Contents

Objective .................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction: .............................................................................................................................. 2

Thermodynamics Principles: ................................................................................................ 3

Experimental Setup ................................................................................................................... 4

U-tube manometer: .................................................................................................................. 5

Inclined manometer: ................................................................................................................. 6

Component Details: ................................................................................................................... 7

Methodology: ............................................................................................................................. 8

U-tube Manometer:.................................................................................................................. 9

Inclined Manometer: ........................................................................................................... 10

Calculation and measurements: ..............................................................................................11

For Inclined Tube: ............................................................................................................... 12

Table and Graph: .................................................................................................................... 13

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 14

References: ............................................................................................................................... 15
 Project Report Thermodynamics Lab

Title : U tube Manometer And Inclined Manometer

Objective
The U-tube manometer is a fundamental instrument used to measure pressure differences
within fluid systems. Its primary objective is to provide a simple yet accurate method for
determining pressure variations between two points in a fluid system. By utilizing the principle
of hydrostatic equilibrium, it measures the difference in fluid levels between the two arms of
the U-shaped tube, which are connected to the points of interest. This setup allows for a direct
and reliable indication of pressure differentials, making it useful in various applications such
as monitoring fluid levels, flow rates, and pressure drops in pipelines, as well as in HVAC
systems.

The inclined manometer shares a similar objective with the U-tube manometer but is
specialized for measuring low-pressure differences with higher precision. Its primary
objective is to provide accurate readings of small pressure differentials, particularly in
laboratory settings or sensitive industrial processes. By tilting the manometer at an angle, it
amplifies small changes in pressure, making it ideal for applications where high sensitivity is
required. Common uses include airflow measurement in ventilation systems, calibration of
pressure instruments, and analysis of gas flow in research environments. The design of the
inclined manometer allows for precise measurement of even subtle pressure variations,
ensuring reliability and accuracy in critical processes.

Introduction:
In the field of fluid mechanics, manometers play a crucial role in measuring pressure differences
within fluid systems. Among the various types, the U-tube manometer and inclined manometer are
widely used for their simplicity and accuracy in pressure measurement. These instruments operate
based on fundamental principles of fluid mechanics and hydrostatics, making them invaluable
tools in various engineering and scientific applications. Manometers have been used for centuries
to measure pressure in fluid systems. The U-tube manometer, one of the earliest forms of
manometers, consists of a U-shaped glass tube partially filled with a liquid, typically mercury or
water. When pressure is applied to one arm of the tube, the liquid level in that arm rises while it
falls in the other arm, creating a measurable height difference. This height difference is directly
proportional to the pressure difference between the two points being measured. Inclined
manometers are a more specialized form, designed to measure low-pressure differences with
higher precision. By tilting the manometer at an angle, the sensitivity to pressure changes is
increased, allowing for more accurate readings of small pressure differentials.

Thermodynamics Principles:

Both U-tube and inclined manometers operate based on the principles of hydrostatics, which are
derived from fundamental thermodynamic concepts. According to hydrostatic equilibrium, the
pressure difference between two points in a static fluid column is proportional to the difference in
height between the two points and the density of the fluid.

This relationship is described by the hydrostatic equation: 𝑃 = ρgh

Where:

• P is the pressure difference,

• 𝜌 is the density of the fluid,

• 𝑔 is the acceleration due to gravity,

• ℎ is the height difference between the two points.

Both manometers utilize this principle to convert pressure differences into measurable
height changes, providing a direct and reliable method for pressure measurement in fluid
systems.

Experimental Setup

U-tube manometer:

• A U-shaped glass tube partially filled with a liquid, typically mercury or water.

• The system where pressure is to be measured, with two points of interest.

• Fluid Reservoir for the liquid used in the manometer, ensuring a continuous supply.
 • Connecting tubes to link the points in the fluid system with the manometer.

• Stopcock used to control the flow of fluid into the manometer and prevent leakage.

• Screw Clamp used to adjust the fluid level in the manometer.

Figure 1.1(schematic view of u-tube manometer)

Inclined manometer:

• A glass tube inclined at an angle, partially filled with a liquid such as mercury or water..
• The fluid system where pressure is to be measured, with two points of interest.
• Connecting tubes to link the points in the fluid system with the manometer.
• Support stand to hold the inclined manometer at the desired angle.
• Spirit level to ensure the manometer is properly inclined.
 • Fluid reservoir for the liquid used in the manometer.

