH3+KOH
(Alcoholic)CH3–CH = CH2(80%)+KBr+H2O+CH2 = CH2 (10%)
ii. R–X hw` mij nq Z‡e B_vi n‡e|
D`v: CH3–CH2–Br+KOH(alc)C2H5O
C2H5 (90%) + KBr + H2O

 mvq‡Rd bxwZ: kvLvwqZ R–X G  Kve©‡bi cv‡k¦©i  Kve©‡Yi †hLv‡b Kg msL¨K H _v‡K †mLvb
†_‡K H AcmviY n‡q HX Ges A¨vjwKb MwVZ nq|
D`vniY:
weDwUb- 2(80%)
2 †eªv‡gv weD‡Ub KOH
weDwUb-1(20%)
 n¨v‡jvdig¸wji mvaviY ms‡KZ n‡jv:
wfbœ wfbœ n¨v‡jv‡Rb Abymv‡i wfbœ wfbœ bvg nq|
CHCl 3 : UªvB‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b ev †K¬v‡iv‡dig
CHBr3 : UªvB‡K¬v‡iv ‡eªv‡gv wg‡_b ev †eªv‡gvdig
CHI3 : UªvB‡K¬v‡iv Av‡qv‡Wv wg‡_b ev Av‡qv‡Wv dig
 D.D.T Gi ms‡KZ:
Cl

Cl
H  C  C  Cl
Cl

Cl

 KwZcq n¨v‡jv‡ebwR‡bi ùzUbvsK:

Ar X ùzUbvsK (c)
C6H5–F 85
C6H5–Cl 132
C6H5–Br 156
C6H5–I 188
 †hŠ‡Mi bvg I ms‡KZ:
bvg ms‡KZ
†K¬vivj CCl3.CHO
dmwRb M¨vm COCl2
†K¬v‡ivwcwµb CCl3-NO2
†K¬vwi‡Uvb (CH3)2C(OH)CCl3
Kve©b CCl4
†UUªv‡K¬vivBW
†dªqb-12 CCl2F2
†dªqb-21 CHCl2F

¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewµqv

68
 CH3I n‡Z wewfbœ †hŠ‡Mi DrcwË:
(i) CH3I+KOH Rjxq CH3OH
wg_vbj

(ii) CH3I+KCN CH3CN H2O

wg_vbj
CH3COOH+NH3
B_v‡bvwqK GwmW

(iii) CH3I+Na ﮋ CH3CH3+NaI

B_vi B‡_b
(iv) CH3I+NaOCH3 CH3OCH3
B_vi
(v) CH3I+NH3 CH3NH2+HI +NaI
wg_vBj A¨vwgb

 wRsK I HCl, Mg I A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖf…wZ weRviY Øviv A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW weRvwiZ n‡q mswkøó
A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ K‡i|
Zn+2HClZnCl2+2[H]
RX+2[H] R-H+HX
 weUv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wewkó A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW‡K A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH `viv widøv· Ki‡j nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
n¨vjvBW AcmvwiZ nq Ges A¨vjwKb Drcbœ nq|
R-CH2-CH2-X +KOH R-CH=CH2+H2O+ KX
G‡K weUv AcmviY wewµqv e‡j|
 Uviwmqvix weDUvBj †K¬vivBW‡K 25C ZvcgvÎvq 80% B_vBj I KOH Gi `ªeY Øviv DËß Ki‡j
Dfq cÖKvi Drcbœ cvIqv hvq|

CH3

CH3
CH3 –C =CH2

CH3 –C -Cl +KOH CH3

CH3 CH3 –C -OH

CH3

+ 2H2O/
R COOH + NH4 Cl
dil HCl
+ 2H2O/
 R C  N dil H2O2
R  CO NH2

+ 4H/
R  CH2 NH2
LiA1H4
 DU©R wewµqv:
ﮋ
B_vi
R-X +Na R-R+Nax

wMÖMbvW© weKviK
 wMÖMbvW© weKviK: ﮋ B_vi `ªexf~Z A¨vjKvBj A¨vivBj _¨vjvB‡Wi mwnZ avZe g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi wewµqv
Kwi‡j A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg n¨vjvBj cÖ¯‘Z nq| Bnvw`M‡K wMÖMbvW© weKviK e‡j|

R–X+Mg–––– ﮋ B_vi R–Mg–X [X–Cl, Br, I]

wMÖMbvW© weKviK R = GK‡hvRx-nvB‡WªvKve©b g~jK
CH3I + Mg –––– ﮋ B_vi CH3MgI
wg_vBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg Av‡qvWvBW
 MÖxMbvW© weKvi‡Ki ms‡KZ: RMgX
 mvaviY wewµqv:
A. RMgX+HCHO  R–CH2OH+MgX (OH) (1 alcohol)
D`vniY:
CH3MgI+HCHO  CH3–CH2OH+MgI (OH)
B. RMgX+CH3CHO  R–CH (CH3) OH+MgX (OH) (2 alcohol)
C. MÖxMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ wK‡Uvb wewµqv K‡i 3 A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZwi K‡i|
CH3MgI+CH3–CO–CH3  CH3–C(OH)–CH3
|
CH3
 wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ eû ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi ms‡kølY Kiv m¤¢e| wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki B_vi `ªeY wewµqvi
Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
i. A¨vj‡Kb cÖ¯‘wZ:
CH3MgI+H–OHCH4+MgI(OH)
CH3MgI+C2H5OHCH4+MgI (OC2H5)
ii. A¨vjwKb cÖ¯‘wZ:
CH3MgBr+Br–CH2–CH=CH2CH3–CH2–CH= CH2+MgBr2
iii. cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ:
H–CHO+CH3MgI –––– H2O CH3CH2OH+MgI(OH)

70
 dig¨vjwWnvB‡Wi ¯’‡j Ab¨ †Kvb A¨vjwWnBW e¨envi Kwi‡j †m‡KÛvix A¨vj‡Kvnj cvIqv hvq|
CH3CHO+CH3MgI–––– H2O CH3CHOHCH3+MgI(OH)

iv. Kve©w·wjK A¨vwmW cÖ¯‘wZ:

OMgI OH
H2O
O = C = O+CH3MgIO = C ––––
+ O=C
ﮋ eid ev KwVb Kve©b WvB-A·vBW CH3 H CH3
A¨vwmwUK A¨vwmW
+Mg (OH)I

v. A¨vwgb cÖ¯‘wZ:
CH3MgI+CINH2CH3NH2+MgI(Cl)
†K¬v‡ivwgb wg_vBj A¨vwgb

vi. Gj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ :

A¨vj‡Kvnj Ges Ab¨ †h †Kvb A¨vjwWnvBW wewµqv K‡i 2 A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZwi K‡i|
†K¬v‡ivdig

 †K¬v‡ivdig (Chloroform CHCl3):

B_vbj †_‡K †K¬v‡ivdig cÖ¯‘wZ: B_vbj, weøwPs cvDWvi I cvwbi wgkÖY‡K DËß K‡i Drcbœ
†K¬v‡ivdig‡K cvwZZ Zijiƒ‡c msMÖn Kiv nq| weøwPs cvDWvi I cvwb †_‡K Drcbœ †K¬vwib Øviv
B_vbj cÖ_‡g RvwiZ n‡q A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW ev B_vb¨vj Drcbœ K‡i| c‡i B_vb¨v‡ji †K¬vwi‡bkb Øviv
†K¬vivj Drcbœ nq Ges †k‡l †K¬viv‡ji ¶vixq we‡køl‡Yi d‡j †K¬v‡ivdig I K¨vjwmqvg di‡gU Drcbœ
nq|
Ca(OCl)Cl + H2O  Cl2 + Ca (OH)2
weøwPs cvDWvi KwjPzb
1) Cl2 Øviv B_vb‡ji Rvi‡Yi d‡j A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW ev B_vb¨vj I HCl Drcbœ nq|
CH3 - CH2OH + Cl2 CH3 - CHO + 2HCl
B_vbj A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW
2) B_vb¨vj Gi †K¬vwi‡bk‡bi d‡j †K¬vivj ev UªvB‡K¬v‡iv B_vb¨vj I HCl Drcbœ nq|
2CCl3-CHO+Ca(OH)22CHCl3+ (HCOO)2Ca
†K¬vivj †K¬v‡ivdig Ca-di‡gU
 CHCl3 Gi weï×Zvi cix¶v:

CHCl3 e¨env‡ii c~‡e© Gi g‡a¨ 2-1 †dvUv AgNO3 `ªeY †hvM Kiv nq| hw` H †K¬v‡ivdig Rvi‡Yi
d‡j dmwRb M¨vm (COCl2) Ges HCl Drcbœ nq| ZLb Drcbœ HCl H AgNO3 `ªe‡Y mv`v
AgCl Gi Aa:†¶c m„wó K‡i Gi g‡a¨ c‡iv¶fv‡e dmwRb M¨v‡mi Dcw¯’wZ Z_v D³ †K¬v‡ivdig
Aweï× cÖgvY K‡i|
 CHCl3+O2 Av‡ jv
 COCl2+HCl
HCl+AgNO3 AgCl+HNO3
 †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi weRviY:
(i) Zn+2H2OZn (OH)2+2[H]
CHCl3+6[H] CH4+3HCl
wg‡_b
(ii) CHCl3+2[H] Zn/  HCl
 CH2Cl2+HCl
 †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi ¶vixq we‡kølY:
CHCl3+3NaOH A¨vj‡ Kvnj
 HCOONa+2H2O+3NaCl
 †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi Nbxfeb:
CH3 CH3
jNy KOH
C = O +CHCl3 C OH
CH3 CH3 CCl3
†K¬vwi‡Uvb

--†K¬vwi‡Uvb †PZbvkK I wb`ªv Drcv`Kiƒ‡c wPwKrmv †¶‡Î e¨eüZ nq|

 Kve©b-†UÆv-†K¬vivBW ev cvBwib:
wg‡_‡bi c~Y© †K¬vwi‡bk‡bi d‡j Kve©b-†UÆv-†K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq|
CH4+4Cl2 CCl4+4HCl
 †K¬v‡ivdig mbv³Ki‡Yi cix¶vi bvg Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cix¶v|
CHCl3+C6H5NH2+KOHC6H5NC+KCl+H2O
 †d¬v‡ivdig-†K HNO3 Øviv DËß Ki‡j †K¬v‡ivwcwµb Drcbœ nq|
CHCl3+HNO3 Cl3C-NO2+H2O
 wRsK PzY© I cvwbi wgkÖYmn †K¬v‡ivdig‡K wid¬v· Ki‡j †d¬v‡ivdig weRvwiZ n‡q wg‡_‡b cwiYZ
nq|
Zn+2H2O ⇋ Zn(OH)2+2[H]
CHCl3+6[H]CH4+3HCl
 Kvwe©j A¨vwgb wewµqv: A¨vwbwj‡bi mwnZ †K¬v‡ivdig I A¨vj‡Kvnjxq ¶vi `ªeY‡K DËß Kwi‡j wekªx
MÜhy³ wdbvBj Kve©vBj A¨vwgb ev wdbvBj AvB‡mvmvqvbvBW Drcbœ nq|
NH2 NC

+ CHCl3 + 3KOH –––– + 3KCl + 3H2O
3H2O wdbvBj AvB‡mvmvqvbvBW
A¨vwbwjb

†K¬v‡ivdi‡gi wewµqv
72
 †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi mv‡_ `¯ÍvP~Y© I cvwb wgkª‡Yi wewµqv:
Ans: Zn + H2O  ZnO + 2[H]
HCCl3 + 6[H]  CH4 + 3HCI
 A¨vj‡Kvnj wgwkªZ †K¬v‡ivd‡g©i mv‡_ Zn I HCl Gi wewµqvq cÖvß Rvqgvb H Øviv wewµqv:
Ans: Zn + 2H2O  Zn(OH)2 + 2[H]
CHCl3 + 6[H]  CH4 + 3HCl
†K¬v‡ivdg© wg‡_b
 A¨vj‡Kvnj `ªexf~Z KwóK †mvWv `ªe‡Yi mwnZ †K¬v‡ivdg© wewµqv Ki‡j:
CHCl3 + 4NaOH
A¨vj‡Kvnjxq H–COONa + 3NaCl + 2H2O

 †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi mv‡_ A¨vwbwjb I A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KwóK cUv‡ki wewµqv:

NH3 NC

Ans: 
+ CHI3 + 3KOH –––– + 3KCl + 3H2O

 A¨vj‡Kvn‡j `ªexf~Z KwóK †mvWv `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ †K¬v‡ivd‡g©i wewµqv:

Ans: CHCl3 +A¨vj‡Kvnj
4NaOH H–COONa+3NaCl+2H2O

 jNy NaOH / KOH Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vwm‡Uvb I †K¬v‡ivd‡g©i wewµqv:

Ans: CHCl3+HO–NO2 CCl3–NO2+H2O
†K¬v‡ivdg© bvBwUªK A¨vwmW †K¬v‡ivwcKwib

 B_vb‡ji mv‡_ dmdivm †c›Uv-†K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqv:

Ans: CH3–CH2–OH(l)+PCL5(l)CH3–CH2–Cl(l) + OCl3(l)+HCl(g)
 I‡q÷ªb I I‡q‡÷ªvmj: I‡q÷ªb nj A¨vwmwUwjb †UUªv‡K¬vivBW (CHCl2 CHCl2); GwU GKwU fvix
A`vn¨ Zij (ùzUbv¼ 146C ev 419K)| ivevi, fvwb©m, †cB›U, ˆZj I Pwe©i `ªveKiƒ‡c I‡q÷ªb
e¨eüZ nq|
Aciw`‡K I‡q÷ªvmj nj UªvB‡K¬v‡iv Bw_wjb (CHCl = CCl2)| G Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼ 90C ev,
363 K| GwU Kvco-†Pvc‡oi WªvB Iqvwks Zijiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi e¨envi (Uses of chloroform):
1| †PZbvbvkKiƒ‡c †K¬v‡ivdig A‡¯¿vcPv‡i e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e †K¬v‡ivdig wjfv‡ii ¶wZ K‡i Ges
AwaK e¨env‡i †ivMxi g„Zz¨i SzwuK _v‡K (KviY Gi anaesthetic dose Ges lethal dose Gi
cv_©K¨ Lye Kg)| ZvB eZ©gv‡b †PZbvbvkKiƒ‡c †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi e¨envi Lye Kg|
2| `ªveKiƒ‡c-Pwe©, †iwRb, ivevi, †gvg, ˆZj cÖf…wZ‡K `ªexf‚Z Ki‡Z †K¬v‡ivdig e¨eüZ nq|
3| †K¬v‡ivwcwµb Drcv`‡b I `yM©Ühy³ Ilyagq Ki‡Z †K¬v‡ivdig e¨eüZ nq|
 Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW ev cvBwib (CCl4) Gi e¨envi:
1| Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW A`vn¨ nIqvq DËg `ªveKiƒ‡c ˆZj exR †_‡K ˆZj wb®‹vk‡b Ges ˆZj, Pwe©,
ivevi, †gvg cÖf…wZi `ªveK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
 2| †ikg ckgRvZ e‡¯¿i WªvB Iqvk Ki‡Z; †÷vf, ev_iæ‡gi UvBjm&, gUiMvwoi Ask cÖf…wZi †aŠZ
Kv‡h© CCl4 AwZ DrK…ó cwi®‹viKiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
3| †cvKvgvKo, ûK Iqvg© (hook worm) cÖf…wZi aŸs‡m Kv‡h© CCl4 e¨eüZ nq|
4| wngvqK hš¿ ev wd«R kxZj Kivi Kv‡R e¨eüZ wd«qb (freon CCl2F2) M¨vm Drcv`‡b CCl4
e¨eüZ nq|
†K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb
 A¨vivBj n¨vjvBWmg~n mvaviYZ eY©nxb ˆZjv³ Zij ev Kg ùzUbvsK wewkó KwVb|

 cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq Av‡qvwWb me©v‡c¶v `ªæZ cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq|

 †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z †jŠn P‚Y© ev Av‡qvwWb cÖfveK wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|

 †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb mywgó MÜhy³ GKwU fvix Zij c`v_©|

 Bnv cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq wKš‘ B_vi I A¨vj‡Kvn‡j `ªeYxq|

 †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb A‡_©v I c¨viv wb‡`©kK|

 †K¬viv‡ji mwnZ †K¬v‡iv †ebwR‡bi wewµqvi d‡j D.D.T Drcbœ nq|

--c¨viv-c¨viv WvB‡K¬v‡iv-WvB wdbvBj UªvB‡K¬v‡iv B‡_‡bi msw¶ß bvg D.D.T.
--D.D.T KwVb c`v_©|
--Gi MjbvsK 109-110C.
--Bnv kw³kvjx RxevYybvkK I KxUbvkK wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|

 †K¬v‡iv †ebwRb A‡_©v I c¨viv wb‡`©kK|

 n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vwi‡b `yB cÖKv‡ii cÖwZ¯’vcb N‡U:

-1. †ebwRb ej‡qi n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb I
-2. †ebwRb ej‡qi H-cigvYy cÖwZ¯’vcb|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewµqv

