elements and every column contains m elements.

Definition :A rectangular arrangement of numbers

3 1 5 
(which may be real or complex numbers) in rows Eg : Order of matrix 6 2  7  is 2  3
 
and columns, is called a matrix. This arrangement
is enclosed by open ( ) or closed [ ] brackets. The Types of matrices:
numbers are called the elements of the matrix or Row matrix: A matrix is said to be a row matrix if
entries of the matrix. it has only one row and any number of columns.
Order of Matrix : A matrix having ‘m’ rows and Eg : 5 0 3 is a row matrix of order 1 3
‘n’ columns is called a matrix of order ‘ m  n ’ or
simply ‘ m  n ’ matrix (read as m by n matrix). A Column matrix :Amatrix is said to be a column matirx
matrix A of order ‘ m  n ’ is usually written in the if it has only one column and any number of rows.
following manner 2 
3 
Eg :   is a column matrix of order 3 1
 a11 a12 a13 ... ... a1 j ... ... a1n  6 
 
 a21 a22 a23 ... ... a2 j ... ... a2 n 
Singleton matrix : If in a matrix there is only one
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
A   element then it is called singleton matrix.
 ai1 ai 2 ai 3 ... ... aij ... ... ain 
Thus, A   aij  mn is a singleton matrix, if m = n = 1
 
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 
Eg :  2 ,  3 ,  a  ,  3 are singleton matrices.
 am1 am 2 am 3 ... ... amj ... ... amn  m n
Null matrix (or) Zero matrix : If in a matrix all
In a compact form the above matrix is
represented by the elements are zeros then it is called a z e r o
matrix and it is generally denoted by O. Thus
A   aij  ,1  i  m,1  j  n (or ) A   aij 
m n A   aij  is a zero matrix if aij  0  i and j.
m n
The numbers a11 , a12 ,......, etc. are known as the
 0 0  0 0 0
elements of the matrix A. The element aij in the Eg : 0 0 , 0 0 0 are all zero matrices, but of
   
matrix A belongs to i th row and j th column. different orders.
Note: A matrix of order ‘ m  n ’ contains mn Rectangular matrix : In a matrix if the number of
elements. Every row of such a matrix contains n
rows is not equal to the number of columns then
 the matrix is called a rectangular matrix. We denote the identity matrix of order n by I n .
3 2 
5 0 
1 0 0
Eg : 1 0
, I3  0 1 0 are identity

 7 1 32 Eg : I2     
0 1
0 0 1
Square matrix : If number of rows and number
matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.
of columns in a matrix are equal, then it is called a
square matrix. Scalar matrix : A square matrix whose all non
 a11 a12 a13  diagonal elements are zeros and diagonal elements
 are equal is called a scalar matrix. Thus, if
a 23 
Eg :  a 21 a 22
is a square matrix of order
 a 31 a32 a 33  A   aij  is a square matrix and
3 × 3.  , if i  j
 Principal diagonal of a square matrix : In a aij   , then A is a scalar matrix.
square matrix the diagonal from first element of the 0, if i  j
first row to the last element of the last row is called
5 0 0
the principal diagonal of the square matrix. 3 0  
, 0 5 0
Eg : 0 3  
 a11 a12 a13  0 0 5 
a a22 a23 
Eg :  21  Unit matrix and null square matrices are also scalar
 a31 a32 a33 
matrices.
then a11 , a 22 ,a 33 constitutes diagonal of A Triangular matrix : A square matrix  aij  is said
Diagonal matrix : In a square matrix if all the to be triangular matrix if each element above or
elements outside the principal diagonal are zeros, below the principal diagonal is zero. It is of two
the elements of principal diagonal may or may not types
be zero, then the matrix is said to be diagonal  Upper triangular matrix: A square matrix  aij  is
matrix.
called the upper triangular matrix,
2 0 0
0 0 0 if aij  0 when i  j .
Eg :   is a diagonal matrix of order 3 3 ,
 0 0 4 
 3 1 2
0 4 3
which can be denoted by diag  2,0, 4 Eg :   is an upper triangular matrix of
Note: If A = diag( d1 , d 2 , d 3 ...d n ) then 0 0 6
order 3 × 3.
An  diag  d1n , d 2 n , d 3n .....d n n 
 Lower triangular matrix: A square matrix  aij  is
Identity matrix or Unit matrix :
A square matrix in which each element in the called the lower triangular matrix, if aij  0 when
principal diagonal is ‘1’ and rest are all zeros is i j.
called an identity matrix or unit matrix. Thus, the
1 0 0 
square matrix A   aij  is an identity matrix, if 2 3 0
Eg :   is a lower triangular matrix of
1, if i  j  4 5 2 
aij  
0, if i  j order 3 × 3
 Note: If two matrices A and B are of different
Trace of a matrix : The sum of diagonal elements of a
orders, we can not define A+B and A-B.
square matrix Ais called the trace of matrixA, which is
denoted by tr ( A). Trace is also called as spur. Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar: Let
n
A   aij  mn be a matrix and k be a number, then
i.e., tr  A    aii  a11  a22  .....ann
i 1
the matrix which is obtained by multiplying every
Properties of trace of a matrix : element of A by k is called scalar multiplication of
Let A   aij nn and B  bij  nn and  be a scalar A by k and it is denoted by kA.
Thus, if A   aij  mn , then kA  Ak   kaij  mn .
i) tr   A   tr  A 
 Properties of scalar multiplication :
ii) tr  A  B   tr  A  tr  B  If A, B are matrices of the same order and  ,  are
iii) tr  AB   tr  BA any two scalars then
i)   A  B    A   B
iv) tr  I n   n v) tr  AB   tr  A  .tr  B 
ii)      A   A   A
vi) If A,B,C are square matrices of order n,
then Tr (ABC) = Tr (BCA) = Tr (CAB) iii)    A    A     A
Equality of matrices : Two matrices A and B are iv)   A      A     A 
said to be equal, if
i) A and B are of the same type (order) Multiplication of matrices : Two matrices A and
ii) The corresponding elements of A and B are equal. B are conformable for the product AB if the number
of columns in A is same as the number of rows in B
a b c   2 0 1
Eg : A   and B  
thus, if A   aik m p , B  bkj  pn then
 