Figure1.2(schematic view of inclined manometer)

Component Details:
• The U-tube manometer consists of a glass tube bent into a U-shape with one end connected
to the fluid system and the other end open to the atmosphere.

• The tube is partially filled with a liquid (often mercury or water) that does not react with
the fluid in the system.

• The tubing connects the points in the fluid system to the U-tube manometer, allowing
pressure to be transmitted to the manometer.

• The fluid reservoir ensures a continuous supply of the liquid to the manometer, maintaining
the fluid levels.

• The stopcock controls the flow of fluid into the manometer and prevents leakage.

• The screw clamp is used to adjust the fluid level in the manometer to zero before taking
measurements.

On the other hand, for inclined manometer;

• The U-tube manometer consists of a glass tube bent into a U-shape with one end connected
to the fluid system and the other end open to the atmosphere.
• The tube is partially filled with a liquid (often mercury or water) that does not react with
the fluid in the system.

• The tubing connects the points in the fluid system to the U-tube manometer, allowing
pressure to be transmitted to the manometer.

• The fluid reservoir ensures a continuous supply of the liquid to the manometer, maintaining
the fluid levels.

• The stopcock controls the flow of fluid into the manometer and prevents leakage.

• The screw clamp is used to adjust the fluid level in the manometer to zero before taking
measurements.

Methodology:

U-tube Manometer:

• Ensure the U-tube manometer is filled with the desired liquid (usually mercury or water)
and both arms are open to the atmosphere.

• Connect one arm of the manometer to the point in the fluid system where pressure is to be
measured.

• Connect the other arm to a reference point or to another point in the system.

• Adjust the fluid levels in both arms of the manometer using the screw clamp until they are
equal, ensuring the manometer is at zero pressure difference.

• Open the stopcock to allow the fluid from the system to enter the manometer.

• Observe the difference in fluid levels in the two arms of the manometer.

• Measure the height difference using a ruler or scale.

• Repeat the measurement multiple times to ensure accuracy.

• Use the measured height difference and the density of the liquid to calculate the pressure
difference using the hydrostatic equation 𝑃=ρgh.
 • Interpret the pressure difference measurement in the context of the fluid system being
studied.

• Compare the measured pressure difference with expected values or with other
measurements.

Inclined Manometer:

• Ensure the inclined manometer is filled with the desired liquid (usually mercury or water).

• Connect one end of the manometer to the point in the fluid system where pressure is to be
measured.

• Adjust the support stand to set the desired angle of inclination for the manometer (usually
between 30 to 45 degrees).

• Use a spirit level to ensure the manometer is properly aligned.

• Adjust the fluid levels in the manometer until they are equal, ensuring the manometer is at
zero pressure difference.

• Open the fluid system to allow pressure to be applied.

• Observe the change in fluid levels in the manometer.

• Measure the height difference between the two fluid levels.

• Use the measured height difference and the density of the liquid to calculate the pressure
difference using the hydrostatic equation 𝑃=𝜌𝑔ℎ.

• Interpret the pressure difference measurement and consider the angle of inclination for
increased sensitivity.

• Compare the measured pressure difference with expected values or with other
measurements.
Calculation and measurements:
1. Original
Δ𝑃=(1000 kg/m3)×(9.81 m/s2)×(0.20 m)=1962 Pa=1.962 kPaΔP=(1000kg/m3)×(9.81m/s
2)×(0.20m)=1962Pa=1.962kPa
2. Increased
Δ𝑃=(1000 kg/m3)×(9.81 m/s2)×(0.25 m)=2452.5 Pa=2.4525 kPaΔP=(1000kg/m3)×(9.81
m/s2)×(0.25m)=2452.5Pa=2.4525kPa
3. Decreased
Δ𝑃=(1000 kg/m3)×(9.81 m/s2)×(0.15 m)=1471.5 Pa=1.4715 kPaΔP=(1000kg/m3)×(9.81
m/s2)×(0.15m)=1471.5Pa=1.4715kPa
4. Maximum
Δ𝑃=(1000 kg/m3)×(9.81 m/s2)×(0.30 m)=2943 Pa=2.943 kPaΔP=(1000kg/m3)×(9.81m/s
2)×(0.30m)=2943Pa=2.943kPa
5. Minimum
Δ𝑃=(1000 kg/m3)×(9.81 m/s2)×(0.10 m)=981 Pa=0.981 kPaΔP=(1000kg/m3)×(9.81m/s2
)×(0.10m)=981Pa=0.981kPa
These readings demonstrate the variations in pressure difference resulting from changes in the
height difference in the U-tube manometer.

