Robert_Shapley

Robert Shapley
Robert Shapley is an American neurophysiologist, the Natalie Clews Spencer Professor of the Sciences
at New York University, a professor in the Center for Neural Science and an associate member of the
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences.[1]
Shapley received an A.B. Degree from Harvard College (1965) and a Ph.D. from Rockefeller University
(1970). With a Helen Hay Whitney Postdoctoral Fellowship, he went to Northwestern University and the
University of Cambridge. He served on the US National Research Council's Committee on Vision. He
graduated from Harvard University, and from Rockefeller University with a PhD in neurophysiology and
biophysics. In 1986 he received a MacArthur Foundation Prize Fellowship [2] from the MacArthur
Fellows Program.
Academic work
Among Shapley's findings were his discoveries about the X and Y retinal ganglion cells in the cat retina.
He discovered that the Y cell collected excitatory signals from many small spatial mechanisms called
"nonlinear subunits"[3] and that there was a contrast gain control, a nonlinear feedback within the retina
that adjusted the signal-transfer properties of the retina contingent on the space-averaged stimulus
contrast.[4]
He also worked with the visual system of macaque monkeys, and found: its parallel processing of visual
signals;[5] the nature of retinal computation of color;[6][7] and that the orientation-selectivity of neurons in
the primary visual cortex, or V1, of evolves with time.[8] Other findings that have elucidated the workings
of V1 include the following: V1 cells are tuned for color and for spatial pattern;[9][10][11] fluctuations in
the local field potential in V1 appear to be caused by noise and have no autocoherence or phase-memory
over time;[12][13] and there is not a single fixed cortical receptive field for each neuron.[14]
More recently, he has been studying how color is represented in the visual cortex, as a follow-up to his
earlier work on parallel pathways for color and brightness contrast in the retina. He has been examining
visual perception and the art of painting—he wrote an editorial in the journal Perception about the work
of the American artist Ellsworth Kelly.[15]
Works
Contrast Sensitivity, Volume 5 (https://books.google.com/books?id=KJpEnjLKXzwC&q=Rob
ert+Shapley), Editors Robert Shapley, Dominic Man-Kit Lam, MIT Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-
262-19339-9
"Introduction" (https://books.google.com/books?id=_0NKjwnBBe0C&dq=Robert+Shapley&p
g=PA1), Advances in photoreception: proceedings of a Symposium on Frontiers of Visual
Science, National Academies Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0-309-04240-6
"The Role of Insight in Perceptual Learning: Evidence from Illusory Contour Perception" (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=pu4Y9Ss1-GsC&dq=Robert+Shapley&pg=PA235), Editors
Manfred Fahle, Tomaso Poggio, MIT Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-262-06221-3
"The Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons" (https://books.google.com/books?id=22_q6EYoek
AC&dq=Robert+Shapley&pg=PA55), Seeing, Editor Karen K. De Valois, Academic Press,
2000, ISBN 978-0-12-443760-9
References
1. "Robert Shapley" (http://www.cns.nyu.edu/corefaculty/Shapley.php). Faculty Directory.
Cns.nyu.edu. 2019-10-08. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
2. "MacArthur Foundation" (http://www.macfound.org/fellows/class/august-1986/).
3. Hochstein, S. and Shapley, R. (1976) Linear and nonlinear spatial subunits in Y cat retinal
ganglion cells. J.Physiol., 262, 265-284.
4. Shapley, R. and Victor, J.D. (1978) The effect of contrast on the transfer properties of cat
retinal ganglion cells, J.Physiol., 285, 275-298.
5. Shapley R Kaplan E Soodak R. (1981) Spatial summation and contrast sensitivity of X and
Y cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the macaque Nature 292, 543-545.
6. Reid, R.C. and Shapley, R. (1992) Spatial structure of cone inputs to receptive fields in
primate lateral geniculate nucleus, Nature, 356, 716-718.
7. Reid RC and Shapley RM (2002) Space and time maps of cone photoreceptor signals in
macaque lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Neurosci. 22:6158-6175.
8. Ringach, D., Hawken, M. and Shapley, R. (1997) The dynamics of orientation tuning in the
macaque monkey striate cortex, Nature, 387, 281-284.
9. Johnson EA Hawken MJ and Shapley RM (2001) The Spatial Transformation of Color in the
Primary Visual Cortex of the Macaque Monkey, Nature Neuroscience 4: 409-16.
10. Johnson EN, Hawken MJ, Shapley R. (2004) Cone Inputs in Macaque Primary Visual
Cortex. J Neurophysiol. 91:2501-14.
11. Johnson EN, Hawken MJ, Shapley R. (2008) The orientation selectivity of color-responsive
neurons in macaque V1. J Neurosci. 28:8096-8106.
12. Burns SP, Xing D, Shelley MJ, Shapley RM (2010) Searching for autocoherence in the
cortical network with a time-frequency analysis of the local field potential. J Neurosci.
30:4033-47.
13. Burns SP, Xing D, Shapley RM. (2011) Is gamma-band activity in the local field potential of
V1 cortex a "clock" or filtered noise? J Neurosci. 31:9658-64.
14. Yeh CI, Xing D, Williams PE, Shapley RM. (2009) Stimulus ensemble and cortical layer
determine V1 spatial receptive fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106:14652-7.
15. Shapley, R. (1996) Guest editorial: Art and the perception of nature: Illusory contours in the
paintings of Ellsworth Kelly, Perception, 25, 1259-1261.
External links
"Robert Shapley", Scientific Commons (http://en.scientificcommons.org/robert_shapley)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Shapley&oldid=1145179564"

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