d e f  1 3 5 
are equal if a = 2, b = 0, c = 1, d = -1, e = -3, f = 5 p

Addition of matrices : If A and B are two matrices AB  Cij 

m n
where Cij   aik bkj
k 1
of the same type, then their sum denoted by A+B
is defined to be the matrix of the same type and is EX.1: A matrix X has (a+b) rows and (a+2)
obtained by adding the corresponding elements columns, while the matrix Y has (b+1) rows and
of A and B. (a+3) columns. Both matrices XY and YX exist.
Find a and b.
i.e., If A   aij  mn and B  bij  mn then Sol. Type of X is (a+b)  (a+2)
Type of Y is (b+1)  (a+3)
A  B  [Cij ]mn where Cij  aij  bij
Since both XY, YXexist
 Properties : a+2=b+1 and a+b=a+3  a=2, b=3
i) A+B = B+A (commutative law) order of X is 5  4, order of Y is 4  5
ii) (A+B)+C = A+(B+C) (Associative law) XY  YX
iii) A+O=O+A = A where O is zero matrix which ( order of XY is 5  5 and YX is 4  4)
is called additive identity.  Properties of matrix multiplication :
iv) A+(-A)=O=(-A)+A, , where (-A) is If A,B and C are three matrices such that their
obtained by changing the sign of every element of product is defined, then
i) AB  BA ,(Generally not commutative)
A, which is additive inverse of the matrix A.
ii)  AB  C  A  BC  =ABC, (Associative law)
Difference of two matrices : If A and B a r e
two matrices of the same type then A-B is defined iii) IA  A  AI , where I is identitiy matrix for
as A+(-B) matrix multiplication.
 iv) A  B  C   AB  AC , (Distributive law) Skew-Symmetric matrix : A square matrix
v) (A + B).C = AC + BC, (Distributive law) A   aij  is called skew -symmetric matrix if
vi) If AB  O, then either A or B need not be equal
to O . aij   a ji  i, j i.e., AT   A .
vii) If AB = AC then B need not be equal to C 0 h g
even if A  O .  h 0 f
Eg :  
 Remember that if A and B are two square matrices   g f 0 
of the same order, then
Note: i) All principal diagonal elements of a skew-
i)  A  B   A2  B 2  AB  BA
2
symmetric matrix are always zeros
ii) Trace of a skew-symmetric matrix is zero
ii)  A  B   A2  B 2  AB  BA
2
 Properties of symmetric and Skew-symmetric
matrices :
iv)  Am   Amn   An 
n m
iii) Am An  Am  n
i) If A is a square matrix, then A  AT , AAT , AT A
v) I n
 I n  N are symmetric matrices
Transpose of a matrix : The matrix obtained from ii) If A is square matrix then A  AT is a skew-
a given matrix A by changing its rows into columns symmetric matrix.
iii) If A is a symmetric matrix, then
or columns into rows is called transpose of matrix
 A, KA, AT , An , A1 , BT AB are also symmetric
A and is denoted by AT or A' . From the definition
matrices, where n  N , K  R and B is a square
it is obvious that if order of A is m  n , then order
matrix of order that of A
of AT is n  m iv) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
 Properties of transpose of a matrix : a) A2n is symmetric matrix for n  N
Let A and B be two matrices then,  i   AT   A
T
b) A2 n 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n  N
c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where
ii)  A  B   AT  BT ,A and B being of the same
T
kR
order v) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then
iii)  kA   kAT , k be any scalar
T a) A  B, AB  BA are also symmetric matrices,
b) AB-BA is a skew-symmetric matrix,
iv)  AB   BT AT , A and B being conformable for
T
c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB=BA
the product AB vi) If A, B two skew-symmetric matrices, then
a) A  B ,AB-BA are skew-symmetric matrices
v)  A1 A2 A3 .... An 1 An   AnT AnT1 .... A3T A2T A1T
T
b) AB+BA is a symmetric matrix.
vi) A=B  AT  B T vii) a) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and B is a
square matrix of order that of A then BT AB is also
Symmetric matrix: A square matrixv A   aij  is
skew-symmetric matrix.
called symmetric matrix if aij  a ji b) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and C is a