 ïé B_v‡ii Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW‡K g¨vM‡bwmqvg mn wid¬v· Ki‡j MÖxMbvW©

weKiK ˆZwi nq|
R–X+Mg  RMgX
 MÖxMbvW© weKviK cix¶v: wMÖMbvW© weKviK‡K Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kb cvIqv hvq|
RMgX+H–OH  R–H+MgX (OH)
74
 CH3MgI+H–OH  CH4+MgI (OH)
 MÖxMbvW© weKviK‡K Kve©‡bkb I Av`©ªwe‡kølY Ki‡j ˆRe GwmW cvIqv hvq|
RMgX+CO2 –––– H2O RCOOH
H+
CH3MgI + CO2 –––– H2O CH3 COOH
H+
 MÖxMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ digvjwWnvBW wewµqv K‡i 1 A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZix K‡i|
 CHCl3+HO-NO2  CCl3-NO2+H2O
---CCl3-NO2 n‡jv Kvu`y‡b M¨vm ev †K¬v‡ivwcwµb|
 n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv:
CH3-CH2- OH + X2 + NaOH  CHX3 +
NaX +HCOONa + H2O
n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnKiƒ‡c jyBm GwmW cÖfveK †hgb ﮋ AlCl3, FeBr3 Øviv n¨v‡jv †ebwRb Drcbœ Kiv
nq| Cl
ﮋ AlCl3
+Cl2
80C

1. + HCl
Br
ﮋ
FeBr3
2. +Br2 + HBr
80  C
N2Cl Cl

Cu 2 Cl 2
3. +HCl + N2
100  C
N2Cl I

4. + KI  + N2 + KCl
Cl MgCl
ﮋ
B_vi

5. + Mg

¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨

1. wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡K Mg avZz e¨envi Kiv nq|

2. †K¬v‡ivdig Db¥y³ Ae¯’vq ivL‡j †h M¨vm Drcbœ nq Zvi ms‡KZ COCl2|
3. ivBgvi-UvBg¨vi wewµqvq Drcbœ nq m¨vwjmvjwWnvBW|
4. †K¬v‡ivdig mbv³ Kiv hvq-Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cix¶v Øviv|
HCl
5. C6H5N2Cl –––––
CuCl2 C6H5–Cl+N2 GB wewµqvi bvg m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv|
6. †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb‡K weRviY Ki‡j cvIqv hvq-C6H6
7. CCl4 I CCl3 – NO2 Gi H wenxb ˆRe‡hŠM|
8. CFC:
wd«qb- 11 CCl3F
wd«qb-12 CCl2F2
wd«qb- 21 CHCl2F
wd«qb- 114 CCl2F2–
CClF3
9. Green House gas:

CO2 49%
N2O 6%
CFC 14%
CH4 18%
Others 13%

10. †K¬Ub M¨vm = SO2

11. Z¡‡K dzmKv m„wó K‡i As
12. A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi †P‡q A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW mn‡R †K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †`q bv|
13. †K¬v‡ivdig‡K iw½b †evZ‡j ivLv nq|
14. A¨vwmwUwjb †UUªv‡K¬vivBW (Cl2CH–CHCl2) GKwU fvix Zij hvi evwbwR¨K bvg I‡q÷ªb|
15. g~j¨evb Kvc‡oi WªvBIqvk Ki‡Z I‡q‡÷ªvmj e¨eüZ nq|
wg_vBj Av‡qvWvB‡Wi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi msw¶ß weeiY:-
cvwbq KOH
CH3OH

76 wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj

H2O
KCN
CH3CN CH3COOH
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

†K¬v‡iv‡ebwR‡bi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi msw¶ß weeiY:-

 †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi msw¶ß weeiY:

A¨vj‡Kvnj, †dbj I B_vi

78
 A¨vj‡Kvnj

 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji msÁv: A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi AYyw¯’Z m¤ú„³ C-cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ H-cigvYy
†_‡K †Kej GKwU H-cigvYy‡K GKwU nvBWªw· (–OH) g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡j †h me nvBWªw·
†hŠM Drcbœ nq, G‡`i‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj e‡j| ms‡¶‡c A¨vj‡Kvnj nj gy³ wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi ¯’vqx
nvBWªw· RvZK|
†hgb: 1| CH3 – OH 2| CH3–CH2–OH
wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
ev wg_vBj ev B_vbj
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mvavib ms‡KZ nj CnH2n + 2 – x (OH)x|
* A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji †kÖYxwefvM:
A¨vj‡Kvnj

g‡bvnvBwWªK WvBnvBwWªK UªvBnvBwWªK cwjnvBwWªK

CH2OH CH2CHCH2 H2 CCHCHCHCHCH2
CH2OH, OH OH OH, OH OH OH OH OH OH

Bw_wjb MøvBKj wMømvwib miweUj

cÖvBgvix †m‡KÛvwi Uviwmqvix

(1) R (2) R (3)
RCH2OH CHOH
R RCOH
R

 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji A¤øawg©Zvi µg nj:

1 A¨vj‡Kvnj > 2 A¨vj‡Kvnj > 3 A¨vj‡Kvnj|
 Mvp H2SO4 I Zv‡ci cÖfv‡e A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wbiæ`b µg njt 3 > 2 > 1 A¨vj‡Kvnj|
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mbv³Kvix ˆewkó¨:
(i) †h †Kvb A¨vj‡Kvnj avZe Na Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i H2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i|
ROH+Na  RONa+H2
(ii) †h †Kvb A¨vj‡Kvnj PCl5 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i HCl M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i|
ROH+PCl5 HCl + POCl3+RCl
 †h †Kvb A¨vj‡Kvnj---
(i) CH3COCl
(ii) CH3COOH
(iii) (CH3CO)2O Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i G÷vi MVb K‡i|

†hgb:
(i) ROH + CH3COCl  CH3COOR+HCl
 (ii) ROH+CH3COOH CH3COOR+H2O
(iii) ROH+(CH3CO)2O CH3COOR+CH3COOH
 cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨:
 †h mKj ˆRe †hŠ‡M -OH g~j‡Ki mv‡_ †Kej H cigvYy I A¨vjKvBj (-R) g~jK hy³ _v‡K, DnvivB
A¨vj‡Kvnj m`m¨|
 cwjnvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvnjmg~‡ni g‡a¨ `ywU -OH g~jK hy³ A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K WvB-Aj, wZbwU -OH g~jK
hy³ A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K UªvB-Aj Ges PviwU -OH g~jK _vK‡j †UUªv-Aj ejv nq|
†hgb-
1. Bw_wjb MøvBKj---WvB-Aj
2. wMømvij---------- UªvB-Aj
3. miweUj --------- †UUªv-Aj
 A¨vj‡Kvnj nj gy³ wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi ¯’vqx nvBWªw· RvZK|
 1 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji g~jK GK‡hvRx -CH2OH
2 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji g~jK n‡jv w؇hvRx >CHOH
3 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji g~jK n‡jv w·hvRx  COH.
 cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m 95% CH4 _v‡K|
 wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj wgó MÜhy³ eY©nxb Zij|
 B_vbj nj wgó MÜ I SvuSv‡jv ¯^v`hy³ Zij c`v_©|
 BbfvU© wPwb nj Møv‡KvR I d«~‡±v‡Ri mg-AvYweK wgkÖY|
 weqv‡i 3-50% B_vbj _v‡K|
 †gb_j bvgK PvwµK A¨vj‡Kvnj Mjvi I k¦vm-bvjxi cwi®‹viK iƒ‡c|
 A¨vj‡Kb A‡cvjvi nIqvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb I AvYweK mseÜb N‡U bv|
 wg_vbj †bkv Drcv`K I AwZgvÎvq welv³|
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ PCl5 Gi wewµqvq HCl Drcbœ nq|
 C‡ói RxešÍ †Kvl n‡Z RvB‡gR, g¨vj‡UR I Bbfvi‡UR bvgK GbRvBg wb:m„Z nq| RvB‡gR Møy‡KvR
we‡hvRbKvix Avi g¨vj‡UR I Bbfvi‡UR wPwb we‡kølYKvix|
 weÁvbx kx‡j wMømvwib ˆZix K‡ib|
 wMømvwib cvwb I A¨vj‡Kvn‡j LyeB `ªeYxq, wKš‘ B_vi I †K¬v‡ivdi‡g A`ªeYxq|
 A¨v‡µvwj‡bi ms‡KZ : CH2 = CH - CHO.
 C4H10O Øviv MwVZ mgvby 6 wU|
 †k¦Zmvi n‡jv C6H10O5 Avjy, Mg, Pvj, fzÆvq we`¨gvb|
 WvBm¨vKvivBW n‡jv C12H22O11 wPwb I B¶zi‡m we`¨gvb|
 gë ÷vP© we‡kølYKvix GbRvBg Wvqv‡÷R wb:mib K‡i|
 wPUv¸o 30% wPwb I 32% BbfvU© wPwb _v‡K|
 m¤ú~Y© cvwbgy³ B_vbj‡K A¨vemwjDU A¨vj‡Kvnj e‡j|
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Rjxq `ªeb wjUgvm wbi‡c¶|
80
 †gw_‡j‡UW w¯úwi‡U B_vb‡ji mv‡_ wg_vbj, wcwiwWb I †ebwRb hy³ Kiv nq|
 weÁvbx DU©R Bw_wjb MøvBKj Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 ej-c‡q›U Kj‡gi Kvwj ˆZix‡Z MøvBKj e¨eüZ nq|
 jyKvm weKviK:
Mvp HCl wgwkªZ ZnCl2 Gi `ªeY|
 †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU:
95.6% B_vbj + 4.4% cvwbi mgùzUb wgkªb|
†iKwUdvBW w¯úwi‡U cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvb †ebwRb wgkv‡q cvZb wb‡gœv³ ZvcgvÎvq 2wU mgùzUb
wgkÖYiƒ‡c †iKwUdvBW w¯úwi‡Ui mg¯Í cvwb I Aewkó †ebwRb cvwZZ n‡q hvq|
1g mg¯dzUb wgkÖb:
Gi ùzUbvsK
cvwb = 7.4% = 64.8C
B_vbj = 18.5%
†ebwRb = 74.1%

2q mgùzUb wgkÖY: Gi ùzUbvsK

B_vbj = 32.4% = 68.2C
†ebwRb = 67.6%

 cvbxqiƒ‡c A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji e¨envi:

----1g †kÖYxi cvbxqiƒ‡c 40-50% B_vbj
----2q †kÖYxi cvbxqiƒ‡c 15-20% B_vbj Ges
----†Kvgj cvbxqiƒ‡c 36% B_vbj e¨envi Kiv nq|

 K¶ ZvcgvÎvq cvwb‡Z wewfbœ A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji `ªve¨Zv:

A¨vj‡Kvnj wg_vbj B_vbj cÖcvbj
 †h †h †h †Kvb
cvwb‡Z †Kvb †Kvb AYycv‡
`ªve¨Zv  AYycv‡ AYycv‡ Z
(g/100g Z Z
cvwb)

wewfbœ cÖKvi ewYwR¨K A¨vj‡Kvnj

A. †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU ev †kvwaZ A¨vj‡Kvnj:
mshyw³: 95.6% A¨vj‡Kvnj I 4.4% cvwb|
e¨envi: i) Jla ˆZix‡Z
ii) `ªveK wn‡m‡e iii) ˆRe †hŠM ms‡køl‡Y
iv) cig A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcv`‡b v) j¨v‡e weKviK wn‡m‡e
B. cig A¨vj‡Kvnj ev A¨vemjy¨U A¨vj‡Kvnj:
 mshyw³: 99.5% B_vbj
e¨envi: cig A¨vj‡Kvnj mvs‡kølwYK I we‡kølYg~jK Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
C. †gw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU ev wWb¨vPvW© A¨vj‡Kvnj ev A‡mebxq A¨vj‡Kvnj:
mshyw³: 5–10% wg_vbj, 3% †ebwRb I `yM©Ühy³ iwOb wcwiwW‡bi wgkªY|
e¨envi: is evwb©‡ki `ªveK iƒ‡c I w¯úwiU j¨v‡¤ú e¨eüZ nq|
D. cvIqvi A¨vj‡Kvnj:
mshyw³: 20–30% A¨vj‡Kvnj, †c‡Uªvj I B_vi ev †ebwR‡bi wgkªY|
e¨envi: hvbevn‡bi R¡vjvwb wnmv‡e kw³ Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq|
E. A¨vj‡Kvnjxq cvwb:
mshyw³:
K) weqvi- 2–7% Rjxq A¨vj‡Kvnj + CO2 + wPwb + myiwf
L) k¨v‡¤úb- 15–16% Rjxq A¨vj‡Kvnj + CO2 + wPwb + myiwf
M) ûBw¯‹, eªvwÛ, ivg, wRb- 30–50% Rjxq A¨vj‡Kvnj + CO2 + wPwb + myiwf
e¨envi: cvbxq wn‡m‡e|
wg_vbj
 cÖvK…wZK M¨vm †_‡K CH3OH Drcv`b:
cÖvK…wZK M¨vm Gi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb wg‡_b M¨vm‡K c„_K K‡i Aw·‡R‡bi m‡½ (3:1 AvqZ‡b) wgwk‡q
100 atm Pv‡c I 250C ZvcgvÎvq DËß cÖfveKiƒcx Kcvi b‡ji ga¨ w`‡q Pvjbv Ki‡j wg‡_b
RvwiZ n‡q wg_vbj Drcbœ nq|
100 atm
250C, Cu
2CH4(g)+ O2(g) 2CH3-OH(l)

 ms‡køl M¨vm ‡_‡K CH3OH ms‡kølY: ms‡køl M¨vm‡K 200 – 300 atm Pv‡c Ges 300 –
400C ZvcgvÎvq DËß wRsK A·vBW I †µvwgK A·vBW wgkª cÖfve‡Ki Ici Pvjbv Ki‡j wg_vbj
Drcbœ nq|

250 atm, 350  C

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ZnO, Cr2 O 3
CH3 – OH (g)
wg_vBj
 IqvUvi M¨vm †_‡K CH3OH ms‡kølY: eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z Drcvw`Z wg_vb‡ji cÖvq 90% IqvUvi
M¨vm (CO + H2) †_‡K ms‡kølY Kiv nq| IqvUvi M¨vm nj CO M¨vm I H2 M¨v‡mi mg‡gvjvi
wgkªY| †jvwnZ Zß †KvK (1300C) I w÷g †_‡K IqvUvi M¨vm Drcv`b Kiv nq|
C(s) + H2O (g) 1300C [CO (g) + H2 (g)]

82
 ZnO, Cr2 O3
CO(g) + H2(g) + H2 (g) CH3OH (l)
350  C, 250 atm
IqvUvi M¨vm wg_vBj
 wg_vbj kbv³KiY:
Aí wg_vbj I m¨vwjmvBwjK Gwm‡Wi wgkª‡Y 2/3 †duvUv Mvp H2SO4 †hvM Ki‡j wg_vBj
m¨vwjmvB‡j‡Ui Av‡qv‡W‡·i gZ MÜ cvIqv hvq|
OH OH
COOH COOCH3
MvpH2SO4
(s) + CH3OH (l) –––––– (l) + H2O(l)

m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW wg_vbj wg_vBj m¨vwjmvB‡jU

 wk퇶‡Î wg_vb‡ji ¸iæZ¡:

1| cøvw÷K wk‡íi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq dig¨vjwWnvBW cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z|
2| is, myMwÜ, Ilya, evwb©k BZ¨vw` cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z|
3| †gvUiMvwo, D‡ovRvnvR cÖf„wZi wewKiK-G cvwbi mv‡_ wgwkªZ K‡i wng‡ivaK wn‡m‡e Ges †c‡Uªv‡ji
mv‡_ wgwkªZ K‡i †gvU‡ii R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c G‡K e¨envi Kiv nq|
4| B_vbj‡K cv‡bi A‡hvM¨ Kivi Rb¨ G‡Z wg_vbj wgwkªZ K‡i wgw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
B_vbj
 dvi‡g‡›Ukb c×wZ‡Z B_vbj Drcv`‡b Møy‡Kv‡Ri Drmiƒ‡c wb‡gœv³ `yÕ†kÖYxi Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU e¨eüZ
nq|
(1) †k¦Zmvi ev ÷vP© [(C6H10O5)n] RvZxq c`v_©; †hgb-Avjy, Mg, PvDj, evwj©, fzÆv BZ¨vw`|
(2) WªvBm¨vKvivBW (C12H22O11) RvZxq c`v_©; †hgb, wPUv¸o ev †gjv‡mm, wPwb, B¶zim, exU
BZ¨vw`|
 dvi‡g‡›Ukb ev MvuRb cÖwµqvq B_vb‡ji wk‡ívrcv`b g~jbxwZ: Møy‡Kv‡Ri jNy 10% Rjxq `ªe‡Y Có
†Kvl †hvM K‡i cÖvq 20  25C DòZvq K‡qK N›Uv †i‡L w`‡j H C÷ †_‡K wbtm„Z ÔRvB‡gmÕ
bvgK GbRvB‡gi cÖfv‡e Møy‡KvR AYy we‡hvwRZ n‡q B_vbj I ey`&ey`mn CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ nq| GwU
GKwU MvuRb ev dvi‡g‡›Ukb cÖwµqv|
RwUj AYywewkó ˆRe †hŠM †hgb, Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU‡K GbRvBg bvgK RwUj c`v‡_©i cÖfv‡e we‡hvwRZ ev
Av`ª© we‡kølY K‡i A‡c¶vK…Z mij, ¶z`ª AYy wewkó c`v‡_© cwiYZ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K dvi‡g‡›Ukb ev
†PvjvBKiY ev MvuRb e‡j| †hgb:
RvB‡gm
2025C
C6H12O6(aq) 2CH3-CH2-OH(aq)+2CO2(g)

Møy‡KvR B_vbj
 ÷vP© n‡Z B_vbj cÖ¯‘wZ:
Wvqv‡÷R
4050C
2(C6H10O5)n + nH2O g‡ëvR n(C12H22O11)
 g¨vj‡UR
C12H22O11 + H2O 2(C6H12O6)
Møy‡KvR

RvB‡gR
C6MøH 12O6
y‡KvR 25C C2H5OH + CO2
B_vbj

 wPUv¸o ev †gvjv‡mm †_‡K B_vbj cÖ¯‘wZ:

