SR
SR
SR
SCHOOL
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Reflection and Refraction
I. Introduction
II. Reflection
III. Refraction
IV. Diagram
Teacher's signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank my Physics teacher, Mr.
Mayur Joshi ,for their valuable guidance and
support throughout this project. I am deeply
grateful to the school principal, Mr. Manilal
Sharma, for providing the necessary resources
and encouragement.
Saksham Jain
Class: 12th
Roll Number:
Refraction and Reflection
Introduction
In physics, both refraction and reflection are fundamental concepts
related to the behavior of light when it interacts with different media.
These phenomena occur as light changes direction or bends when
traveling from one medium to another, or when it strikes a surface.
Understanding these concepts is essential to grasp how light interacts
with materials, influencing optical devices like lenses, mirrors, and
prisms.
Reflection
Reflection is the change in direction of a light ray when it bounces off
a surface. The surface can be any smooth, shiny material like a mirror
or even rough, diffusive surfaces like walls or water.
Laws of Reflection
Types of Reflection
1. Specular Reflection:
o Occurs on smooth, shiny surfaces (like mirrors), where the
incident light rays are reflected in a single, predictable
direction. It forms a clear image.
2. Diffuse Reflection:
o Occurs on rough surfaces, where light is scattered in
multiple directions. This does not form a clear image but
illuminates a larger area.
Applications of Reflection
Refraction
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to
another with a different refractive index. This happens because light
travels at different speeds in different media. The change in speed
causes the light to change direction.
Where:
Where:
Types of Refraction
Applications of Refraction
Diagram
Below are basic diagrams illustrating both Reflection and
Refraction:
Reflection Diagram:
Refraction Diagram:
1. Mirrors
A mirror is a reflective surface, usually made of glass with a shiny
metallic coating (such as silver or aluminum), that forms images by
reflecting light.
Types of Mirrors
1. Plane Mirrors:
o A plane mirror has a flat reflecting surface. When light
strikes this surface, it reflects according to the laws of
reflection.
o Image Characteristics:
The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual
(cannot be projected on a screen).
It is upright, laterally inverted, and of the same size
as the object.
The image is formed at the same distance behind
the mirror as the object is in front of it.
2. Spherical Mirrors:
o These are mirrors with a spherical reflecting surface.
There are two main types:
Concave Mirrors (Converging Mirrors)
Convex Mirrors (Diverging Mirrors)
Mirror Equation:
Where:
f = focal length of the mirror,
u = object distance (distance of the object from the mirror),
v= image distance (distance of the image from the mirror).
Applications of Mirrors:
2. Lenses
A lens is a transparent optical device made of glass or plastic that
refracts light to form images. Lenses are classified based on their
shape and how they bend light.
Types of Lenses
Lens Formula:
Where:
Applications of Lenses:
Thank you