ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES 20EC COL BLE (ECE) III Semester Reflection = Normal Incidence ‘Oblique incidence ~Problems!Soltions Dr. N. V. Koteswara Rao REFLECTION When wave is progressing from one medium to other medium impedance of the medium changes. This is said to be impedance is discontinuous (or) mismatch (or) irregular: Wherever there exists impedance discontinuity there exist reflection. If the vector corresponds to direction of propagation is normal to interface then it is called normal incidence, Department of ECE CBIT(A) If the vector corresponds to direction of propagation makes an angle with the unit vector normal to . interface is called oblique incidence. Normal Incidence Reflection Medium (1) | — Medium (2) 1 Np [Normal Incidenc Oblique Incidence Poxpendicular [Parallel polarization} polarization InterfaceNormal Incidence Normal Incidence is incident ‘Medium (1) Medium (2) Medium (1), Medium (2) 1: reflected ™ mM Ley Th % tc transmited a an Arrow(s): Direction ‘8,7 Unit Vector of propagation ame Interface of waves Interface Normal Incidence Normal Incidence is incident is incident Medium (1) | Medium(2) nny Medium (1) | Medium(2) ny isu, m2 tr transmitted. Pathe, hh ts transmitted 1 —— fin — n His egy — a, Arrow(s): Direction ‘4, Unit Vector Arrow(s): Direction ‘4: Unit Vector of propagation homie of propagation tivimertce of waves Interface of waves InterfaceNormal Incidence Normal Incidence i s incident i sineident Medium (1) | Medium) a ctca Mesa) | Medion ®) ened my % ts transmitted Ms Don transmitted ie — iaaacames —— y h re—— LP, 7 r— AS Arrow(s): Direction 35: Usit Vector Arrows): Direction 8, Unit Vector of bropagation Pe of Propagation ame of waves Interface ofwaves Interface Oblique Incidence Oblique Incidence Medium (1) ay Medium (2) 1 2 Mediu (1) wy 6 Medium (2) 1. a Interface Interface 5 UstVestor the InterfaceOblique Incidence Medium (1) 1.6; Medium (2) 4 i incident Interface 4: Uait Vector Normal to the inter Oblique Incidence Medium (1) p61 Medium (2) 14,2 a {is incident ts transmitted Interface Unit Vector Normal to the Interface Oblique Incidence ae Medium (2) 1 2, ay iis incident 1: reflected ts transmitted Interface 4° Unit Vector Normal to the Interface Oblique Incidence Meee ale Medium (2) 1. a, is incident Using Snell’Law +: reflected a= t: transmitted {ne Interface % Unit Vecor fe Normals the InterfaceOblique Incidence Medium (1) u .€; i incident reflected ts transmits Interface 2 Uait Vector Normal to d Oblique Incidence Medium (1) 1 81 Medium (2) 42.62 ay {is incident Using Snell"Law reflected 0, =8, Hi ts transmitted Interface Unit Vector sin 8, Normal to sin, Yns6s the nerface sind, Yn the Interface Normal Incidence: incident (4.2) | et (_z) | rom (4 7) Fig shows shat an ‘Medium 2 Eng = Byge tt | Ey = Ege fnecice f defined Medium _ . by 2 = 0 20s z0 20 i,,=- fet Modigt aed 2 >0 nwt men ™ is Med? fi: Veetorcomesgondsto isincidence For inion: Ereflected Forteflected For tase: ‘etrasmitted © In Medium 1, there electric and magnetic reflected). + In Medium 2, there exists one set of electric and magnetic field (transmitted).these E&H fields are ntal to interface © Across the interf ta © We know that tangential components of electric field ss interface are continuous, imilarly tangential components of ic fields are also continuow Using the Boundary Conditions across the Interface Eq +E =Ey Ein _ Fre _ Fo (Continuity of E fields ee (Continuity of H fields across the interface z= 0) ‘across the interface 2 = 0) Defining reflection coefficient (T) as a ratio of reflected electric field to incident electric field. lf mom Eo o™ Defining transmission coefficient (T) as