Ict Assignment 2

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
IN SCIENCE
(SSI 3013)
TITLE :
THE HEAT TRANSFER

LECTURERS NAME:
ENCIK AZMI BIN IBRAHIM
PREPARED BY :
1) ANIS NABILAH BT MUHD NOOR ASHIKHI
2) NURSAIYIDAH BT ABDUL RONI
DATE : 3 OCTOBER 2016
D20161073928
D20161073948
CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
1.0
Introduction to the heat transfer
2.0
Definition of conduction, convection and radiation
3.0
Experiment on radiation
4.0
Application of radiation concept in daily life
5.0
Conclusion
References
Acknowledgement
First of all, thanks to Allah S.W.T for his mercy and guidance in giving us full strength to
complete this assignment titled The Heat Transfer. Even though there are some difficulties while
completing this assignment, we still managed to complete it. Our deep gratitude goes first to
Encik Azmi bin Ibrahim for all his support and guidance in helping us to finish this task. Then,
we would like to thank our parents for supporting us mentally and physically not only during
completing this assignment but our whole studies in order to born as a teacher one day. Last but
not least, we would like to thank all our friends who never give up in giving us advices in all
aspects. Thank you very much for all your kindness.
1.0 Introduction
Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. The rate
of heat transfer is dependent on the temperatures of the systems and the properties of the
intervening medium through which the heat is transferred. The three fundamental modes of heat
transfer are conduction, convection and radiation. Heat transfer, the flow of energy in the form of
heat, is a process by which a system's internal energy is changed, hence is of vital use in
applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics. Conduction is also known as diffusion, not to
be confused with diffusion related to the mixing of constituents of a fluid.
The direction of heat transfer is from a region of high temperature to another region of lower
temperature, and is governed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Heat transfer changes
the internal energy of the systems from which and to which the energy is transferred. Thermal
equilibrium is reached when all involved bodies and the surroundings reach the same
temperature. Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a
change in temperature. Now we are going to discuss further regarding the three modes of heat
transfer that are conduction, convection and radiation.
2.0 Conduction, convection and radiation

On a microscopic scale, the kinetic energy of molecules is the direct relation to thermal energy.
As temperature rises, the molecules increase in thermal agitation manifested in linear motion and
vibration. Regions that contain higher kinetic energy transfer the energy to regions with lower
kinetic energy. Simply put, heat transfer can be grouped into three broad categories:
Conduction
Conduction occurs when two object at different temperatures are in contact with each
other. Heat flows from the warmer to the cooler object until they are both at the same
temperature. Conduction is the movement of heat through a substance by the collision of
molecules. At the place where the two object touch, the faster-moving molecules of the
warmer object collide with the slower moving molecules of the cooler object. As they
collide, the faster molecules give up some of their energy to the slower molecules. The
slower molecules gain more thermal energy and collide with other molecules in the
cooler object. This process continues until heat energy from the warmer object spreads
throughout the cooler object. Some substances conduct heat more easily than others.
Solids are better conductor than liquids and liquids are better conductor than gases.
Metals are very good conductors of heat, while air is very poor conductor of heat. We
experience heat transfer by conduction whenever we touch something that is hotter or
colder than our skin, for example, when we wash our hand in warm or cold water.
Convection
When a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and then travels away from the source, it
carries the thermal energy along. This type of heat transfer is called convection. The fluid
above a hot surface expands, becomes less dense, and rises. At the molecular level, the
molecules expand upon introduction of thermal energy. As temperature of the given fluid
mass increases, the volume of the fluid must increase by same factor. This effect on the
fluid causes displacement. As the immediate hot air rises, it pushes denser, colder air
down. This series of events represents how convection currents are formed. For example,
convection occurs when you boil water in a pan. The bubbles of water that rise are the
hotter parts of the water rising to the cooler area of water at the top of the pan.
Radiation
Both conduction and convection require matter to transfer heat. Radiation is a method of
heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact between the heat source and the heated
object. For example, we feel heat from the sun even though we are not touching it as heat
can be transmitted though empty space by thermal radiation. Thermal radiation (often
called infrared radiation) is a type electromagnetic radiation (or light). Radiation is a form
of energy transport consisting of electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light.
All objects absorb and emit radiation. Despite that, the type of surfaces affects the
emission of heat via radiation. Matt black surfaces are the best absorber and emitter of
heat while light shiny surfaces are the worst absorber and emitter of heat.
3.0 Experiment on radiation