Bbfvi‡UR
C12H22O11+ H30C
2O C6H12O6+C6H12O6

RvB‡gR
2C6H12O630C 2CH3CH2OH+2CO2

 B_vb‡ji kbv³KiY: Av‡qv‡Wvdig cix¶v:

B_vbj‡K Mvp NaOH I Av‡qvwWb `ªeYmn DËß Ki‡j njy` e‡Y©i Av‡qv‡Wvdig Drcbœ nq|
CH3CH2OH(l) + 4I2(aq) + 6NaOH(aq) ––– 
60C CHI3(s) + HCOONa(aq) +
5NaI(aq) + 5H2O(l)
 wk퇶‡Î B_vb‡ji ¸iæZ¡:
1| bvbv cÖKvi cvbxq †hgb, weqvi, ûBw¯‹, eª¨vwÛ, wRb cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z B_vbj e¨eüZ nq|
2| wgw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU, wewfbœ ai‡bi is, Ilya, myMwÜ, K…wÎg ievi, cÖmvab `ªe¨ bL cvwjk I †kwfs
†jvkb ˆZwi Ki‡Z GwU e¨eüZ nq|
3| †c‡Uªv‡ji mv‡_ wgwkªZ K‡i †gvU‡ii R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c, Zij Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ wgwkªZ K‡i i‡K‡Ui
R¡vjvwbiƒ‡c Ges Mvwoi wewKi‡Ki Rb¨ RgvU cÖwZ‡ivaK wn‡m‡e B_vbj eûj e¨eüZ nq|
4| †K¬v‡ivdig, Av‡qv‡Wvdig, B_vi, A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW BZ¨vw` ˆRe ˆhM cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z B_vbj e¨eüZ
nq|
 cÖvBgvwi (1), †m‡KÛvwi (2) I Uviwmqvwi (3) A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cix¶v:
jyKvm weKviKmn cix¶v: Mvp HCl Gwm‡W `ªexf~Z Abv`ª© wRsK †K¬vivB‡Wi `ªeY‡K jyKvm weKviK
e‡j| K¶ ZvcgvÎvq jyKvm weKvi‡Ki m‡½ 3 A¨vj‡Kvnj †hvM Kiv gvÎB mv`v Aat‡¶c ev ˆZjv³
¯Íi m„wó K‡i| †m‡KÛvwi ev 2 A¨vj‡Kvnj 5 – 10 wgwb‡U Aat‡¶c †`q| cÖvBgvwi ev 1
A¨vj‡Kvnj KZ¶ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb wewµqv K‡i bv| wKš‘ DËß Ki‡j `xN© mgq c‡o ˆZjv³ ¯Íi m„wó
K‡i|
(CH3)3 C – OH(l) + HCl(l) ––––ZnCl2 (CH3)3 C–Cl (s) + H2O(l)
25C
tert-weDUvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (3) tert-weDUvBj †K¬vivBW

84
 ZnCl2 (CH3)2 CH–Cl(s) + H2O(l)
(CH3)2 CH–OH(l)+ HCl(l) ––––
25C
iso-†cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (2) iso-†cÖvcvBj †K¬vivBW
ZnCl2 CH3CH2–Cl(s) + H2O(l)
CH3CH2 – OH(l) + HCl(l) ––––
Zvc
B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (1) B_vBj †K¬vivBW
 wMømvwib ev wMømvij kbv³KiY: (A¨v‡µvwjb cix¶v)
wMømvwib‡K kw³kvjx wbiæ`K KHSO4 A_ev P2O5 mn DËß Ki‡j wMømvwib wbiæw`Z n‡q AZ¨šÍ
SvuSv‡jv I wekªx MÜhy³ A¨v‡µvwjb ev®ú †ei nq|
KHSO4
CH2 – CH – CH2 –––– CH2 = CH – CHO + 2H2O\

OH OH OH A¨v‡µvwjb
wMømvwib

wMømvwib GKwU UªvBnvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvnj nIqvq Dnv PCl5 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i HCl M¨vm Drcbœ
K‡i|
CH2OH CH2Cl
CHOH+PCl5  CHCl + POCl3+HCl
CH2OH CH2Cl

A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ivmvqwbK wewµqv

 Kve©wbj †hŠM‡K g„`y weRviK
(Na + Hg + H2O, NaBH4, LiAlH4, Ni/H2) Øviv weRvwiZ Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZwi nq|
Kve©wbj †hŠM (–CHO/–CO–) + g„`y weRviK  A¨vj‡Kvnj
i) R–CHO + [H] LIAlH   R–CH2OH(1)
4

ii) R–CO–CH3 + [H] LIAlH  R–CH–CH3(2)

 4

|
OH
iii) CH3–CO–CH+[H] LIAlH  CH3–CH (OH)–CH3 (Isopropyl alcohol)
4

 A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆRe Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i G÷vi ˆZwi K‡i|

R – OH + RCOOH  
H SO
 RCOOR + H2O
2 4

GLv‡b H2SO4 GKwU wbiæ`K|

 cÖvBgvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj mn‡RB RvwiZ n‡q cÖ_‡g A¨vjwWnvBW I c‡i AwaK Rvi‡Y Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡W
cwiYZ nq| A¨vj‡Kvnj I Drcbœ A¨vjwWnvBW Ges Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡W Kve©b cigvYyi msL¨v mgvb
_v‡K| RviK c`v_©iƒ‡c cUvwmqvg WvB‡µv‡gU I jNy H2SO4 wgkªY ev ¶vixq cUvwmqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU
e¨eüZ nq|
†hgb: ¶vixq cUvwmqvg cvig¨vv½v‡bU (KMnO4) Øviv B_vbj RvwiZ n‡q cÖ_‡g B_vb¨vj I c‡i
B_v‡bvwqK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i|
O
KMnO4 ||
CH3–CH2–O–H + [O] ––––––
– CH3–C–H + H2O
OH
B_vbj B_vb¨vj
O O
|| ||
CH3–C–H + [O]  CH3–C–OH
B_vb¨vj B_v‡bvwqK GwmW
 †m‡KÛvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj RvwiZ n‡q cÖ_‡g wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq| wK‡Uvb mn‡R RvwiZ nq bv| ZvB
kw³kvjx Rvi‡Ki Øviv D”P ZvcgvÎvq wK‡Uvb‡K RvwiZ Ki‡j Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ nq| wK‡Uvb
I A¨vj‡Kvn‡j Kve©b cigvYyi msL¨v mgvb _v‡K| wKš‘ Drcbœ ˆRe Gwm‡W Kve©‡bi msL¨v n«vm cvq|
†hgb: Mvp H2SO4 wgwkªZ cUvwmqvg WvB‡µv‡gU (K2Cr2O7) Øviv †cÖvcvbj-2 RvwiZ n‡q cÖ_‡g
†cÖvcv‡bvb I c‡i AwaK Rvi‡Y B_v‡bvwqK GwmW, CO2 I cvwb Drcbœ nq| †hgb:
CH3 CH3
| K2Cr2O7 |
CH3–C–OH + [O] ––––– CH3–C = O + H2O
| H2SO4
†cÖvcvbj
H
†cÖvcvbj-2

CH3 O
| K2Cr2O7 ||
CH3–C = O + 4[O] ––––– CH3–C–O + CO2 + H2O
†cÖvcv‡bvb H2SO4
B_v‡bvwqK GwvmW

 Uviwmqvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K RvwiZ Kiv KóKi| KviY G‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb bv _vKvq ¶vixq Rvi‡Ki
mvaviY RviY wµqv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| A¤øxq cUvwmqvg WvB‡µv‡gU Øviv D”PZi ZvcgvÎvq cÖej Rvi‡Yi
d‡j Uviwmqvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj RvwiZ n‡q cÖ_‡g wK‡Uvb I c‡i Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq| GLv‡b g~j¨
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Kve©b msL¨v †_‡K Drcbœ wK‡Uvb I ˆRe GwmW Dfq †¶‡Î Kve©b msL¨v n«vm cvq|
†hgb: Mvp H2SO4 wgwkªZ cUvwmqvg WvB‡µv‡gU (K2Cr2O7) Gi mv‡_ 2-wg_vBj †cÖvwcb Drcbœ
K‡i| Zvici Zv RvwiZ n‡q CO2 I A¨vwm‡Uvb ev †cÖvcv‡bvb Ges †k‡l B_v‡bvwqK GwmW I CO2
Drcbœ K‡i|
 Mvp H2SO4 Gi m‡½ A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqv A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cwigvY, ZvcgvÎv Ges Ab¨vb¨ k‡Z©i
Ici wbf©i K‡i wb‡gœv³fv‡e N‡U:
mgcwigvY B_vbj I Mvp H2SO4 GwmW 100C ZvcgvÎvq wewµqv K‡i B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU
I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
CH3.CH2– OH(l) + H – O–SO3H(l) –––– 100C
B_vbj B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU
CH3.CH2–OSO3H(l) + H2O (l)

Drcbœ B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU wb‡gœv³ `ycÖKv‡ii wewµqv †`q| †hgb,

86
 AwaK cwigvY A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji †ejvq, Drcbœ B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU 140C ZvcgvÎvq AwaK
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i WvBB_vBj B_vi ev B‡_vw· B‡_b Drcbœ K‡i|
CH3.CH2– O–SO3(l) + H – O–CH2.CH3 (l) –––– 140C CH3.CH2–O–CH2.CH3 (l)
+ H2SO4 (l)
A¨vj‡Kvnj A‡c¶v AwaK cwigvY Mvp H2SO4 Gi †ejvq, H B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU‡K D”PZi
ZvcgvÎvq (†hgb, 170C G) DËß Ki‡j Bw_wjb M¨vm Drcbœ nq A_©vr A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wbiæ`b
N‡U|
CH3–CH2–OSO3H (l) ––––170C CH2 = CH2(g) + H2SO4(l)
 Mvp H2SO4 I Zv‡ci cÖfv‡e A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wiæ`b µg nj 3 > 2 > 1 A¨vj‡Kvnj Ges
GKvwaK A¨vjwKb m„wói m¤¢vebvi †¶‡Î AwaK kvLvhy³ A¨vjwKb cwigv‡Y AwaK Drcbœ nq| †hgb,
sec weDUvBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wbiæ`‡bi †ejvq 1-weDwUb A‡c¶v 2-weDwUb Drcv`b cwigv‡Y †ewk
nq|
 A¨vj‡Kvnj ev®ú‡K 300C ZvcgvÎvq Cu Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Pvjbv Ki‡j nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wePz¨Z n‡q
Kve©wbj †hŠM ˆZwi nq|
Cu
 cÖvBgvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj ––––––
300C A¨vjwWnvBW
CH3 – CH2 – OH ––––––300C CH3 – CHO + H2
Cu

Cu
 †m‡KÛvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj ––––––
300C wK‡Uvb
300C CH3 – CO–CH3 + H2
CH3 – CH(OH) –CH3 ––––––
Cu
300C A¨vjwKb|
wKš‘ Uviwmqvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj ––––––
Cu
 A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K kw³kvjx RviK Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j ˆRe GwmW Ges g„`y RviK Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j
Kve©wbj †hŠM (A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb) cvIqv hvq|
B_vbj + Zxeª RviK –– ˆRe GwmW
CH3CH2OH + [O] –––– Zxeª CH3COOH
 cix¶vMv‡i AwaK cwigvY mvjwdDwiK GwmW A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji m‡½ wewµqv K‡i A¨vjwKb ˆZwi K‡i|
CH3CH2OH + H2SO4 (AwZwi³)  CH2 = CH2
 †Kvb ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi mwnZ n¨v‡jv‡Rb I ¶v‡ii wewµqvq Av‡qv‡Wvdig, †K¬v‡ivdig, †eªv‡gvdig BZ¨vw`
n¨v‡jvdig cÖ¯‘Z Kivi wewµqv‡K n¨v‡jvdg© wewµqv ejv nq|
 n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv eySvi †KŠkj:
A. Kve©wbj †hŠ‡Mi †¶‡Î: †h mKj †hŠ‡M CH3CO (A¨vwm‡Uvg~jK) we`¨gvb Ges GB MÖæ‡ci Lvwj
eÜbwU Øviv ÔKve©b wKsev ÔnvB‡Wªv‡RbÕ Gi ms‡M hy³ _v‡K †Kej †m me †hŠ‡M n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv
cÖ`k©b K‡i| †hgb- A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW (CH3CHO), A¨vwm‡Uvb (CH3COCH3)

†UKwbK: 2bs Kve©‡b Aw·‡Rb (O) _v‡K|

 B. A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji †¶‡Î: †h mKj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji AYy‡Z (CH3 – CHOH) MÖæc we`¨gvb †Kej †m me
A¨vj‡KvnjB n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv cÖ`k© K‡i| †hgb- B_vbj (CH3 – CH2 – OH) A¨vB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj
A¨vj‡Kvnj (CH3 – CH(OH) – CH3)

†UKwbK: 2 bs Kve©‡b Aw·‡Rb (O) _v‡K|

†dbj

 †dbj eY©nxb †KjvmvKvi KwVb c`v_©|

 †db‡ji MjbvsK 41C Ges UjyB‡bi MjbvsK -95C.
 cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq †dbj mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y we‡qvwRZ n‡q H+ Avqb †`q, d‡j †dbj A¤øag©x nq|
 wKDwgb †dbj c×wZ‡Z 90% e¨eüZ †db‡ji wk‡ívrcv`b Kiv nq|
 UjyBb †_‡K D™¢yZ †dbjmg~n‡K wµmj ejv nq|
 bvBjb cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z †h mvB‡K¬v‡n·vbj e¨eüZ nq, Zv Drcv`‡b †dbj e¨eüZ nq|
 m¨vjj 'Sun screening agent' iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 †dbj¸‡jv g„`y A¤øag©x wKš‘ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vj‡Kvnj¸wj A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vj‡Kvnj ¸‡jvi gZ
wbi‡c¶|
 †dbj bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj K‡i|
 †cvov ¶‡Zi R¡vjv I cPb wbevi‡Y evb©j gjg bv‡g wcKwiK GwmW e¨eüZ nq|
 gvbyl I lvu‡oi cÖmªv‡e mvgvb¨ †dbj _v‡K|
 m`¨ cÖ¯‘Z †dbj eY©nxb †KjvmvKvi c`v_©| evqyi ms¯ú‡k© †dbj ax‡i ax‡i †e¸wb eY© avib K‡i|
 †dbj Kve©wbK GwmW A‡c¶v `~e©j|
 avZe Na-Gi mwnZ †dbj wewµqv K‡i bv|
 we‡ùviK ˆZix‡Z wcKwiK GwmW e¨eüZ nq|
 wcKwiK GwmW †dbj A‡c¶v 12 ¸b †ewk A¤øxq|
 †db‡ji wk‡ívrcv`b:
 †ebwRb †_‡K †dbj Drcv`b: wKDwgb †dbj c×wZ: me©vaywbK G c×wZ‡Z cÖvq 90% e¨eüZ †db‡ji
wk‡ívrcv`b Kiv nq| G ms‡kølY c×wZ‡Z †dbj Drcv`b `y av‡c m¤úbœ Kiv nq| †hgb:
K) †c‡Uªvwjqvg †_‡K Drcvw`Z †ebwRb-ev®ú I †cÖvwcb †_‡K wd«‡Wj µ¨vdU wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ wKDwgb
cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| G wewµqvq 250C ZvcgvÎv, 30 atm-Pvc I cÖfveKiƒ‡c H3PO4 e¨eüZ nq|

CH3
OH
CH3

250c.H3PO4
+ CH3 – CH = CH2 ––––––––
30 atm
†cÖvwcb wKDwgb ev AvB‡mv †cÖvcvBj †ebwRb

88
L) wKDwgb ev AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj †ebwRb‡K 130C ZvcgvÎvq DËß cÖfveK Co A_ev Mn jeY mnKv‡i
evqyi Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ K‡i wKDwgb nvBWªv cviA·vB‡W cwiYZ Kiv nq| c‡i Zv‡K jNy H2SO4
GwmW Øviv Av`ª© we‡køwlZ Ki‡j †dbj I A¨vwm‡Uvb cvIqv hvq|
CH3 CH CH3
C–OOH OH
CH3 CH3

Co.
+ O2 –––– H+.H2O
–––––––
130C jNyH2SO4.
OH3
wKDwgb wKDwgb nvB‡Wªv
cviA·vBW

+ CH3–C = O
A¨vwm‡Uvb ev †cÖvcv‡bvb

 AvjKvZiv †_‡K †dbj Drcv`b: AvjKvZiv‡K cÖvq 170C – 230C ZvcgvÎvq AvswkK cvZb
Ki‡j ga¨g ˆZj cvIqv hvq| ga¨g ˆZ‡j †dbj, wµmj I b¨vd&_vwjb _v‡K| gva¨g ˆZ‡j †db‡ji
mv‡_ wµmj I †ewki fvM b¨vd&_vwjb (C10H8) _v‡K| gva¨g ˆZj‡K kxZj Ki‡j b¨vd_vwjb
†KjvwmZ nq| b¨vd&_vwjb †Kjvm c„_K Kivi ci cwimªyZ Zij‡K Rjxq 10% NaOH `ªeY mn‡hv‡M
SvuKv‡bv nq| d‡j †dbj I †dbj RvZxq †hŠMmg~n `ªeYxq †mvwWqvg wd‡bU jeYiƒ‡c Rjxq ¯Í‡i
`ªexf~Z nq| Dcw¯’Z Ab¨vb¨ ˆRe †hŠMmg~n ˆZj ¯Í‡i _v‡K|
OH (l) + NaOH (aq) → ONa (aq) + H2O (l)
†mvwWqvg wd‡bU

