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LAV KUSH SR. SEC.

SCHOOL

NAME: SAKSHAM JAIN


CLASS: 12
ROLL NO:
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
SESSION: 2024-25
TOPIC: REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
Table of contents

1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Reflection and Refraction
I. Introduction
II. Reflection
III. Refraction
IV. Diagram

4. Lenses and Mirror


I. Introduction
II. Mirror
III. Lenses
IV. Ray diagram of mirror and lenses
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Saksham Jain of class XII
(Maths) has completed his physics project titled
"Refraction and Reflection" under the guidance of
Mr. Mayur Joshi for the academic year 2024-25.

The certified student has been dedicated


throughout his research and completed his work
before the given deadline without missing any
important details from the project. It is also
certified that this project is the individual work of
the student and can be submitted for evaluation.

Teacher's signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank my Physics teacher, Mr.
Mayur Joshi ,for their valuable guidance and
support throughout this project. I am deeply
grateful to the school principal, Mr. Manilal
Sharma, for providing the necessary resources
and encouragement.

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to my parents


and peers for their unwavering support and
motivation, which inspired me to complete this
work successfully. I also want to thank my
friends, who have always supported me in
completing this project.

Saksham Jain
Class: 12th
Roll Number:
Refraction and Reflection
Introduction
In physics, both refraction and reflection are fundamental concepts
related to the behavior of light when it interacts with different media.
These phenomena occur as light changes direction or bends when
traveling from one medium to another, or when it strikes a surface.
Understanding these concepts is essential to grasp how light interacts
with materials, influencing optical devices like lenses, mirrors, and
prisms.

Reflection
Reflection is the change in direction of a light ray when it bounces off
a surface. The surface can be any smooth, shiny material like a mirror
or even rough, diffusive surfaces like walls or water.

Laws of Reflection

There are two key laws of reflection:

1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.


o Mathematically, θi=θr\theta_i = \theta_rθi=θr, where
θi\theta_iθi is the angle of incidence (the angle between
the incident ray and the normal to the surface), and
θr\theta_rθr is the angle of reflection (the angle between
the reflected ray and the normal to the surface).
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the
surface all lie in the same plane.
o This plane is perpendicular to the surface of reflection.

Types of Reflection

1. Specular Reflection:
o Occurs on smooth, shiny surfaces (like mirrors), where the
incident light rays are reflected in a single, predictable
direction. It forms a clear image.
2. Diffuse Reflection:
o Occurs on rough surfaces, where light is scattered in
multiple directions. This does not form a clear image but
illuminates a larger area.

Applications of Reflection

 Mirrors: Used in household items, telescopes, cameras, and


periscopes.
 Periscopes: Use mirrors to view objects from an obstructed
position.
 Reflection in Optical Instruments: In some instruments like
microscopes, light is reflected to enhance vision.

Refraction
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to
another with a different refractive index. This happens because light
travels at different speeds in different media. The change in speed
causes the light to change direction.

Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law)

Snell’s Law describes how light refracts when transitioning between


two media. It is given by the formula:

Where:

 n1 = Refractive index of the first medium (medium from which


light is coming),
 n2n_2n2 = Refractive index of the second medium (medium into
which light is refracting),
 θ1\theta_1θ1 = Angle of incidence (the angle between the incident
ray and the normal to the surface),

 θ2\theta_2θ2 = Angle of refraction (the angle between the refracted


ray and the normal to the surface).

The refractive index n of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light in


a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium.

Where:

 c is the speed of light in vacuum.


 v is the speed of light in the medium.

Types of Refraction

1. Refraction at a Plane Surface:


o Occurs when light passes from one transparent medium to
another with different refractive indices.
2. Refraction Through Lenses:
o Involves more complex interactions where light passes
through a curved surface. Lenses can focus or spread light,
making them useful in optical instruments like eyeglasses
and cameras.
3. Prism Refraction:
o A prism disperses light into its components (spectrum)
because different colors (wavelengths) of light bend by
different amounts.

Applications of Refraction

 Lenses: Used in eyeglasses, microscopes, telescopes, and


cameras.
 Prisms: Used to split light into its constituent colors.
 Optical Fibers: Transmission of light signals over long
distances.
 Magnification: Refraction helps magnify images, as seen in
microscope.

Diagram
Below are basic diagrams illustrating both Reflection and
Refraction:

Reflection Diagram:

 θi: Angle of incidence


 θr: Angle of reflection
 The incident ray strikes a reflective surface and bounces back at
the same angle.

Refraction Diagram:

 n1 and n2: Refractive indices of the first and second medium


 Incident Ray: The light ray traveling in the first medium.
 Refracted Ray: The light ray bending as it enters the second
medium.