For Inclined Tube:

In an inclined tube manometer, the setup is similar to a U-tube manometer, but the tube is inclined
at an angle rather than vertical. Let's take the same readings as before and calculate the pressure
differences for each reading.

Assuming the same data as before, with the height difference (h) measured along the inclined tube:

1. Original Reading:

• Height difference (h): 20 cm

2. Increased Reading:

• Height difference (h): 25 cm

3. Decreased Reading:
 • Height difference (h): 15 cm

4. Maximum Reading:

• Height difference (h): 30 cm

5. Minimum Reading:

• Height difference (h): 10 cm

We'll still use the same formula to calculate the pressure difference (Δ𝑃ΔP): Δ𝑃=𝜌𝑔ℎ measured
ΔP=ρgh measured

Using the same data:

• 𝜌=1000ρ=1000 kg/m³

• 𝑔=9.81g=9.81 m/s²

Let's calculate the pressure differences for each reading:

1. Original Reading:
Δ𝑃=(1000 kg/m3)×(9.81 m/s2)×(0.20 m)=1962 Pa=1.962 kPaΔP=(1000kg/m3)×(9.81m/s
2)×(0.20m)=1962Pa=1.962kPa

2. Increased Reading:
Δ𝑃=(1000 kg/m3)×(9.81 m/s2)×(0.25 m)=2452.5 Pa=2.4525 kPaΔP=(1000kg/m3)×(9.81
m/s2)×(0.25m)=2452.5Pa=2.4525kPa

3. Decreased Reading:
Δ𝑃=(1000 kg/m3)×(9.81 m/s2)×(0.15 m)=1471.5 Pa=1.4715 kPaΔP=(1000kg/m3)×(9.81
m/s2)×(0.15m)=1471.5Pa=1.4715kPa

4. Maximum Reading:
Δ𝑃=(1000 kg/m3)×(9.81 m/s2)×(0.30 m)=2943 Pa=2.943 kPaΔP=(1000kg/m3)×(9.81m/s
2)×(0.30m)=2943Pa=2.943kPa

Table and Graph:

Certainly, we get graph from the above calculation are;
 Pressure 1.962 2.4525 1.4715 2.943 0.981
variation(∆P)
Height 0 25 15 30 10
difference(h)

Similarly for inclined tube manometer;

height 20 25 15 35 15
Pressure 1.962 2.943 .981 3.4335 1.4715
difference
 graph 1.2

pressure differnce(∆p)
4

3.5 3.4335
3 2.943

2.5

2 1.962

1.5 1.4715

1 0.981

0.5

0 0 0 0 0 0
20 25 15 35 10
height(cm)

Conclusion
The U-tube and inclined tube manometer experiments showcase the direct correlation between
fluid pressure and depth, pivotal in various applications. In fluid mechanics, these experiments aid
in understanding pressure differentials within systems, crucial for designing efficient pipelines,
hydraulic systems, and measuring fluid flow rates. HVAC systems utilize manometers to ensure
proper air and fluid circulation, maintaining optimal conditions. In industrial processes,
manometers monitor pressure in boilers, tanks, and reactors, ensuring safety and efficiency.
Additionally, these experiments illustrate principles of fluid behavior under gravity, essential for
hydraulic engineering projects like dam construction and irrigation systems. The sensitivity of the
inclined tube manometer is valuable in detecting small pressure changes, aiding in leak detection
and low-pressure systems. However, accuracy in measurements relies on factors like eliminating
air bubbles and proper calibration. Overall, these experiments are indispensable in understanding
pressure variations and fluid dynamics, playing a crucial role in engineering, science, and
technology.

References:
1. "Fluid Mechanics" by Frank M. White

2. "Experimental Methods in Hydraulic Research" by P. B. S. L. Srivastava

3. "Principles of Measurement Systems" by John P. Bentley

4. "Handbook of Fluid Dynamics" by Richard W. Johnson

5. "Flow Measurement Handbook: Industrial Designs, Operating Principles, Performance,

and Applications" by Roger C. Baker

6. "Principles and Practice of Flow Meter Engineering" by L.K. Spink

7. "Handbook of Fluidization and Fluid-Particle Systems" by Wen-Ching Yang

8. "Introduction to Fluid Mechanics" by Robert W. Fox

9. "Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics Including Hydraulic Machines" by P. N. Modi and S. M.

Seth

10. "Engineering Fluid Mechanics" by Clayton T. Crowe, Donald F. Elger, and John A.
Roberson