Rjxq ¯Íi‡K fvix ˆZj ¯Íi †_‡K c„_K K‡i Gi mv‡_ jNy H2SO4 †hvM Kiv nq; A_ev D”P Pv‡c CO2
M¨vm Pvjbv Kiv nq| d‡j wd‡bU jeY A¤øxq Av`ª©we‡køwlZ n‡q †db‡j cwiYZ nq Ges Mvp Kv‡jv ˆZj
¯Íiiƒ‡c Rjxq ¯Íi †_‡K c„_K n‡q c‡o|

2 ONa(aq)+H2SO4(aq) →2 OH(l)+Na2SO4(aq)
†mvwWqvg wd‡bU †dbj
2 ONa(aq)+H2O+CO2(aq) →2 OH(l)+Na2SO3(aq)

Kv‡jv e‡Y©i Mvp ˆZj ¯Íi‡K AvmªveY cÖwµqvq Ici †_‡K †X‡j c„_K Kivi ci cvwb w`‡q †aŠZ K‡i ﮋ
Kiv nq| c‡i G‡K 180–182C ZvcgvÎvq AvswkK cvZb Kiv nq| cÖvß cvwZZ Zij‡K 41C
ZvcgvÎvq kxZj Ki‡j weï× †db‡ji eY©nxb †Kjvm cvIqv hvq|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewµqv

 A¨v‡gvwbqvmn wewµqvq A¨vwbwjb MVbt cÖfveK ZnCl2-Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A_ev AwaK Pv‡ci g‡a¨
†dbj I A¨v‡gvwbqv‡K GK‡Î DËß Ki‡j A¨vwbwjb I cvwb Drcbœ nq| G‡¶‡Î †db‡ji -OH g~jK
A¨vwg‡bv (-NH2) g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq|
OH NH2

+NH3 ZnCl2 + H2O

A¨vwbwjb
 WvD cÖYvjxi mvnv‡h¨ †dbj cÖ¯‘wZ:
Cl ONa
NaOH
Fe 150atm.400.C
+ Cl2

OH HCl

†dbj

 ivBgvi UvBg¨vb wewµqv:

OH OH
CHO
O
+ CHCl3 + NaOH 60-70C O +NaCl + H2O

OH
CHO
O

(m¨vwjmvjwWnvBW ev A‡_©v nvB‡Wªvw· †ebRvjwWnvBW)

 †Kve wewµqv:
ONa OH
4 7 atm HCl
+ CO2 COONa
O 125C O
OH
COOH
O + NaCl

A_© nvBWªw· †ebRwqK GwmW|

 Kvcwjs wewµqv: jNy ¶vixq `ªe‡Y kxZj Ae¯’vq †dbj Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg je‡Yi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i njy`
e‡Y©i A¨v‡Rv †hŠM MVb K‡i|
90
 jNy
N2Cl + H OH ––––→
NaOH
†ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg †K¬vivBW †dbj

N=N OH + HCl
c¨viv nvBWªw· A¨v‡Rv‡ebwRb

mvaviYZ c¨viv Ae¯’v‡bB hyMj N‡U| wKš‘ c¨viv Ae¯’vb Ave× _vK‡j wewµqv A‡_©v Ae¯’v‡b N‡U| wKš‘
KLbI †gUv Ae¯’v‡b G wewµqv msNwUZ nq bv|
 bvB‡Uªkb: Nb H2SO4 I †db‡ji wgkªY‡K Nb HNO3 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv:
OH OH OH
NO2

2 2HNO3(conc)
–––––––– + HNO3
––––––
H2SO4 NO 2 H2SO4
OH
O 2N NO2

NO2

 mvj‡dv‡bkb:

+ 2HO–SO
OH
20C
3H –– OH HO– SO3H +2H2O
SO3H

mvjwdDwiK A‡_©v-†dbj mvj‡dvwbK c¨viv-†dbj mvj‡dvwbK A¨vwmW

†dbj A¨vwmW A¨vwmW

 †db‡ji mv‡_ PCl5 Gi wewµqv:

OH Cl
+ PCl5  + POCl3 + HCl
†dbj dmdivm UªvB †K¬vivBW A·vBW

 †db‡ji mv‡_ †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW wewµqv K‡i AZtci Av‡qv‡Wv wg‡_b wewµqv Ki‡j:
†dbj
–OH+NaOH
†mvwWqvg wd‡bU
–ONa+H2O

–ONa+CH
†mvwWqvg 3I wg‡_vw· †ebwRb
wd‡bU Av‡qv‡Wvwg‡_b –O–CH3+NaI

 wdbj‡K Zn P~Y© mn‡hv‡M cvZb:

OH

cvZb
+ Zn –––– + ZnO
kbv³Kib:
 †dbj FeCl3 `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †e¸bx e‡Y©i RwUj †hŠM †dwiK wd‡bU MVb K‡i|
---G wewµqv †db‡ji mbv³Ki‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
6 O OH + 2FeCl3  O O Fe2
6
+ 6 HCl †e¸YxeY©
 K¶ ZvcgvÎvq n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †db‡ji mv‡_ jvj e‡Y©i †eªvwgb cvwbi wewµqv:
OH OH
Br Br

+ 3Br2 Br + 3HBr

†dbj

2, 4, 6 UªvB‡eªv‡gv †dbj

* KwZcq RxevbybvkK †dbj:

OH

CH3 Cl
H3C CH
CH3 H3C CH3
Cl
†WUj

 A¨vj‡Kvnj I †db‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

weKviK/we A¨vj‡Kvnj †dbj
lq
Kvh©Kix A¨vj‡Kvnjxq- †dbjxq-OH
g~jK OH
mv`„k¨
PCl5. A¨vjKvBj wdbvBj
OH
†K¬vivBW
OH
†K¬vivBW MVb MVb K‡i|
+PCl5
K‡i
POCl +HCl
R- 3

OH+PCl5
 +
R-
Cl+POCl3+
HCl
avZe B_vi MwVZ nq OH ONa
†mvwWqvg R- +Na +H2
OH+NaR
-ONa
RX
NaX+R-O-
R
ˆemv`„k¨:
Cl2 cvwb †Kvb wewµqv 2, 4, 6- UªvB
92
OH OH
Cl Cl
+Cl2
 †bB †K¬v‡iv †db‡ji
Aat‡¶c c‡o|

 †dbj I Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

cix¶v †dbj Kve©w·wjK GwmW
NaHC CO2 M¨vm M¨vm wbM©Z nq hvnv
O3 Gi wbM©Z nq bv| Pz‡bi cvwb‡K †Nvjv
mwnZ K‡i|
wewµqv R-
COOH+NaHCO
3
Na2CO3+H2O+C
O2
Ca(OH)2+CO2
CaCO3+H2O
‡eªvwgb njy` e‡Y©i †Kvb iƒc Aat‡¶c
cvwbi Aat‡¶c c‡o bv|
mwnZ c‡o|
wewµqv C6H5OH
+3Br2 
C6H2(OH)
Br3
+3HBr
†dwiK †e¸Yx e‡Y©i †e¸bx e‡Y©i `ªeY
†K¬vivB‡ `ªeY Drcbœ Drcbœ nq bv|
Wi mwnZ nq|
wewµqv
 †ebwRb †_‡K GK bR‡i †db‡ji wewµqv:
Cl ONa
Fe NaOH HCl
O +Cl2 O O
150 atm 450C
 OH OH
CHO
O NaOH+CHCl3 O

m¨vwjmvjwWnvBW

 †dbj n‡Z wcKwiK GwmW Drcv`b:

OH OH
HNO3 NO2 HNO3
O O
H2SO4 H2SO4

OH OH
NO2 H2SO4 O2N NO2
O O
HNO3
NO2 NO2
wcKwiK GwmW

 wcKwiK Gwm‡Wi †fŠZ ag©

1| wcKwiK GwmW wZ³ ¯^v`hy³ nvjKv njy` e‡Y©i KwVb †KjvmvKvi †hŠM|
2| wcKwiK Gwm‡Wi Mjbv¼ 122C|
3| VvÛv cvwb‡Z GwU cÖvq A`ªeYxq, wKš‘ Mig cvwb I A¨vj‡Kvjn‡j mn‡R `ªeYxq|

†db‡ji ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ivmvqwbK wewµqv:

1. †dbj‡K `¯Ív P~‡Y©i mv‡_ cvZb Ki‡j †ebwRb cvIqv hvq|

C6H5 – OH + Zn  C6H6 + ZnO
†dbj †ebwRb
2. †dbj ˆRe Gwm‡Wi g‡Zv Kve©bWvBA·vB‡Wi ey` ey` m„wó K‡i
bv; Z‡e GwU g„`y A¤øag©x|
3. †dbj DBwjqvgmb cÖwµqvq A¨v‡iv‡gwUK B_vi ˆZwi K‡i|
†dbj + ¶vi  †mvwWqvg wd‡bU + A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW 
wg_w·‡ebwRb (A¨vwb‡mvj)
4. †dbj PCl5 Gi mv‡_ †K¬vwi‡bkb cÖwµqvq †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb ˆZwi K‡i|
5. wRsK †K¬vivBW, K¨vjwmqvg †K¬vivBW cÖf„wZ wbiæ`‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
†dbj‡K A¨v‡gvwbqvi m‡½ 300 †m DòZvq Ges D”P Pv‡c
DËß Ki‡j A¨vwbwjb Drcbœ nq|
6. wb‡Kj P~‡Y©i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 150–200 †m DòZvq †db‡ji cÖwZ
AYyi m‡½ 3 AYy nvB‡Wªv‡Rb hy³ n‡q mvB‡K¬v‡n·vbj MwVZ nq|
7. †dbj cwjgviKiY wewµqvq digvjwWnvB‡Wi mv‡_ e¨v‡KjvBU
cøvw÷K ˆZwi K‡i|
94
 B_vi
 B_vi‡K `yB fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq:
1. mij B_vi---WvB wg_vBj B_vi|
2. wgkÖ B_vi--- B_vBj wg_vBj B_vi|
 B_v‡ii mgvbyZv `yB cÖKvi:
1. Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvbyZv 2. †gUvgvwiRg
 B_v‡ii Kvh©Kix g~jK‡K ÔB_vixq g~jKÕ e‡j Ges B_v‡ii Aw·‡Rb cigvYywU‡K B_vixq Aw·‡Rb
e‡j|
 C4H10O AvYweK ms‡KZ wewkó †hŠ‡Mi wZbwU B_vi mgvYy i‡q‡Q|
 B_vi AYy‡Z Kve©b Aw·‡Rb †cvjvi eÜb Av‡Q|
 me B_vi cvwb A‡c¶v nvjKv|
 B_vi AwaK DØvqx Zij Ges cvwb‡Z ¯^í `ªeYxq|
 B_vi nj mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi GKwU DËg `ªveK|
 B_vi‡K WvB-A¨vjKvBj A·vBWI e‡j|
 B_v‡ii mvaviY ms‡KZ n‡jv: R-O-R
 B_vi n‡jv B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji A¨vbnvBWªvBW|
 DBwjqvgm‡bi Aweivg B_vi Drcv`b c×wZ‡Z †ebwRb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW e¨envi Ki‡j †Kvb
Amyweav nq bv|
 B_vi GKwU kw³kvjx †PZbvbvkK|
 cviA·vBW m„wó †iv‡ai Rb¨ B_v‡ii †evZ‡j †jŠn ¸ov †hvM Kiv nq|
 †gUvgvwiRg n‡jv mg‡MvÎ mgvbyZv|
 Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvbyZv n‡jv wfbœ †MvÎ mgvbyZv|

 B_vi PCl5 Gi mwnZ wewµqvq HCl Drcbœ K‡i bv| BnvB B_vi I B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji g‡a¨
cv_©K¨ m~PK wewµqv|
 B_vi LwbR Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ A‡·vwbqvg jeY MVb K‡i| GB ivmvqwbK ag© Øviv B_vi‡K c¨vivwdb I
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW n‡Z mn‡RB c„_K Kiv m¤¢e|
 B_v‡ii †kÖYxwefvM:
B_vi

A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨v‡iv‡gwUK

gy³ wkKj PvwµK mij wgkÖ

mij wgkÖ O O OR

O O O
ROR ROR
 DBwjqvgmb ms‡køl: DBwjqvgmb ms‡kølY cÖwµqv †mvwWqvg A¨vjK·vBW Ges A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi
wewµqvq B_vi cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
R-ONa+R1XR–O–R1+NaX [R I R1 = A¨vjKvBj gyjK]
†mvwWqvg B_vi
CH3ONa+I–C2H5CH3–O–C2H5+NaI
A¨vjK·vBW
wg_vBj B_vBj B_vi

CH3ONa+I–CH3CH3–O–CH3+NaI
WvBwg_vBj B_vi

 B_vi I A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

weKviK B_vi A¨vj‡Kvnj
1. avZe †Kvb wewµqv 1. H2 M¨vm Drcbœ
Na K‡i bv K‡i
R-
OH+NaRON
a+H2
2. HCl Drcbœ 2. ROH+
PCl5 nq| PCl5
ROR+P
Cl5 RCl+POCl3+H
R- Cl
Cl+POCl3
 B‡_vw· B‡_b I B_vb‡ji a‡g©i Zzjbv:
cv_©K¨m~PK B‡_vw· B‡_b B_vbj
ag© (C2H5)2O C2H5OH
†fŠZ a‡g©
cv_©K¨ 1| mvgvb¨ 1| mywgó
1| MÜ SvuSv‡jv| A¨vj‡Kvnjxq
2| 2| B‡_vw· B‡_b MÜ|

96
DØvwqZv B_vb‡ji †P‡q 2| B_vbj Kg
3| `ªve¨Zv AwaK DØvqx Zij; DØvqx; Gi
ùzUbv¼ 35C| ùzUbv¼
3| B‡_w· B‡_b 78.3C|
cvwb‡Z cÖvqB 3| B_vbj
A`ªeYxq| cvwb‡Z m¤ú~Y©
`ªeYxq|
B_v‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ivmvqwbK wewµqv:

1. kxZj Ae¯’vq PCl5 B_v‡ii mv‡_ †Kvb wewµqv K‡i bv| wKš‘ DËß Ae¯’vq PCl5 B_vi wbgœiƒc
wewµqv K‡i:
C2H5 – O – C2H5 + PCl5  
2C2H5Cl + POCl3
2. weMwjZ ZnCl2 ev AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z B_v‡ii mv‡_ A¨vmvBj †K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqv:
R – O – R + R – COCl (ZnCl2)  
R – Cl + R – COOR B_vi A¨vmvBj †K¬vivBW G÷vi
3. B_v‡ii mv‡_ A¨vwmW A¨vbnvBWªvB‡Wi wewµqv:
R – O – R + (RCO)2O ZnCl  2R – COOR
. 2

B_vi A¨vwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW G÷vi

4. B_v‡ii mv‡_ Dò I Mvp H2SO4 Gi wewµqvq:
R– O – R + 2H2SO4  
2R – O – SO3H + H2O
5. Dò jNy H2SO4 Gi cÖfv‡e I AwaK Pv‡c B_vi I cvwbi wewµqv:
R – O – R + H2O ––––– H+ 2R – OH

6. eid kxZj Ae¯’vq mej A¨vwmW (H2SO4) Gi wewµqv:
eid kxZj [(C2H5)2OH] + HSO–4
(C2H5)2O + H2SO4 ––––––––
WvBB_vBj B_vi WvBB_vBj A‡·vwbqvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvi
A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uvb

 Kve©bvBj †hŠM: w؇hvRx Kve©bvBj g~j‡Ki mv‡_ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy I GK‡hvRx

A¨vjKvBj g~jK A_ev A¨vivBj g~jK hy³ n‡q †h me ˆRe †hŠM Drcbœ nq, Zv‡`i‡K
GK‡Î Kve©bvBj †hŠM ejv nq| †hgb, dig¨vjwWnvBW ev wg_vb¨vj, A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW ev
B_vb¨vj A¨vwm‡Uvb ev †cÖvcv‡bvb, †ebR¨vjwWnvBW|
 A¨vjwWnvBW: w؇hvRx Kve©bvBj g~jK Gi GKwU †hvRbx‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy I Aci
†hvRbx‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy A_ev A¨vjKvBj g~jK A_ev A¨vivBj g~jK A_ev †h
†Kvb nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi GK‡hvRx g~jK hy³ n‡q †h me †hŠM Drcbœ nq, D³ †hŠMmg~n‡K
A¨vjwWnvBW e‡j| †hgb, digvjwWnvBW, A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW, †ebR¨vjwWnvBW|
 wK‡Uvb: w؇hvRx Kve©bvBj g~jK Gi Dfq †hvRbx‡Z `ywU A¨vjKvBj g~jK ev `ywU
A¨vivBj g~jK ev GKwU A¨vjKvBj I GKwU A¨vivBj g~jK hy³ n‡q †h me †hŠM
Drcbœ K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K GK‡Î wK‡Uvb ejv nq| †hgb, WvBwg_vBj wK‡Uvb, B_vBj
wg_vBj wK‡Uvb|
 wK‡Uv‡bi †¶‡Î 2wU A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj g~jK GKB n‡j mij wK‡Uvb e‡j|
 A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj g~jK wfbœ n‡j G‡K wgkÖ wK‡Uvb e‡j|
†hgb: C6H5COCH3 wgkÖ wK‡Uvb|
 A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb n‡jv GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wgkª wK‡Uvb|
 KwZcq †hŠ‡Mi ms‡KZ:
(i) nvB‡Wªvw·j A¨vwgb  H2N  OH
(ii) nvBWªvwRb  H2N  NH2
(iii) wdbvBj nvBWªvwRb  H2N  NH
(iv) 2, 4- WvBbvB‡UªvwdbvBj nvBWªvwRb
NO2 O
H2NNH O NO2

(v) †mwg Kve©vRvBW  H2N  NHCONH2

 digvjwWnvBW K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv w`‡jI A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv †`qbv|