Objective:
To investigate the effect of type of surface on emission of infrared radiation.
Apparatus:
Leslies cube and infrared detector/ thermometer
Material:
Boiling water
Procedure:
Boiling water is poured into a Leslies cube, metal vessel whose four vertical faces each have a
different surface. Then, an infrared detector is then placed at the same distance from each face in
turn and the reading indicated is noted.
Result:
Type of surface
Infrared reading ( oC )
Matt black
68.3
Shiny black
66.0
White
49.8
Silvered white
27.3
Discussion:
For surfaces at the same temperature, dark, matt surfaces are better emitters of thermal radiation
than light, shiny surfaces. This is because, matt black surfaces are the best absorber ( worst
reflector) of thermal radiation. Meanwhile, light shiny surfaces are the worst absorber( best
reflector) of thermal radiation.
Conclusion:
Matt black surface are the best thermal radiator while silvered shiny surface are the worst
thermal radiator.
4.0 Application of radiation concept on daily life

Based on the experiment above, we can conclude that matt black surfaces are the best thermal
radiator and silvered shiny surfaces are the worst thermal radiator. For this reason,
1. Teapots are light and silvery so that they emit less infrared radiation (heat) and so keep
the tea hot for longer.
2. The pipes at the back of a fridge are matt black so that they get rid of the heat extracted as
effectively as possible.
3. Fire-fighting suits are made of shiny, silvery material so as to reflect as much infrared
radiation as possible, thus enabling the fire fighter to walk close to a raging fire in
relative safety.
4. Solar panels used to provide hot water in some houses are matt black on the outer surface
so as to absorb as much infrared radiation as possible. The inner surface is shiny so as to
reflect infrared radiation back onto the pipes carrying the water.
5.0 Conclusion
We have looked at the three modes of heat transfer that are conduction and convection which
rely on temperature differences, so does radiation, but with radiation the absolute temperature is
important. In some cases one method of heat transfer may dominate over the other two, but often
heat transfer occurs via two, or even all three, processes simultaneously. For example, a stove
and an oven are perfect examples of the different kinds of heat transfer. If you boil water in a pot
on the stove, heat is conducted from the hot burner through the base of the pot to the water. Heat
can also be conducted along the handle of the pot, which is why you need to be careful picking
the pot up, and the reason why most pots do not have metal handles. Meanwhile, in the water in
the pot, convection currents are set up, helping to heat the water uniformly. Then, if you cook
something in the oven, on the other hand, heat is transferred from the glowing elements in the
oven to the food via radiation. Therefore, in a conclusion, it is proofed that this concept of heat
transfer is applied at all times in our daily life.
References
In order for us to complete our assignment, we have been looking for information from various
websites. These are the websites that provide us with the information:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GoZZKcNZiQ&feature=youtu.be
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Pz8xcEQtMU
http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/how_is_heat_transferred.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zttrd2p/revision
http://www.animatedscience.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/GCSE-P1-1.1.1Infrared-Radiation.pdf

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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

THE HEAT TRANSFER

ENCIK AZMI BIN IBRAHIM

2) NURSAIYIDAH BT ABDUL RONI

DATE : 3 OCTOBER 2016

Introduction to the heat transfer

Definition of conduction, convection and radiation

Application of radiation concept in daily life

2.0 Conduction, convection and radiation

3.0 Experiment on radiation

4.0 Application of radiation concept on daily life

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