Lenses and Mirror


Introduction
Lenses and mirrors are optical devices that manipulate light to form
images. They operate based on the principles of reflection and
refraction, respectively. These devices are widely used in various
applications, such as in microscopes, cameras, eyeglasses, telescopes,
and magnifying glasses. Understanding the behavior of light through
lenses and mirrors is essential for the study of optics.

This project provides a detailed overview of lenses and mirrors,


including their types, characteristics, working principles, and
applications.

1. Mirrors
A mirror is a reflective surface, usually made of glass with a shiny
metallic coating (such as silver or aluminum), that forms images by
reflecting light.

Types of Mirrors

1. Plane Mirrors:
o A plane mirror has a flat reflecting surface. When light
strikes this surface, it reflects according to the laws of
reflection.
o Image Characteristics:
 The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual
(cannot be projected on a screen).
It is upright, laterally inverted, and of the same size
as the object.
 The image is formed at the same distance behind
the mirror as the object is in front of it.
2. Spherical Mirrors:
o These are mirrors with a spherical reflecting surface.
There are two main types:
 Concave Mirrors (Converging Mirrors)
 Convex Mirrors (Diverging Mirrors)

Concave Mirrors (Converging Mirrors):

 A concave mirror is curved inward, like the inside of a bowl. It


converges parallel rays of light to a single point called the focal
point.
 Image Characteristics:
o If the object is beyond the focal point, the image is real,
inverted, and reduced in size.
o If the object is within the focal point, the image is virtual,
upright, and magnified.

Convex Mirrors (Diverging Mirrors):

 A convex mirror is curved outward, like the back of a spoon. It


diverges parallel rays of light, causing them to appear to come
from a single point behind the mirror (the focal point).
 Image Characteristics:
o The image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual,
upright, and reduced in size.

Mirror Equation:

For spherical mirrors, the relationship between the focal length f,


object distance u, and image distance v is given by the mirror
equation:

Where:
 f = focal length of the mirror,
 u = object distance (distance of the object from the mirror),
 v= image distance (distance of the image from the mirror).

Applications of Mirrors:

 Plane Mirrors: Used in everyday items like dressing mirrors,


vehicle side mirrors, and in periscopes.
 Concave Mirrors: Used in optical devices like telescopes,
flashlights, and shaving mirrors.
 Convex Mirrors: Used in rearview mirrors of vehicles, security
mirrors, and wide-angle surveillance systems.

2. Lenses
A lens is a transparent optical device made of glass or plastic that
refracts light to form images. Lenses are classified based on their
shape and how they bend light.

Types of Lenses

1. Convex Lenses (Converging Lenses):


o A convex lens is thicker in the middle than at the edges. It
converges parallel rays of light to a single point called the
focal point.
o Image Characteristics:
 If the object is far from the lens (beyond twice the
focal length), the image formed is real, inverted,
and reduced in size.
If the object is within twice the focal length but
beyond the focal point, the image is real, inverted,
and magnified.
 If the object is at the focal point, no image is
formed.
 If the object is close to the lens (within the focal
length), the image is virtual, upright, and magnified.
2. Concave Lenses (Diverging Lenses):
o A concave lens is thinner in the middle than at the edges.
It diverges parallel rays of light, causing them to appear to
originate from a single point behind the lens (the focal
point).
o Image Characteristics:
 The image formed by a concave lens is always
virtual, upright, and reduced in size.

Lens Formula:

The relationship between the object distance u, image distance v, and


focal length f for lenses is given by the lens formula:

Where:

 f = focal length of the lens,


 u = object distance (distance of the object from the lens),
 v = image distance (distance of the image from the lens).

Applications of Lenses:

 Convex Lenses: Used in magnifying glasses, eyeglasses for


farsightedness, microscopes, and cameras.
 Concave Lenses: Used in eyeglasses for near sightedness, laser
devices, and in optical instruments like telescopes for diverging
light.
Ray Diagrams for Mirrors and Lenses
1. Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror):

 Ray 1: Parallel to the principal axis, after reflection passes


through the focal point.
 Ray 2: Passes through the focal point and after reflection
becomes parallel to the principal axis.

2. Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror):

 Ray 1: Parallel to the principal axis, after reflection appears to


diverge from the focal point behind the mirror.
 Ray 2: Directed towards the focal point, after reflection travels
parallel to the principal axis.

3. Convex Lens (Converging Lens):

 Ray 1: Parallel to the principal axis, after refraction passes


through the focal point.
 Ray 2: Passes through the focal point and after refraction
becomes parallel to the principal axis.

4. Concave Lens (Diverging Lens):

 Ray 1: Parallel to the principal axis, after refraction diverges as


if coming from the focal point.
 Ray 2: Directed towards the focal point, after refraction travels
parallel to the principal axis.

Thank you

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