 †Kej gvÎ digvjwWnvBW wiwgwb cix¶v cÖ`k©b K‡i|
 10 A¨vj‡Kvnj n‡Z A¨vjwWnvBW ˆZix Kiv hvq|
 20 A¨vj‡Kvnj n‡Z wK‡Uvb ˆZix Kiv hvq|
 A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi weRvib ag© _v‡K I wK‡Uv‡bi weRvib ag© †bB|
 wK‡Uvb cwjgvi MVb K‡i bv|
 g„`y Rvi‡Ki mwnZ A¨vwm‡Uv‡bi †Kvb wewµqv †bB|
 cPb wbeviK wnmv‡e, Pvgov I Avqbv cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z digvjwWnvBW e¨eüZ nq|
 A¨vwmUvjwWnvB‡Wi UªvBgvi c¨vivjwWnvBW Ges †UUªvgvi n‡jv †gUvjwWnvBW|
 wK¬‡gbmb weRvi‡bi †¶‡Î Kve©bvBj g~jK (-CO-) wgw_wjb
(-CH2-) g~j‡K cwiYZ nq|
 digvjwWnvBW e¨v‡KjvBU ˆZix‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 †K¬vivj nvB‡WªU wb`ªvKviK Jla iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
98
 †÷wiK evav: Kve©bvBj Kve©‡Y hy³ g~j‡Ki AvKvi hZ eo nq wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji Avµg‡bi c_ Z‡ZvB
msKzwPZ nq| GBiƒc eo g~jK Øviv †Kvb AvµgbKvix g~j‡Ki cÖwZ wÎgvwÎK ¯’vwbK evav m„wó Kiv‡K
†÷wiI evav e‡j| wg_vb¨v‡ji †Kvb CH3 g~jK †bB| †cÖvcv‡bv‡b 2wU CH3 g~jK hy³ _vKvq G‡Z
†÷wiK evav †ekx nq|
DcwiD³ †÷wiK evavi Kvi‡Y wbDwK¬IwdwjK hyZ wewµqvq A¨vjwWnvBW A‡c¶v wK‡Uvb Kg mwµq|
 A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb Ges †eb‡Rv‡d‡bvb: G `y‡Uv wK‡UvbB myMwÜ wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|

 cÖK„wZ‡Z cªvß Kve©wbj †hŠ‡Mi wewfbœ Drm:

bvg Drm
1. Drm `viæwPwb| Gi MÜ
wmbvgvjwWn `viæwPwbi g‡Zv|
vBW
2. f¨vwbwjb f¨vwbjvi MÜ
3. ev`vg ev Zvi kv‡mi g‡a¨
†ebRvjwWn _v‡K|
vBW
4. mvBUªvj †jgb Nvm
wg_vb¨vj
 wg_vb¨v‡ji wk‡ívrcv`b:
1. wg_vbj †_‡K: cÖvq 500C ZvcgvÎvq DËß wmjfvi A_ev Kcvi cÖfve‡Ki Ici w`‡q wg_vb‡ji
ev®ú I evqyi wgkªY‡K Pvjbv Ki‡j wg_vbj AvswkK RvwiZ n‡q wg_vb¨vj I cvwb-ev®ú Drcbœ nq| H
wg_vb¨vj M¨vm‡K cvwb‡Z Pvjbv K‡i 30 – 40% Rjxq `ªeY ev digvwjb Drcbœ Kiv nq|
2CH3–OH(g)+O2(g) Cu ,500  C 2H–CHO(g)+2H2O(g)
2. cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi wg‡_b †_‡K evwYwR¨Kfv‡e wg_vb¨vj Drcv`b: wg‡_b mg„× cÖvK…wZK M¨vm I evqyi
wgkªY‡K 100 atm Pv‡c 250–260C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Kcvi cÖfve‡Ki Ici w`‡q Pvjbv Ki‡j
evqyi Aw·‡Rb Øviv wg‡_‡bi wbqwš¿Z Rvi‡Yi d‡j wg_vbj (CH3OH) Drcbœ nq| wmjfvi ev Kcvi
¸uovi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z wbqwš¿Z Rvi‡Yi d‡j wg_vb¨vj Drcv`b Kiv nq|
2CH4(g) + O2(g) 250C–––––– Cu
100 atm 2CH3OH(g)
wg‡_b wg_vbj
500–600C Ag 2H–CHO(g)+2H2O(g)
2CH3OH(g)+O2(g) –––––––––––
100 atm
wg_vbj wg_vb¨vj
 cix¶vMv‡i wg_vb¨vj cÖ¯‘wZ: ﮋ K¨vjwmqvg wg_v‡bv‡qU ev K¨vjwmqvg di‡gU cjb‡K ﮋ cvZb
Ki‡j wg_vb¨vj M¨vm I CaCO3 Drcbœ nq|
(HCOO)2 Ca (s) –––––   H–CHO(g) + CaCO3 (s)
K¨vjwmqvg wg_v‡bv‡qU wg_vb¨vj
  digvwjb: wg_vb¨vj nj M¨vm| wg_vb¨v‡ji 40% Rjxq `ªeY‡K digvwjb ejv nq| digvwjb GKwU
Kvh©Kix RxevYybvkK| cix¶vMv‡i RxeweÁv‡bi bgybv †hgb, g„Z Dw™¢` I RxeRš‘i †`n msi¶‡Y
digvwjb e¨eüZ nq|
 †n·vwgb: dig¨vjwWnvB‡Wi Rjxq `ªe‡Y Mvup A¨v‡gvwbqv `ªeY wgwkªZ Kwiqv DËß Kwi‡j mv`v e‡Y©i
KwVb †hŠM †n·vwgw_wjb †UÆvwgb ev †n·vwgb Drcbœ nq| †n·vwg‡bi Aci bvg BD‡ivUªwcb|
6H–CHO+4NH3(CH2)6N4+6H2O
 †n·vwgb ev †n·vwgw_wjb ev BD‡iv‡Uªvwc‡bi ms‡KZ:
N
CH2
CH2 CH2
N
CH2 CH2
N N
CH2

GwU evZR¡i I gyÎvk‡qi Ilya wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|

 wg_vb¨vj ev digvjwWnvB‡Wi e¨envi:
1. digvjwWnvB‡Wi 30–40% Rjxq `ªeY‡K digvwjb e‡j| digvwjb Kvh©Ki RxevYybvkK wn‡m‡e
RxeweÁv‡bi wewfbœ bgybv msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
2. digvjwWnvBW Ges A¨v‡gvwbqv Gi Ki‡Wb‡mkb †hŠM †n·vwgb Z_v BD‡ivUªwcb| evZR¡i Ges
gyÎvk‡qi cxovq Jla wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|
3. digvjwWnvBW I †db‡ji Kb‡Wb‡mkb cwjgvi e¨v‡KjvBU cøvw÷K Øviv †Uwj‡dvb †mU ˆZwi Kiv
nq| Avevi digvjwWnvBW BDwiqvi cwjgvi evwYwR¨Kfv‡e diwgKv bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU AvmevecÎ
ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
B_vb¨vj
 B_vb¨v‡ji wk‡ívrcv`b:

1. B_vbj †_‡K: B_vb‡ji ev®ú I evqyi wgkªY‡K 250C ZvcgvÎvq DËß wmjfvi cÖfve‡Ki Ici w`‡q
Pvjbv Ki‡j B_vb‡ji ev®ú evqyi Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ n‡q B_vb¨vj ev A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvB‡W cwiYZ
nq| G cÖwµqvq myj‡f A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvB‡Wi wk‡ívrcv`b Kiv nq|
2CH3–CH2 OH + O2 Ag,250  C 2CH3–CHO + 2H2O
2. A¨vwmwUwjb †_‡K: cÖvq 60C ZvcgvÎvq DËß cÖfveKiƒ‡c 1–2% gviwKDwiK mvj‡dU wgwkªZ
20% H2SO4 Gi wgkª-`ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ A¨vwmwUwjb ev B_vBb M¨vm Pvjbv K‡i A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvB‡Wi
wk‡ívrcv`b Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î A¨vwmwUwj‡bi mv‡_ GK AYy cvwb hy³ n‡q cÖ_ ‡g A¯’vqx wfbvBj
A¨vj‡Kvnj I c‡i GwU cybwe©b¨vm cÖwµqvq A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvB‡Wi cwiYZ nq|
20% H2SO4 CH  CH  –––––––––
HCCH+H–OH–––––––––––––––––––– cybwe©b¨vm CH3–CHO
2% Hg SO4: 60C H 
OH

100
 A¨vwmwUwjb cvwb wfbvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW
ev B_vBb ev B_vb¨vj

G cÖYvjx‡Z Drcv`b m¤¢vebv cÖvq 90% Ges Drcvw`Z A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW cÖvq 99.5% weï× nq|

3. K¨vjwmqvg B_v‡bv‡qU †_‡K: K¨vjwmqvg B_v‡bv‡qU I K¨vjwmqvg wg_v‡bv‡qU ev di‡g‡Ui wgkªY‡K

ﮋ cvZb Ki‡j B_vb¨vj I CaCO3 Drcbœ nq|
(CH3–COO)2 Ca + (H–COO)2 Ca ––  2CH3CHO+2CaCO3
K¨vjwmqvg B_v‡bv‡qU K¨vjwmqvg wg_v‡bv‡qU B_vb¨vj
 B_vb¨v‡ji cix¶vMvi cÖ¯‘wZ: B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ev B_vbj‡K 40–50 C ZvcgvÎvq jNy H2SO4
wgwkªZ cUvwmqvg WvB‡µv‡gU Øviv RvwiZ K‡i B_vb¨vj cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
K2Cr2O7 CH3–CHO(l) + H2O (l)
CH3–CH2OH+[O] –––––––––––––––
jNy H2SO4 
B_vbj (1 A¨vj‡Kvnj) B_vb¨vj

 B_vb¨vj (A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW):
1.B_vb¨vj Gi UªvBgvi c¨vivjwWnvBW bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU Ny‡gi Jl‡ai Dcv`vb|
2.B_vb¨vj e¨envi K‡i KxUbvkK wWwWwU ˆZwi Kiv nq|
3.Kvu‡Pi Mv‡q avZzi cÖ‡jcb w`‡q Avqbv (`c©b) cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z Ges iÄK wk‡íI B_vb¨vj e¨eüZ nq|
†cÖvcv‡bvb
 †cÖvcv‡bv‡bi cix¶vMvi cÖ¯‘wZ: †m‡KÛvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj 2-†cÖvcvbj ev AvB‡mv-†cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K
50–60C ZvcgvÎvq jNy H2SO4 wgwkªZ cUvwmqvg WvB‡µv‡gU Øviv RvwiZ K‡i †cÖvcv‡bvb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv
hvq|
H
K2Cr2O7
CH3–C–OH + [O] ––––––––––––––– CH3-CO-CH3 + H2O (l)
jNy H2SO4 
CH3
2- †cÖvcvbj (2 A¨vj‡Kvnj)
ev, AvB‡mv-†cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj

 †cÖvcv‡bvb (A¨vwm‡Uvb) Gi e¨envi:

1. cÖcv‡bvb GKwU fvj `ªveK| GRb¨ GwU nail polish remover wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| †mjy‡jvR,
†cB›U Ges evwb©k Gi `ªveK wn‡m‡e A¨vwm‡Uvb Gi e¨envi AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK|

2. mvj‡dvbvj bvgK Ny‡gi Jla ˆZwi‡Z cÖcv‡bvb e¨envi Kiv nq|

3. †mjyj‡qW cvi‡U· bvgK cøvw÷K KuvP Ges cwjKve©‡bU cøvw÷K ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 B_vb¨vj I cÖcv‡bv‡bi cv_©K¨:
CH3-CHO CH3-CO-
CH3
 weKviK Drcv` Drcv`
1. wmjfvi `c©b `c©b MwVZ nq
A¨v‡gvwbqvK¨vj MwVZ nq| bv|
AgNO3
`ªeYmn Zvc
2. †dwjs jvj e‡Y©i jvj Aat‡¶c
`ªeYmn Zvc Cu2O c‡o bv|
Aat‡¶c c‡o|
3. Av‡qv‡Wvdig cix¶v
i) NaOH/I2 Av‡qv‡Wvdig Av‡qv‡Wvdig
Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Gi njy` Gi njy`
Zvc Aat‡¶c c‡o| Aat‡¶c c‡o|
ii) †Kvb cwieZ©b Av‡qv‡Wvdi‡g
NH4OH/I2 †`Lv hvq bv| njy` Aat‡¶c
mn Zvc c‡o|
 U‡jb weKviK: WvB A¨vwgb wmjfvi nvBWª·vB‡Wi eY©nxb `ªeY‡K Ujb weKviK ejv nq|
wmjfvi bvB‡Uª‡Ui Rjxq `ªe‡Y NaOH `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j wmjfvi nvBWª·vB‡Wi Aat‡¶c cvIqv hvq|
GB Aat‡¶c `ªexf~Z bv nIqv ch©šÍ A¨v‡gvwbqvg nvBWª·vBW †hvM Kwiqv †h eY©nxb `ªeY cvIqv hvq Zv
A¨v‡gvwbqvhy³ wmjfvi bvB‡UªU `ªeY A_©vr WvB A¨vwgb wmjfvi nvBWª·vBW ev U‡jb weKviK bv‡g
cwiwPZ|
AgNO3+NaOH  AgOH  + NaNO3
AgOH+2NH4OH  Ag(NH3)2OH+2H2O
WvB A¨vwgb wmjfvi nvBWª·vBW (U‡jb weKviK)
digvjwWnvB‡Wi mv‡_ U‡jb weKvi‡Ki wewµqv:
digvjwWnvBW U‡jb weKviK‡K weRvwiZ K‡i avZe wmjfvi `c©Y cÖ`k©b K‡i hv cix¶vb‡ji mgMÖ
Mv‡Î Avqbvi b¨vq PKPK K‡i|
H–CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OH2Ag+HCOONH4+H2O+3NH3
 †dnwjs `ªeY: †mvwWqvg cUvwmqvg UviUv‡iU Avqb I wKDwcÖK Avq‡bi mshyw³i d‡j MwVZ RwUj Avq‡bi
¶vixq `ªeY‡K †dnwjs `ªeY e‡j|
†mvwWqvg cUvwkqvg UviUv‡iU ¶vixq `ªeY I wKDwcÖK mvj‡d‡Ui Rjxq `ªeY GK‡Î wgwkªZ Kwi‡j †h
bxj `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z nq DnvB †dnwjs `ªeY bv‡g cwiwPZ|
digvjwWnvB‡Wi mwnZ †dnwjs `ªe‡Yi wewµqv: digvjwWnvBW bxj e‡Y©i DËß †dnwjs `ªeY‡K
weRvwiZ K‡i wKDcÖvm A·vB‡Wi jvj e‡Y©i Aat‡¶c Drcbœ K‡i Ges ¯^qs RvwiZ n‡q diwgK
Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq| Drcbœ diwgK GwmW ¶v‡ii mwnZ wewµqv K‡i di‡gU jeY MVb K‡i|
CuSO4+2NaOHCu(OH)2+Na2SO4
Cu(OH)2–––  CuO+H2O
H–CHO+2CuOCu2O+HCOOH
102
 H COOH+NaOHH COONa+H2O
H–CHO+2Cu(OH)2+NaOH––– Cu2O+HCOONa+3H2O
jvj Aat‡¶c
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewµqv mg~n

1. †cÖvcvbj2 †K †µvwgK GwmW Øviv RviY Ki‡j wK‡Uvb cvIqv hvq|

K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
CH3  CH  CH3 CH3 COCH3 +H2O
[O]
OH

--HCHO Gi 40% Rjxq `ªeY‡K digvwjb e‡j|

--g„Z†`n msi¶Y Kwi‡Z digvwjb e¨envi Kiv nq|\
2. K¨vjwmqvg di‡gU‡K ﮋ cvZb Ki‡j wg_vb¨vj cvIqv hvq|
cvZb

(HCOO)2Ca H-CHO+CaCO3
3. K¨vjwmqvg di‡gU I K¨vjwmqvg Gwm‡UU‡K ﮋ cvZb Ki‡j GwmUvjwWnvBU cvIqv hvq|
(HCOO)2Ca+ (CH3cvZb COO)2Ca CH3-CHO+CaCO3
4. B_vbj‡K †µvwgK GwmW Øviv RviY Kwi‡j A¨vwmUvj wWnvBW cvIqv hvq|
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
CH3  CH2  OH CH3 CHO + H2O
[O]

5. Kve©wbj †hŠM mbv³ Ki‡Z n‡j 2, 4- WvBbvB‡UªvwdbvBj nvBWªvwRb/ Brady's Reagent e¨envi
Kiv nq|
H
NO2

CH3  C = O+ H2N  NH NO2

NO2
H
CH3  C = N  NH NO2 + H2O

njy` / Kgjv

6. †cÖvcv‡bvb cÖ¯‘wZ:
CH3

CHOH Cu
CH3 CH3CO-CH3+H2
350o C

7. n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv:
NaOH Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †K¬vwib, †eªvwgb I A¨v‡qvwWb B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ev A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW ev
A¨vwm‡Uv‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i, †K¬v‡ivdig, †eªv‡gvdig I Av‡qv‡Wvdig Drcbœ K‡i| n¨v‡jv‡Rb
hy³ GB †hŠM¸wj‡K n¨v‡jvdig e‡j Ges G‡`i cÖ¯‘wZi GB wewµqv‡K n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv e‡j|‡hgb:
 A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvB‡Wi mv‡_ Av‡qvwWb I KwóK cUv‡ki wewµqv:
H3C–CHO+3I2+4KOH–––  CHI3+HCOOK+3H2O+3KI
8. MÖxMbvW© weKviK + H  CHO  1 A¨vj‡Kvnj
MÖxMbvW© weKviK + CH3  CHO  2 A¨vj‡Kvnj
MÖxMbvW© weKviK + CH3COCH3  3 A¨vj‡Kvnj
MÖxMbvW© weKviK + CO2  ˆRe GwmW|
9. †cÖvcv‡bvb mbv³KiY:
cix¶vq ˆRe †hŠM‡K Av‡qvwWb I NaOH mn DËß Ki‡j Av‡qv‡Wvd‡g©i njy` Aa:†¶c Drcbœ nq|
CH3CO-CH3+I2+NaOH CHI3+
CH3COONa+NaI+H2O
10. Kve©wbj †hŠ‡Mi weRviY:
CH3CHO+2[H] LiAlH 4
CH3CH2OH
﯋ B_vi
CH3 CH3