ratio of transmitted electric field to incident electie field, + If my = > T= 0, then T = 1, we conclude that reflections are zero, + If medium *2” is perfect conductor => n= Po=1 =12180%, T=0, ‘No transmission takes place, » then + Wave propagation through @ perfect conductor is not possible, complete reflection takes place IPP : Power reflection coefficient 100 | FP: Percentage of Power reflected (= IPP) 100 : Percentage of power transmittedProblem : An EM wave is propagating from free space to a medium which is characterized by e=4e, , H=9h1y, assume normal incidence, find reflection co-efficient, transmission co-efficient, % of power reflected, % of power transmitted and also calculate power reflection co-efficient. Medium 1 Free space = 12020 En _—" T Eo mm m*M: 1805 -120n _ 60x 180x 120% 300x 5 (2080s) __ 360", os 180x +1200” 3000 % of Power Reflected: 100 | 1? 100) /0. =4% 9 of Power Transmitted = (1-|T'}<100 (10.04) 100 16% A wave is progressing from free space to a medium whose relative permittivity is 4, The mediums are separated by y ~ 0, y<0 is free space & y>0 is a dicleetrie medium whose e, = 4, A ‘wave is incident on interface whose electric field is given by Ji vim Find frequency of wave, phase shift constant for y0 medium. Find T, Power reflection co-efficient, % of power reflection, % of power transmitted, Also find incident , reflected and transmitted electric and magnetic fields, And also calculate average Poynting vector(s) of incident, reflected and transmitted waves, E=8c0s{ot~ +E-sesior-iy) a Sey) Tronenited 6 E, = Zeosfot—Pardie 16 39, codon Bay = ay we [Pas Pes Pani = Meine 1 ™ a % 2 teaanited Evthcted Bi Electric field is parallel to plane of incidence and hence this ease is said to be parallel polarization, Plane of incidence = ‘+ Itis that plane on which K,.K,and K, and ai, lies. + K.K,.K, are vectors corresponds to direction of propagation of incident, reflected and. transmitted respectively #4 is the unit vector normal to interface. # As shown in fig, the veotors correspond to direction of propagation of incident, reflected and transmitted areK,,K, & K,, + These are lying on 2-X plane + The unit veotor normal to interface is also lying on Z-X plane ie., 4, =4, also lies on Z- X plane ZX Plane is called plane of incidence.Madina? H, let field is perpendicular to Z-X plane or plane of incidence & hence perpendicular polarization Parallel polarization Reflection co-efficient 11, £080, ~n, e050, Perpendicular poarization Reflection coefficient 1, €080, ~n, £088, r, 16080, 71,6050, seo Facet, Transisson co-eficent “Transmssion co-eflisint = Ti=1+T ni-csty [8 | It is that particular angle of incidence for ‘which no reflection takes place. For non-magnetic media Brewster angle: (@n:) For non-magnetic media is sin 8a, > Sm. doesn't occur in perpendicular polarization, in a non-magnetic medi, be AM EA wv gota be oes 2 Fras str (or sion vector + K::Propagation veetor (or) wave number vector E=RelEe* K=K, a, +K, a, +K.4, [Rlis rooted to 8 Be one krK.E, H are mutually orthogonal to each other for verification Further we write E, H lies ina plane defined by Ki=constant, Further. we can write KxE ‘Text Books: 1, Matthew — N.O. _ Sadiku, "Elements _of Electromagnetics", 7" edition, Newyork Oxford University Press, 2018. 2. William H. Hayt Jr. and John A. Buck, "Engineering Electromagnetics", 8" edition, TMH, 2016. 3. E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, "Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems", 2™edition, PHI,2000. Suggested Readings: 1. John D. Ryder, "Networks Lines and Fields", 2"edition, PHI, 2015. 2. RK, Shevgaonkar, “Electromagnetics Waves”, Tata MeGraw Hill India, 2005.