CH3C =O+2[H] LiAlH 4

CH3CHOH
﯋ B_vi
11. K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv:  -nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wenxb A¨vjwWnvBW-Gi mwnZ Mvp Kw÷K ¶vi wgwkªZ K‡i
DËß Ki‡j AvšÍtAvYweK RviY-weRviY cÖwµqvq GK AYy weRvwiZ n‡q cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvn‡j Ges GK
Aci AYy RvwiZ n‡q Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ nq| GB wewµqv‡K K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv e‡j|
A¨vwj‡dwUK †kªYxi dig¨vjwWnvBW Ges A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †kªYxi †ebRvjwWnvB‡W  -nvB‡Wªv‡Rb AYycw¯’Z
e‡j Giv K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
RviY

H – CHO + HCHO + NaOH  HCOONa + H-CH2-OH

wg_vb¨vj †mvwWqvg di‡gU wg_vbj
weRviY
CHO+ CHO+NaOH COONa+ CH2OH
†ebR¨vjwWnvBW †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU
†ebRvRvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj

 K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqvi kZ©:

- Kve©‡b H wenxb A¨vjwWnvBW
Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki cv‡ki Kve©b‡K - Kve©b e‡j|
 
H 3 C  C H 2  CHO

104
 g‡b ivL‡e, mPivPi K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv †`q- wZbwU †hŠM
i. H-CHO ii. (CH3)3-C-CHO

iii. CHO iv. R3C-CHO (Kgb)

evwK †hŠM ¸‡jv mvaviYZ †`q bv-

we‡kl `„wó AvKl©Y: K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqvi wecix‡Z| Dc‡ii wZbwU †hŠM-
A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv w`‡e bv|
A_©vr - Kve©‡b H _vK‡jB A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv w`‡e|
(Aldol = aldehyde + -ol = aldehyde + Alcohol)
12. A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv: -nvB‡Wªv‡Rb we`¨gvb GBiƒc `ywU A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb AYy mvaviY
ZvcgvÎvq jNy ¶vi ev Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †h cÖwµqvq nvBWªw· A¨vjwWnvBW ev nvBWªw· wK‡Uv‡b
cwiYZ nq Zv‡K A¨vjWj ev wKUj e‡j Ges GB RvZxq wewµqv A¨vjWj Nbxfeb bv‡g cwiwPZ|
i. CH3CHO+HCH2CHOdilNaOH –––– CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO
(`yB AYy A¨vwmUvj wWnvBW) A¨vjWj
ii. (CH3)2CO+HCH2–CO–CH3Ba(OH) ––––2 (CH3)2 C(OH) CH2COCH3
(`yB AYy A¨vwm‡Uvb) WvB A¨vwm‡Uvb A¨vj‡Kvnj (wKUj)
13. wK¬‡gbmb weRviY: wRsK cvi` msKi Ges DËß nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi wewµqvi Drcbœ Rvqgvb
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uv‡bi weRvi‡Yi d‡j mswkøó nvB‡WªvKve©b MVb Kwievi cÖwµqv‡K
wK¬‡gbmb weRviY e‡j|
Zn(Hg) + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + 2[H]
O
|| Zn–Hg
mv: we: R–C–H + 4[H] ––––– R–CH3+H2O
O HCl 
|| Zn–Hg
D`v: CH3–C–H+4[H] ––––– CH3–CH3 (B‡_b) + H2O
HCl 
O
|| Zn–Hg
mv: we: R–C–R+4[H] ––––– R–CH2–R+H2O
HCl 
Zn–Hg
D`v: CH3–CO–CH3+4[H] ––––– CH3–CH2–CH3+H2O
HCl 
†cÖv‡cb

14. †iv‡RbgvÛ weRviY: †ewiqvg mvj‡d‡Ui Dc‡i Aatw¶ß c¨vjvwWqvg cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv A¨vwmW †K¬vivBW‡K weRvwiZ K‡i A¨vjwWnvBW cÖ¯‘Z Kwievi cÖYvjx †iv‡RbgvÛ
weRviY bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Pd-BaSO4
R–CO–Cl+H2 –––––– R–CHO+HCl
Pd-BaSO4
CH3–CO–Cl+H2 –––––– CH3–CHO+HCl
 †ebRvjwWnvBW

 †ebRvjwWnvBW cÖ¯‘wZ:
CH3 CH3
V2O5
O O
500C
+ O2 + + H2O

CH3 CHO
O
CrO2Cl2
O

+ H2O

 cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨:
 †ebRvjwWnvBW A¨vjWj Nbxfe‡b AskMÖnY K‡i bv| wKš‘ K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i|
 †ebRvjwWnvBW wZ³ ev`v‡gi ˆZj wnmv‡e cwiwPZ|
 wmbvgvjwWnvBW Gi ms‡KZ n‡jv C6H5-CH=CH-CHO.
 wmbvwgK Gwm‡Wi ms‡KZ n‡jv C6H5CH=CHCOOH.
 †ebRvgvB‡Wi ms‡KZ n‡jv C6H5-CO-NH2.

 A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

cix¶vmg~n A¨vjwWnvBW wK‡Uvb
1. 2, 4– 2, 4– 2, 4–
WvBbvB‡UªvwdbvBj WvBbvB‡UªvwdbvBj WvBbvB‡UªvwdbvBj
nvB‡WªvwRb `ªeY nvB‡Wªv‡Rvb Gi nvB‡Wªv‡Rvb Gi
njy` Aat‡¶c njy` Aat‡¶c
c‡o c‡o
2. †dwjs `ªeY `ªeY‡K weRvwiZ wewµqv †bB
K‡i wKDcÖvm
A·vB‡Wi jvj
Aat‡¶c m„wó
K‡i
3. U‡jb weKviK `ªeY‡K weRvwiZ wewµqv †bB
K‡i wmjfvi
`c©b Drcbœ K‡i

106
A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvB‡Wi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi msw¶ß weeiY:

digvjwWnvBW ivmvqwbK wewµqvq msw¶ß weeiY:

 GwmW I Dnv‡`i RvZKmg~n
 ˆRe GwmW: ˆRe Gwm‡W g~jZ Kve©w·j g~jK ev mvj‡dvwbK GwmW g~jK _v‡K| Kve©w·j g~jKwU
GKwU Kve©bvBj g~jK I GKwU nvBWªw·j g~j‡Ki mgš^‡q MwVZ| †hgb:
R–COOH, R–SO3H
A¨vwj‡dwUK Kve©w·wjK GwmW‡K d¨vwU GwmWI ejv nq| KviY ˆZj ev Pwe©‡K (C15–C18) Av`ª©
we‡kølb Ki‡j d¨vwU GwmW cvIqv hvq|
jNy
†hgb: Pwe© ev ˆZj + cvwb –––––
GwmW ˆRe GwmW + wMømvwib
  COOH g~jK †gUv wb‡`©kK|
 g‡bv-Kve©w·wjK GwmW:COOH
O

H - COOH CH3COOH
wg_v‡bvwqK GwmW B_v‡bvwqK GwmW †eb‡RvwqK GwmW
 WvB Kve©w·wjK GwmW: hLb `ywU -COOH _v‡K
†hgb:
O
–––– My Son Go
A·vwjK –––– ––––
g¨v‡jwbK mvKwmwbK ––––
M-yUvwiK
And
–––– Pray Sincerly –––––
–––– And Silently Dc‡ii WvB Kve©w·wjK GwmW‡K O
A¨vwWwcK wc‡gwjK ––––
my‡ewiK A¨vR‡jwqK ––––
†mevwmK
My Son Go And Pray Sincerely And Silently GK ev‡K¨i cÖ_g eY© Øviv g‡b ivLv
hvq|
AviI `ywU WvB Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi bvg:
i. UviUvwiK GwmW: HOOC–(OH)CH–HC(OH)–COOH
ii. _¨vwjK GwmW: C6H4–(COOH)2 (A¨v‡iv‡gwUK WvBKve©w·wjK GwmW)
COOH CH2-COOH
| |
COOH CH2-COOH

108
 A·vwjK mvKwmwbK
GwmW GwmW
 A¨vwj‡dwUK g‡bvKve©w·wjK GwmW †kÖYx‡K d¨vwU GwmW e‡j|
 m¤c„³ d¨vwU GwmW:
(i) †cÖvcv‡qvwbK GwmW CH3 CH2 COOH
(ii) w÷qvwiK GwmW C17H35COONa
 Am¤c„³ d¨vwU GwmW:
(i) A¨v‡µvwjK GwmW CH2 = CH COOH
(ii) wj‡gvwbK GwmW C17 H31 COOH

 A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivB‡Wi ms‡KZ n‡jv:

CH3COCl
 A¨vwmwUK A¨vbnvBWªvBW Gi ms‡KZ n‡jv:
CH3-CO-O-CO-CH3
 Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi RvZK 4 cÖKvi|
---(K) GwmW n¨vjvBW, R-COX
---(L) GwmW A¨vgvBW, R-CO-NH2
---(M) G÷vi, R-COOR
---(N) GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW, R-CO-OCOR
 GwmW RvZKmg~‡ni wk퇶‡Î e¨envi Av‡Q| A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBj Ges A¨vbnvBWªvBWmg~n
m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW †_‡K A¨vmwcwib Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq|†cwbwmwj‡bi `ªveK iƒ‡c weDUvBj A¨vwm‡UU
G÷vi e¨eüZ nq| GQvov ˆZj, is, evwb©k, †mjy‡jvR cÖf…wZi DËg `ªveK n‡jv G÷vi|
 GwmW¸wji kw³kvjxi µg:
CH3COOHClCH2COOH Cl2CHCOOH
Cl3 C-COOH
 cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨:
 Gwm‡Wi jeYmg~n AvqwbK KwVb c`v_© Ges †KjvmvKvi| cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq Kve©w·‡jU g~jK
cvwbi mv‡_ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MVb K‡i| Z‡e wbgœZi m`m¨ jeY mg~n cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq| wKš‘ `xN©
nvB‡WªvKv©eY wkKjhy³ ˆRe Gwm‡Wi jeY¸‡jv cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq|
 diwgK GwmW mvaviY Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ ZxeªZi Ges A¨vwmwUK GwmW A‡c¶v 12 ¸b †ewk kw³kvjx|
 6-10% A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi Rjxq `ªeY‡K wf‡bMvi e‡j|
 Abv`ª© I 100% weï× A¨vwmwUK GwmW‡K Møvwmqvj A¨vwmwUK GwmW e‡j|
 jvj wcucov, †evjZv, †gŠgvwQ Mø¨v‡Û diwgK GwmW (HCOOH) _v‡K|
 U‡jb weKviK I †dwjs `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ A¨vwmwUK A¨vwmW †Kvb wewµqv †`q bv KviY G¨vwmwUK GwmW
weRviY agx© b‡n|
 HgCl2 I Mvp H2SO4 Gi mv‡_ A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi †Kvb wewµqv †bB|
 diwgK GwmW Cl2 Gi mv‡_ †Kvb wewµqv K‡i bv|
 diwgK GwmW KMnO4 `ªeY‡K weeY© Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ A¨vwmwUK GwmW cv‡i bv|
  diwgK GwmW K¨v‡KvWvBj cix¶v †`q bv|
 A¨vgvBW g~j‡Ki ms‡KZ n‡jv : -CO-NH2
 Aweï× Ae¯’vq A¨vwmU¨vgvBW Bu`y‡ii MÜhy³ nq|
 g‡bv‡K¬v‡iv A¨vwmwUK GwmW A¨vwmwUK GwmW A‡c¶v 40 ¸Y AwaK kw³kvjx|
 gvB‡KvWvg©v A¨v‡mwU GK cÖKvi e¨vK‡Uwiqv| A¨vwmwUK GwmW ˆZix‡Z AbyNUK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
 weÁvbx †d«WvwiK Dnjvi me© cÖ_g NH4CNO †_‡K BDwiqv cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib|
 A¨vjKvBj mvqvbvBW‡K bvBUªvBj e‡j|
 wg_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi wk‡ívrcv`b:
(i) CO+ NaOH 6  10atm HCOONa
210 0 C
HCOONa+ H2SO4 cvZb  HCOOH +Na2SO4
Pt , 
(ii) CH3OH+O2  HCOOH+H2O
wg_v‡bvwqK GwmW
 B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi wk‡ívrcv`b:
A¨vwmwUwjb †_‡K: †c‡Uªvwjqv‡gi Zvc we‡hvR‡b Drcbœ A¨vwmwUwjb M¨vm‡K 60C ZvcgvÎvq DËß
1% gviwKDwiK mvj‡dU I 20% H2SO4 Gwm‡Wi Rjxq `ªe‡Y Pvjbv Kiv nq| d‡j B_vb¨vj ev
A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW Drcbœ nq| G‡¶‡Î HgSO4 I jNy H2SO cÖfveKiƒ‡c wµqv K‡i|
20%H2SO4
CH  CH + H2O –––––––––––– CH3–CHO
1% HgSO4 60C
B_vBb ev A¨vwmwUwjb B_vb¨vj ev
A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW

Drcbœ A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW‡K g¨v½vbvm A¨vwm‡UU cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 60C ZvcgvÎvq evqyi

Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ K‡i jNy B_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev A¨vwmwUK GwmW Drcv`b Kiv nq|
Mn++.60C
2CH3–CHO ––––––– 2CH3–COOH
B_vb¨vj ev B_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev
A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW A¨vwmwUK GwmW

 †Møwmqvj A¨vwmwUK GwmW: Abv`©ª I 100% weï× B_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev A¨vwmwUK GwmW‡K †Møwmqvj
B_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev A¨vwmwUK GwmW (glacial acetic acid) e‡j| GB weï× B_v‡bvwqK GwmW‡K kxZj
Ki‡j Zv 17 C ZvcgvÎvq ei‡di b¨vq eY©nxb †Kjvmiƒ‡c R‡g I‡V| GRb¨B Abv`©ª I weï× B_v‡bvwqK
GwW‡K †Møwmqvj B_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev A¨vwmwUK GwmW ejv nq|

 wf‡bMvi (Vinegar): A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi 6–10% Rjxq `ªeY‡K wf‡bMvi ejv nq| evwYwR¨Kfv‡e
cÖ¯‘Z wf‡bMv‡i wKQz Lv`¨e¯‘i is I myMwÜ e¯‘ wgwkªZ Kiv nq| wf‡bMvi we‡klZ d‡ji AvPvi msi¶‡Y,
my¨‡ci ¯^v` e„wׇZ, gvQ gvsm ivbœvi Kv‡R, mvjvZ ˆZwi I wd«R cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|

110
 wg_v‡bvwqK GwmW I B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
ˆewkó¨ wg_v‡bvwqK GwmW B_v‡bvwqK
GwmW
weRvib weRvib ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i U‡jb
ag©: Ges U‡jb weKvi‡Ki I weKviK I
ms‡M `c©b Ges †dwjs †dwjs `ªeb
`ªe‡bi mv‡_ Cu2O Gi †K weRvwiZ
jvj Aat‡¶c †`q K‡i bv|
 HCOOH
U‡jb weKviK
––––––––
Ag + H2O+
(NH4)2 CO3
 HCOOH
†dwjs
––––
`ªeb
Cu2O + H2O +
Na2CO3
 †ebRwqK Gwm‡Wi wk‡ívrcv`b:
1. UjyBb †_‡K †eb‡RvwqK GwmW: f¨vbvwWqvg †c›U·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z, 300C ZvcgvÎvq UjyBb‡K evqyi
mvnv‡h¨ RvwiZ Ki‡j †eb‡RvwqK GwmW cvIqv hvq|
2 V2O5 2
CH3 + 3O2 –––––––––– COOH + 2H2O
300C
UjyBb †eb‡RvwqK GwmW

V2O5- Gi cwie‡Z© Co-Mn-A¨vwm‡UU cÖfveK e¨envi Ki‡j 170C-G RviY wµqv m¤úbœ nq|
2. †eb‡Rv UªvB‡K¬vivBW †_‡K: dzUšÍ UjyBb‡K †K¬vwi‡bkb Ki‡j †eb‡Rv UªvB‡K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq| c‡i
†eb‡Rv UªvB‡K¬vivBW‡K †jŠn P~‡Y©i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Rjxq Ca(OH)2 mn‡hv‡M Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j †eb‡RvwqK
GwmW Drcbœ nq|
CH3 + 
3Cl2 –––– CCl3 + 3HCl
UjyBb †eb‡Rv UªvB‡K¬vivBW

CCl3 + 2H2O Ca(OH)

–––––––2 COOH + 3HCl
Fe P~Y©
†eb‡Rv UªvB‡K¬vivBW †eb‡RvwqK GwmW

 mvevb: D”PZi d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi †mvwWqvg I cUvwmqvg jeY‡K mvevb e‡j|

mvevb I wMømvwib Drcv`‡bi g~jbxwZ: ˆZj I Pwe©‡K NaOH `ªeY Øviv A_ev KOH `ªeY Øviv Av`ª©
we‡kølY Ki‡j h_vµ‡g †mvwWqvg mvevb I cUvwmqvg mvevb, wMømvwib ev wMømvij Drcbœ nq| G‡K
m¨v‡cvwbwd‡Kkb ev mvevbvqb ejv nq|
CH2OCOC17H35 CH2 OH
 CHOH (l) + 3C17H35CO2Na(s)
CHOCOC17H35 + 3 NaOH(aq) –––
CH2OCOC17H35 CH2 OH †mvwWqvg †÷qv‡iU
wMømvivBj UªvB‡÷qv‡iU wMømvij (†mvwWqvg mvevb)
 O O
CH3– C – OH + C2H5O–H –––––
HCl CH3–C– OC2H5 + H2O
B_v‡bvwqK GwmW B_vbj B_vBj B_v‡bv‡qU

¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewµqv

 wWKve©w·‡jkb: Kve©w·wjK GwmW ev Gi †mvwWqvg jeY‡K †mvWv jvBgmn DËß Ki‡j wWKve©w·‡jkb
ev CO2 Acmvi‡Yi d‡j m¤ú„³ A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b A_ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b Drcbœ nq|
G wewµqv‡K wWKve©w·‡jkb ejv nq|

D`vniY: †mvwWqvg †cÖvwc‡qv‡bU‡K †mvWvjvBgmn DËß Ki‡j CO2 Acmvi‡Yi d‡j B‡_b Drcbœ
nq|
CH3CH2COOH + NaOH  CH3CH2 COONa + H2O
 CH3–CH3+Na2CO3.CaO
CH3–CH2–COONa +NaO–H.CaO–––
†mvwWqvg †cÖvwc‡qv‡bU †mvWv jvBg

 ˆRe †hŠM ms‡køl‡Yi Av‡ivn c×wZ: A¨vmvBj n¨vjvBW MV‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvb GwmW †_‡K Gi D”PZi
GwmW ms‡kølY Kiv hvq, G‡K Av‡ivn c×wZ e‡j| †hgb-
R–COOH –––––PCl5 RCO.Cl H 2/Pd
––––– R–CHO ––––[H] R–CH2–OH
R–CH2 OH –––––PCl KCN
5 RCH2.Cl ––––– [H2O]
 R.CH2.CN ––––––
H+  R.CH2.COOH

 †iv‡RbgvÛ weRviY:
Pd, BaSO4
RCOCl + H2 RCHO+HCl

 cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K RviY Ki‡j A¨vjwWnvBW, A¨vjwWnvB‡K RviY Ki‡j GwmW, GwmW‡K RviY
Ki‡j Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW I cvwb cvIqv hvq|
R–CH2–OH+[O] ––––––– K2Cr2O7 R–CHO+[O]
H2SO4
 RCOOH+[O]  CO2+H2O
 bvBUªvBj ev mvqvbvBW‡K Av`ª©we‡kølY Ki‡j ˆRe GwmW cvIqv hvq|
R–CN+H2O –––– H+ RCOOH + NH3

 K. A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K Zxeª GwmWxq cUvwkqvg WvB‡Kv‡gU Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j ˆRe GwmW cvIqv hvq|
R–CH2OH+[O]  RCOOH
CH3–CH2–OH+[O]  CH3COOH
112
 L. A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K g„`y GwmWxq K2Cr2O7 Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j A¨vjwWnvBW cvIqv hvq|
R–CH2OH+[O]  R–CHO
 i. ˆRe GwmW‡K kw³kvjx weRviK Øviv weRviY Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kvnj cvIqv hvq|
RCOOH+[H] ––––LiAlH4 R–CH2OH+H2O
ii. ˆRe GwmW‡K HCl ev H2/Ni D”P Pvc Øviv weRviY Ki‡jI A¨vj‡Kvnj cvIqv hvq|
RCOOH+[H] –––– Ni/H2 R–CH2OH
iii. wKš‘ ˆRe GwmW‡K wb‡Kj cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi mv‡_ DËvwcZ n‡q A¨vj‡Kb ˆZwi
K‡i|
CH3–COOH+[H] ––––– Ni/H2  CH3–CH3
 ˆRe Gwm‡W wbiæ`b NU‡j A¨vbnvBWªvBW ˆZix nj:
2RCOOH ––––– P2O5 (RCO)2O+H2O
H2O
†hgb: B_vbwqK GwmW †_‡K wbiæ`‡bi gva¨‡g GwmwUK A¨vbnvBWªvBW ˆZwi nq|
CH3COOH––––– P2O5 (CH3CO)2O+H2O
H2O
 bvBUªvBj:
nvB‡WªvKve©‡Yi GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy mvqvbvBW g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j, Drcbœ †hŠM‡K
bvBUªvBj e‡j| bvBUªvB‡ji mvaviY ms‡KZ, RCN
 ˆRe Gwm‡Wi RvZK¸wji cÖ¯‘wZ:
1. G÷vwiwd‡Kkb:
R  COOH + R OH –––– HCl R-COOR+H2O
G÷vi
O O

CH3–C–OH + C2H5OH ––– CH3–C–OC2H5 + H2O
B_v‡bvwqK GwmW B_vbj B_vBj B_vb‡qU

2. A¨vmvBj nvjvBW:
R- COOH + PCl5  R-CO-Cl
A¨vmvBj‡K¬vivBW
+ POCl3+HCl
O O
 CH3–C–Cl(l) + POCl3(l) + HCl(g)
CH3–C–OH (l) + PCl5 (l) –––
B_v‡bvwqK GwmW B_v‡bvwqj †K¬vivBW

3. A¨vgvBW:
O O
 2R–C–ONH4(s)+CO2(g) + H2O(g)
2R–C–OH(l) + (NH4)2 CO3 (s) –––
O O
R–C–ONH4 (s) [RCOOH] R–C–NH2(s) + H2 O(g)
––––––––––––
100–200C
 4. GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW:
2 RCOOH –––– P2O5 R-CO-OCOR + H2O
GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW
O O O O
CH3–C–OH + H–O–C–CH3 P O  CH3–C–O–C–CH3 + H2O
2 5
–––––––

 GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvB‡Wi weRviY:

LiAlH4 2RCH2 OH
(RCO)2O+8[H] ––––––
Na–Hg 2RCHO + H2O
+ H2O (RCO)2O + 4[H] + ––––––
H2O

 COOH g~jK mbv³KiY: ˆRe Gwm‡W NaHCO3 †hvM Ki‡j CO2 Gi ey`ey` wbM©Z nq hv Pz‡bi
cvwb‡K ‡Nvjv K‡i|

RCOOH+NaHCO3RCOONa+H2O+CO2
Ca(OH)2+CO2CaCO3+H2O
 KwZcq KZK¸wj †hŠ‡Mi ms‡KZ:
COOH COOH
CH3 COOH
O O O
COOH
†eb‡RvwqK GwmW UjyBK GwmW
_¨vwjK GwmW
C17H35 COONa RSO4Na SO3Na
mvevb wWUvi‡R›U O

R
wWUvi‡R›U

[CO(CH2)4 CONH (CH2)6NH]n

bvBjb 6 : 6
H2NCONH2 RCN
BDwiqv bvBUªvBj
CH2OOCR CH2COOH
CHOOCR C(OH)COOH
CH2OOCR CH2COOH
ˆZj I Pwe© mvBwUªK GwmW

114
 wbgœZg A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji G÷vi¸‡jv wgwó MÜ hy³ hv G‡`i mbv³Ki‡b mnvqZv K‡i| AwaKvsk dj I
dz†ji M‡Üi cÖavb KviY n‡”Q G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖavb Dcv`vb wnmv‡e 1wU wbw`©ó G÷vi i‡q‡Q|
--(i) cvKv Kjv : †c›UvBj B_vb‡qU
--(ii) Avbvim : B_vBj weDUvb‡qU
--(iii) Kgjv : A±vBj B_vb‡qU
--(iv) bvkcvwZ : 3- wg_vBj weDUvBj B_v‡bv‡qU
 †cÖvwUb n‡jv, bvB‡Uªv‡Rbhy³ RwUj ˆRe †hŠM hv AmsL¨K ¶z`ª A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW GK‡Ki †ccUvBW
e܇b MwVZ|
 †cÖvwU‡bi g‡bvgvi GKK n‡jv, A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW mg~n, GB me A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi  Kve©‡Y
A¨vgvB‡bv g~jK hy³ _v‡K| ZvB G‡`i‡K  A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW e‡j|
R  CH  COOH

NH2

 bvBjb 6:6 cÖ¯‘wZ:

HOOC  (CH2)4 COOH+H2N (CH2)6 NH2 
A¨vwWwcK GwmW

HOOC(CH2)4CONH(CH2)6NH2+H2O
n[HOOC(CH2)4CONH(CH2)6NH2] 
[OC(CH2)4CONH(CH2)6NH]n +nH2O
bvBjb 6:6
¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨envi

1. B_v‡bvwqK (A¨vwmwUK) Gwm‡Wi e¨envi:

 A¨vwm‡Uvb I K…wÎg wmé Drcv`‡b, G÷vi Drcv`‡b, is wk‡í, cPb wbeviK, gviwKD‡µvg
cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z|
 Drcvw`Z B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi cÖvq meUvB B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvB‡WªvBW, †dweªK A¨vwm‡UU †iqb I
A¨vmwcwib Jlya ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
 †K¬v‡iv B_v‡bvwqK GwmW K…wl‡¶‡Î AvMvQv `g‡b e¨eüZ nq|
 GQvov cix¶vMv‡i weKviKiƒ‡c B_v‡bvwqK GwmW e¨eüZ nq|
 gvQ I gvs‡mi msi¶‡Y wmK©v ev wf‡bMvi bv‡g jNy A¨vwmwUK GwmW e¨eüZ nq|
2. B_vBi A¨vwm‡UU Gi e¨envi:
i. K…wÎg myMwÜ cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
ii. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †mjy‡jv‡Ri `ªveK iƒ‡c
 iii. Pg© †iv‡Mi Jla wn‡m‡e
3. †ebRwqK GwmW I Gi †mvwWqvg jeY Gi e¨envi:
i. Lv`¨ I dm‡ji im msi¶‡Y
ii. is Drcv`‡b (†hgb- A¨vwbwjb eøy) I
iii. Jl‡a e¨eüZ nq|
4. G÷v‡ii e¨envi:
 G÷vi wewfbœ K…wÎg myMÜKviKiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 ˆZj, is, evwb©k, Mvg, †mjy‡jvR cÖf„wZi `ªeKiƒ‡c G÷vi e¨eüZ nq| weDUvBj-A¨vwm‡UU Ô†cwbwmwjbÕ
Gi `ªeK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| GQvov †iwRb, cøvw÷K cÖf„wZi DËig `ªeKiƒ‡c G÷v‡ii e¨envi Av‡Q|
 Lv`¨ I cvbxq e¯‘ my¯^v`y Ges myMÜhy³ Kivi Rb¨I G÷vimg~n e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-
 B_vBj A¨vwm‡UU we‡kl K‡i `ªveK wn‡m‡e, K…wÎg, myMÜx KviK wn‡m‡e, Lv`¨e¯‘ my¯^v`y Ki‡Z Ges
Jlya wk‡í e¨eüZ nq|
 †eb‡RvwqK Gwm‡Wi G÷vimg~n we‡kl K‡i myMwÜ cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z AwaK cwigv‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
diwgK A¨vwm‡Wi ivmvqwbK a‡g©i msw¶ß weeiY :

A¨vwmwUK A¨vwm‡Wi ivmvqwbK a‡g©i msw¶ß weeiY :

116
 A¨vwgbmg~n
 †kªYxweb¨vm:
K. MVb Abymv‡i A¨vwgbmg~n‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
1. A¨vwjd¨vwUK ev A¨vjKvBj A¨vwgb
2. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK ev A¨vivBj A¨vwgb
3. welgPvwµK A¨vwgb
L. cÖZw¯’vcK A¨vjKvwj ev A¨vivBj g~j‡Ki msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡`i‡K AviI wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv
hvq-
1. cÖvBgvix (1) A¨vwgb
2. †m‡KÛvix (2) A¨vwgb
3. Uviwmqvix (3) A¨vwgb
cÖvBgvix, †m‡KÛvix I Uviwmqvix A¨vwg‡bi Kvh©Kix g~jK-
cÖvBgvix A¨vwgb- A¨vwg‡bvg~jK (–NH2), †m‡KÛvix A¨vwgb- A¨vwg‡bv g~jK (–NH–) Ges
Uviwmqvix A¨vwgb-Uviwmqvix bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYy (= N –)
M. A¨vwg‡bi g~j‡Ki msL¨vi Abymv‡i A¨vwgb mvaviYZ wZb cÖKvi:
1. g‡bvA¨vwgb 2. WvBA¨vwgb 3. cwj A¨vwgb
 welgPvwµK A¨vwgb: †h me A¨vwg‡bi PvwµK KvVv‡gv‡Z welg cigvYy wnmv‡e bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Dcw¯’Z _v‡K
Zv‡`i‡K welg PvwµK A¨vwgb e‡j| †hgb- cvB‡ivj, wcwiwWb BZ¨vw`|
  †KvqvU©vibvix jeY: (CH3)4 NX †UUªvwg_vBj A¨v‡gvwbqvg jeY n‡”Q †KvqvU©vibvix je‡Yi GKwU
D`vniY|
 A¨vwg‡bi mgvYyZv:
K. A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwg‡bi mgvYyZv:
A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgbmg~n-
1. †PBb mgvYyZv
2. Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv
3. Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv
4. †gUvgvwiRg BZ¨vw` cÖ`k©b K‡i
L. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgbmg~‡ni mgvYyZv:
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgbmg~n Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv I Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv G `y ai‡bi mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
†hgb, wg_vBj A¨vwbwjb (C7H9N) wZbwU Ae¯’vb mgvYy ev 1 A¨vwgb I `yB Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv ev 2
A¨vwgb MVb K‡i|
 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 wg_vBj A¨vwgb GKwU eY©nxb M¨vm|
 Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cix¶v Øviv 1 A¨vwg‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cix¶v Kiv nq|
 ndg¨vb wewµqvq 1 A¨vwgb Drcbœ nq|
 cÖvBgvix A¨vwg‡bi A¨vwg‡bv g~j‡Ki mvaviY ms‡KZ- NH2
 †m‡KÛvix A¨vwg‡bi A¨vwg‡bv g~j‡Ki mvaviY ms‡KZ NH
 Uviwmqvix A¨vwg‡bi bvBUªvBj g~j‡Ki mvaviY ms‡KZ N
 wg_vBj A¨vwgb Pvgovi KviLvbvq †jvgbvkK iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 NH4Cl, (CH3)4 NCl, (CH3)4 NOH BZ¨vw` †KvqvUvibvix †hŠM|
 wg_vBj A¨vwgb I B_vBj A¨vwg‡bi gv‡Qi b¨vq Auvk‡U wKš‘ A¨v‡gvwbqvi gZ SuvSv‡jv MÜ i‡q‡Q|
 cvwb, B_vi I A¨vj‡Kvn‡j A¨vwgb AZxe `ªeYxq|
 †m‡KÛvix I Uviwmqvix A¨vwgb Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cix¶v †`q bv|
 UªvB wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bi ms‡KZ: (CH3)3N
 A¨vwbwjb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY MV‡bi ZvcgvÎv 0-5C
 bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb‡K Zn I HCl Øviv weRvi‡Y A¨vwbwjb cÖ¯‘wZi mgq nq - c~Y© weRviK|
 hyMj wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY|
 †db‡ji mwnZ Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg je‡Yi Kvcwjs wewµqv nq- ¶viKxq gva¨‡g|
 wg_vBj A¨vwgb Pvgovi KviLvbvq †jvgbvkK iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 cvwb, B_vi I A¨vj‡Kvn‡j A¨vwgb AZxe `ªeYxq|
 cÖvBvgix A¨vwg‡bi g‡a¨ mijZg I cÖ_g m`m¨ wdbvBj A¨vwgb|
 weÁvbx Wi‡eb bxj ev BwÄMv‡K AšÍ©ayg cvZb K‡i A¨vwbwjb cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib|
 kix‡ii Dci A¨vwbwj‡bi welwµqv Av‡Q|
 A¨v‡gvwbqv I A¨vwbwj‡bi welwµqv Av‡Q|
118
 kw³i D”P µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡j NH3 < R – NH2 - < R2NH
 KwZcq A¨vwgb RvZK n‡”Q- wnóvwgb, wb‡KvwUb, wfUvwgb B, I †Kv‡Kb|
 A¨vwg‡bv MÖæ‡c Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb P‡µ A‡_©v I c¨viv- Ae¯’v‡b B‡j±ªbvKlx© cÖwZ¯’vcb N‡U|
 wg_vBj A¨vwgb I B_vBj A¨vwg‡bi Kb Gi gvb n‡”Q h_vµ‡g 4.4  10–4 Ges 5.4  10–4
 A¨vjKvBj A¨vwgb (wg_vBj A¨vwgb) Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY ˆZwi K‡i bv|
 Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY I mvqv‡bvg~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
 m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv: nvBWªvwmW ev mvqv‡bv g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq|
 ¶viK Kb
B_vBj A¨vwgb 5.4  104
A¨v‡gvwbqv 1.8  105
wg_vBj A¨vwgb 4.4  104
WvB wg_vBj A¨vwgb 6.0  104
UªvB wg_vBj A¨vwgb 0.6  104
WvB B_vBj A¨vwgb 1.3  103
A¨vwbwjb 4.1  1010
 A¨vjKvBj A¨vwg‡bi cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx:
1. A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW I A¨v‡gvwbqv n‡Z A¨v‡gvwbqvKiY cÖwµqv Øviv:
Ave×cvÎ [R – NH3] X
RX + NH3 –––––––
DËßKiY
Drcbœ A¨vwgbmg~‡ni wgkª‡Y KOH †hvM K‡i AvswkK cvZb Ki‡j c„_K c„_Kfv‡e 1, 2, 3
A¨vwgb cvIqv hvq|

2. bvBUªvBj I AvB‡mvbvBUªvBj n‡Z weRviY Øviv:

﯋ B_vi
1 A¨vwgb cÖ¯‘wZ: R – CN + 4[H] –––––
LiAIH4 R–CH2–NH2
2 A¨vwgb: R–CN+4[H] –––––LiAIH4 R–NH2–CH2
G c×wZ‡Z Drcbœ †hŠ‡Mi Kve©b wkK‡j GKwU Kve©b cigvYy e„w× cvq|
3. A¨vgvBW n‡Z nd&g¨vb ¶z`ªvskKiY wewµqvi gva¨‡g: G wewµqvq Drcbœ A¨vwg‡bi AYy‡Z g~j GwmW
A¨vgvBW AYyi †P‡q GKwU Kve©b cigvYy K‡i hvq G Rb¨ wewµqv‡K Avwe¯‹vi‡Ki bvgvbymv‡i ndg¨vb
¶z`ªvskKiY wewµqv e‡j|
D`vniY: cix¶vMv‡i A¨vwmUvgvBW, †eªvwgb I Mvp Kw÷K cUv‡mi `ªeY GK‡Î DËß K‡i wg_vBj
A¨vwgb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq| (nd&g¨vb jNyKiY)
CH3 CONH2 + Br2 + 4KOH  CH3NH2 + 2KBr + K2CO3 + 2H2O
4. bvB‡Uªv A¨vj‡Kb n‡Z 1 A¨vwgb cÖ¯‘wZ:
Sn HCl R – NH2 + 2H2
R – NO2 + 6[H] ––––––
 A¨vjKvBj A¨vwgb-
1. †fŠZ Ae¯’v: wbgœZi A¨vwgb¸‡jv- †hgb, [CH3NH2] mvaviY K¶ Zv‡c eY©nxb M¨vmxq c`v_©,
c‡ii¸‡jv gv‡Qi M‡Üi b¨vq Avuk‡U MÜhy³ Zij c`v_©|
 2. Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼: AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ A¨vwgb¸‡jvi Mjbv¼ I ùzUbvsK e„w× cvq| wKš‘ Abyiƒc
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji ùzUbvsK †_‡K A¨vwgb¸‡jvi ùzUbv¼ wbgœZi nq|
3. `ªve¨Zv: me A¨vwgb cvwb‡Z LyeB `ªeYxq| D”PZi AvYweK fj wewkó A¨vwgb¸‡jv ˆRe `ªeK †hgbÑ
†ebwRb, B_vbj, B_vi, †K¬v‡ivdig-G `ªeYxq|
 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb-
1. †fŠZ Ae¯’v: mvaviYZ eY©nxb Zij ev KwVb Ges G‡`i MÜ AcÖxwZKi| Av‡jv evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k©
Giv RvwiZ n‡q ev`vgx eY© aviY K‡i| Giv welv³ ai‡bi|
2. ùzUbv¼ I Mjbv¼: AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ e„w× cvq| Z‡e A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwg‡bi ùzUbv¼
A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwg‡bi ùzUbv¼ A‡c¶v Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk|
3. `ªve¨Zv: cvwb‡Z mvgvb¨ `ªeYxq| wKš‘ †ebwRb I Ab¨vb¨ ˆRe `ªve‡K m¤ú~Y© `ªeYxq|
 A¨vwbwj‡bi †fŠZ ag©:
welq †fŠZ ag©
†fŠZ Ae¯’v m`¨ cÖ¯‘Z A¨vwbwjb GKwU ˆZj
m`„k Zij c`v_©|
eY©, MÜ m`¨ cÖ¯‘Z A¨vwbwjb eY©nxb, Gi
ˆewkó¨c~Y© g„`y MÜ Av‡Q|
welwµqv A¨vwbwjb GKwU welv³ Zij c`v_©|
kix‡ii Dci A¨vwbwj‡bi welwµqv
Av‡Q|
RviY wµqv Av‡jv I evqyi ms¯ú‡k© Rvi‡Yi
d‡j A¨vwbwjb cÖ_‡g ev`vgx I c‡i
Kv‡jv eY© aviY K‡i|
`ªve¨Zv A¨vwbwjb cvwb‡Z AwZ Aí gvÎvq
`ªexf~Z n‡q wbi‡c¶ `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z
K‡i| Bnv A¨vj‡Kvnj, B_vi cÖf„wZ
`ªve‡K mn‡R `ªeYxq|
f‡ii Zzjbv A¨vwbwjb cvwb `ªveK A‡c¶v fvix|
 wewµqv

 ndg¨vb wW‡MÖ‡Wkb: †h c×wZ‡Z A¨vwmW A¨vgvBW‡K †eªvwgb I Mvp cvwbi (R¡jxq) Kw÷K ¶v‡ii
mwnZ DËß Kwi‡j cÖvBgvix A¨vwgb Drcbœ nq, Dnv‡K ndg¨vb wewµqv e‡j| GB c×wZ‡Z A¨vgvBW
A‡c¶v GKwU Kg Kve©b cigvYy m¤úbœ A¨vwgb cvIqv hvq e‡j G‡K ndg¨vb wW‡MÖ‡Wkb ejv nq|

R–CONH2+Br2+4NaOH ––– R–NH2+2NaBr+Na2CO3+2H2O
GwmW A¨vgvBW A¨vwgb

CH3CONH2+Br2+4NaOH ––– CH3NH2+2NaBr+Na2CO3+2H2O

CO–NH2+Br2+4NaOH ––– NH2+2NaBr+Na2CO3+2H2O
†ebRvgvBW
120 A¨vwbwjb
 M¨vUvig¨vb wewµqv:
Ans. †ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY‡K Kcvi P~Y© I n¨v‡jv‡Rb A¨vwmWmn DËß Ki‡j Wvqv‡Rvg~jK
n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q n¨v‡jv‡ebwRb Drcbœ K‡i| †hgb: †ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg
†K¬vivB‡Wi mv‡_ Cu P~Y© I HCl wgwkªZ K‡i wgkªY‡K ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb DËß nq|

 m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv: A¨v‡iv‡gwUK Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY (†hgb †ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg †K¬vivBW) wKDcÖvm
†K¬vivBW ev †eªvgvBW Ges mswkó n¨v‡jv‡Rb A¨vwmW (HCl ev HBr) wgkª‡Yi mwnZ wewµqv Kwi‡j Dnvi
†K¬v‡iv ev †eªv‡gv msµvšÍ †hŠM Drcbœ nq| GB cÖwµqv m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv bv‡g cwiwPZ|

HCl
N2Cl+Cu2Cl2 –––– Cl+Cu2Cl2+N2
†ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg‡K¬vivBW †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb
HBr
2N2Cl+Cu2Br2+ –––– 2Br+Cu2Cl2+2N2
†ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg‡K¬vivBW †eªv‡gv‡ebwRb
HCl
2NCl–+Cu2(CN)2 –––– 2CN+Cu2Cl2+2N2
†ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg‡K¬vivBW mvqv‡bv‡ebwRb

GB mKj wewµqvq –N2Cl MÖæcwU wKDcÖvm n¨vjvB‡Wi n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy Øviv cªwZ¯’vwcZ nq| GB
wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ Abyiƒc c×wZ‡Z mvqv‡bv †hŠMI cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
 A¨vwg‡bi ivmvqwbK wewµqv:
A¨vwg‡bi ivmvqwbK wewµqvmg~n `ywU Kvi‡Y N‡U _v‡K|
K. A¨vwg‡bi ¶viKxq ˆewkó¨ I
L. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ mwµqv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi Dcw¯’wZ (A¨vwg‡bv MÖæc NwUZ) A¨vwg‡bi
ivmvqwbK wewµqvi g~j wfwË| A¨vwgbmg~n mvgwMÖKfv‡e Qq cÖKvi wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
1. ¶vi ag©
2. A¨vwg‡bvg~j‡Ki mwµq H cigvbyi cÖwZ¯’vcb
3. bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi m‡½ wewµqv
4. Kvwe©j A¨vwgb wewµqv
5. A¨vwg‡bv MÖæ‡ci KviY (A¨v‡ivg¨vwUK A¨vwg‡bi Rb¨)
6. A¨vivBj A¨vwg‡bi †ebwRb P‡µ cÖwZ¯’vcb (ïay A¨v‡ivg¨vwUK A¨vwg‡bi Rb¨) h_v:
 K. n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb L. bvB‡Uªkb M. mvj‡dv‡bkb
K. ¶viawg©Zv:
1. A¨vwgbmg~‡ni bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z wbtm½ B‡jKUªb †Rvo _vKvq Giv ¶viag©x|
2. A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgbmg~n Rjxq `ªe‡Y A¨v‡gvwbqvi †P‡q AwaK ¶viag©x|
3. A¨vwg‡bi ¶viK kw³‡K Avqbvqb aªæeK Kb Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
4. Kb Gi gvb hZ †ewk n‡e ¶viK ZZ kw³kvjx n‡e|
5. mPivPi A¨vwgbmg~‡ni ¶viKZvi µg nj: 2 > 1 > 3 A¨vwgb|
6. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYyi Dcvi B‡jKUª‡bi cÖvc¨Zv hZ ev‡o ¶viK kw³I ZZ e„w× cvq|
7. A¨vwbwjb A¨v‡gvwbqv A‡c¶v `~e©j ¶viK| (jyBm gZev` Abymv‡i|)
NH2

< NH3 < CH3 NH2

L. A¨vjKvB‡jkb: †h ivmvqwbK wewµqvq A¨vwg‡bi mwµq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi

A¨vjKvBj g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q 2, 3 A¨vwgb Drcbœ K‡i, Zv‡K A¨vwg‡bi A¨vjKvB‡jkb e‡j|
†hgb-
CH3NH2 + CH3I  (CH3)2 NH + HI
M. A¨vmvB‡jkb:
†hgb- CH3–CO–CI+NH2–C2H5  CH3–CO–NH2+C2H5–Cl
N. bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv: cÖvBgvix, †m‡KÛvix I Uviwmqvix A¨vwgb bvBUªvm GwmW (HNO2) Gi
mv‡_ ˆewkó¨c~Y© wewµqv †`q| ZvB wZb †kªYxi (1, 2, 3) A¨v‡iv‡gwUK ev A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwg‡bi cv_©K¨
wbY©‡q wewµqv e¨eüZ nq|
O. Kvwe©j A¨vwg‡bi cix¶v: cÖvBgvix A¨vwg‡bi mbv³Kvix cix¶v| †K¬v‡ivdig I A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH
`ªe‡Yi mv‡_ cÖvBgvix (A¨vwj‡dwUK/A¨v‡iv‡gwUK) AvB‡mv-mvqvbvBW ev Kvwe©j A¨vwgb Drcbœ nq|
Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeb
 †ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg †K¬vivBW cÖ¯ÍwZi mgq Aek¨B ZvcgvÎv O-
50C Gi g‡a¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| ZvcgvÎv 5C Gi Dc‡i DV‡j †dbj
Drcbœ nq|

0-5C
+NaNO2+HCl ––– + NaCl+H2O
NH2 N2Cl
 Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib †Rvnvb wcUvi MÖxR|
 Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY cÖ¯‘wZi cÖwµqvB Wvqv‡RvUvB‡Rkb|
 ﮋ Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY Zvc I AvNv‡Zi d‡j we‡¯dvib mn‡hv‡M
we‡hvwRZ nq| GB R‡b¨ ﮋ je‡Yi cwie‡Z© Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg je‡Yi
`ªeY‡KB wewfbœ ˆRe †hŠM ms‡køl‡Y e¨envi Kiv nq|

 A¨v‡Rv - iÄK ev WvB:

1. 1876 wLªóv‡ã weÁvbx DBU wewfbœ iwOb ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z
we‡kl wKQz g~j‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ j¶¨ K‡ib Ges wbwðZ nb †h, H me
122
g~j‡Ki Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨ ˆRe †hŠM iwOb nq|
2. iO m„wóKvix g~jK mg~n‡K †µv‡gv‡di Ges g~iKavix ˆRe Aby‡K
†µv‡gv‡Rb ejv nq|
3. K‡qKwU Kvh©Kix †µv‡gv‡di nj - bvB‡Uªv‡mv (NO) g~jK,
 KwZcq A¨v‡Rv iÄK Gi e¨envi:
bvg is e¨envi
1. A¨vwbwjb B‡qv‡jv njy` ˆZj `ªveK wnmv‡e|
/ c¨viv A¨vwg‡bv iÄK cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
A¨v‡Rv †ebwRb, gva¨wgK †hŠM
mj‡fU B‡qv‡jv-1 wn‡m‡e|
2. evUvi B‡q‡jv / njy` evUvi, gviM¨vivBb I
c¨viv –N,N WvB ˆZ‡ji iÄK iƒ‡c
wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bv e¨eüZ nq|
A¨v‡Rv †ebwRb|
3. µvBmqwWb / 2,4 Kgjv †ccvi, †j`vi, cvU
-WvB A¨vwg‡bv jvj cÖf„wZ is Ki‡Z|
A¨v‡Rv †ebwRb|
4. A‡iÄ Uz Dj, wmé, bvBjb,
†j`vi I KvMR wk‡í
e¨eüZ nq|
 wZb †kªYxi A¨vwg‡bi ˆewkó¨g~jK cv_©K¨:

weRviK cÖvBgvix †m‡KÛvix Uviwmqvix

A¨vwg‡bi A¨vwg‡bi A¨vwg‡bi
ˆewkó¨ ˆewkó¨ ˆewkó¨
Kvwe©j A¨vwgb DrKU †Kvb wewµqv †Kvb
cix¶v `yM©Ühy³ nq bv| wewµqv nq
Kvwe©j A¨vwgb bv|
Drcbœ nq|
bvBUªvm GwWm ey`ey` mnKv‡i N2 M¨vm N2 M¨vm
cix¶v N2 M¨vm wbM©Z nq bv| wbM©Z nq
 DwÌZ nq I njy` e‡Y©i bv| ˆZjv³
A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZj RvZxq Zij I
Drcbœ nq| bvB‡Uªv‡mv Drcbœ nq
A¨vwgb Drcbœ bv,
nq, Dnv †f‡m †KejgvÎ
D‡V| bvBUªvBU
jeY cÖ¯‘Z
nq|
A¨vwmUvBj g‡bv Ges WvB g‡bv wewµqv nq
†K¬vivBW ev A¨vwmUvBj A¨vwmUvBj bv|
A¨vwmwUK RvZK Drcbœ RvZK Drcbœ
A¨vbnvBWªvBW nq nq|
¯^vfvweK Pv‡c †KjvmvKvi †KjvmvKvi wewµqv nq
A¨vjwKb g‡bvA¨vjKvBj WvB bv|
n¨vjvB‡Wi A¨vwmU¨vgvBW A¨vjKvBj
mv‡_ Drcbœ nq| A¨vwmU¨vgvBW
Drcbœ nq|
wMÖMbvW© wg‡_b M¨vm wg‡_b M¨vm wewµqv nq
weKviK Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ nq| bv|
†ebwRb A¨vjKvwj‡Z A¨vjKvwj‡Z wewµqv nq
mvj‡dvbvBj `ªeYxq A`ªeYxq bv|
†K¬vivBW mvj‡dvbvgvBW mvj‡dvbvgvBW
MwVZ nq| Drcbœ nq|
 1 A¨vwgb + HNO2 N2 M¨vm wbM©Z nq|
R-NH2+HNO2 ROH+N2+H2O
 2 A¨vwgb + HNO2 ˆZjv³ c`v_© m„wó nq|
R2NH+HNO2 R2N-NO+H2O
 3 A¨vwgb + HNO2 jeY MVb K‡i Ges Dnv cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq|
R3N+ HNO2  [R3N+H] NO2

 A¨vwj‡dwUK Ges A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb Gi cv_©K¨:

ag© A¨vwbwj‡bi A¨vwj‡dwUK
ˆewkó¨ A¨vwg‡bi
ˆewkó¨
1. †fŠZ Ae¯’v m`¨ cÖ¯‘Z eY©nxb M¨vm ev
Ae¯’vq eY©nxb Zij
124
 Zij, evqy‡Z
ev`vgx eY© aviY
K‡i|
2. cvwb‡Z mvgvb¨ `ªeYxq, `ªeYxq, cvwbi
`ªve¨Zv cvwbi `ªeY ¶vixq|
wbi‡c¶|
3. ¶viKxq g„` ¶viK ¶vixq, Zxeª
cÖKw… Z ¶viK|
4. kxZj Gwm‡Wi Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg
Ae¯’vq HNO2 Dcw¯’‡Z‡Z jeY Drcbœ
Gi mv‡_ Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg K‡i bv,
wewµqv jeY MVb K‡, A¨vj‡Kvnj I
N2–Gi N2 Drcbœ nq|
ey`ey`mn wdbj
Drcbœ nq|
5. Rvi‡Ki mn‡RB RvwiZ mn‡RB RvwiZ
wµqv nq nq bv|
6. cÖwZ¯’vcb †ebwRb ej‡q nvB‡WªvKve©b
wewµqv cÖwZ¯’vcb N‡U As‡k cÖwZ¯’vcb
bvB‡Uªkb, N‡U bv A_©vr
mvj‡dv‡bkb, bvB‡Uªkb,
n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb mvj‡dv‡bkb
wewµqv N‡U| cÖf„wZ wewµqvq
Ask MÖnY K‡i
bv|
†ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqvi msw¶ß weeiY:

A¨vwbwj‡bi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi msw¶ß weeiY:

126