 i, j i.e., AT  A column matrix, then C T AC is a zero matrix.

viii) Every square matrix A can be uniquely
a h g expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew-
h b f  symmetric matrices of same order
Eg :  is a symmetric matrix
 g c  1 T  1 T 
i.e., A    A  A      A  A   .
f
2  2 
 Note: If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew- ii) Involutory matrix: A square matrix A is called
symmetric then A is null matrix. an involutory matrix if A2  I
Orthogonal matrix: A square matrix A is called 0 1 
orthogonal if AA  I  A A i.e., A  A
T T Eg :   is an involutory matrix.
1 0 
1 T

1 2 2 iii) Nilpotent matrix: A square matrix A is called

1
EX. 2: If A   2 1 2  then A is__ a nilpotent matrix if there exists atleast
3
 2 2 1 
one p  N such that A p  O , where the least value
1 2 2  p is called index of the nilpotent matrix A
1
Sol: A   2 1 2 
T
1 1 3
3 5 2 6
 2 2 1  Eg : A=   is a nilpotent matrix of index 3.
 2 1 3

1 2 2  1 2 2  9 0 0  Note: Trace of a nilpotent matrix is zero.

1 1 1 
A. A   2 1 2   2 1 2    0 9 0
T iv) Periodic matrix: A matrix A is called a periodic
3 3 9 I
 2 2 1   2 2 1   0 0 9  matrix if Ak 1  A where k is a positive integer. The
Similarly AT A  I A is Orthogonal matrix least value of k is said to be period of A
 Properties of Orthogonal matrix : v) Conjugate of a matrix: The matrix obtained
i) Every orthogonal matrix is non -singular. from any given matrix A containing complex
ii) Every orthogonal matrix is invertible. numbers as its elements, on replacing its elements
iii) If A is orthogonal, then AT and A1 are also by the corresponding conjugate complex numbers
orthogonal. is called conjugate of A and is denoted by A .
iv) If A and B are orthogonal matrices of same order
1  2i 2  3i 3  4i 
then AB and BA are also orthogonal.  4  5i 5  6i 6  7i 
Eg : A 
v) The sum of the squares of elements of any row   then
 8 7  8i 7 
or column of an orthogonal matrix is 1.
vi) The sum of the products of the corresponding 1  2i 2  3i 3  4i 
elements of any two rows or columns is 0 A   4  5i 5  6i 6  7i 
Special types of matrices :  8 7  8i 7 
i) Idempotent matrix: A square matrix A is called vi) Transposed conjugate of a matrix: The
an idempotent matrix if A  A
2
transpose of the conjugate of a matrix A is called

 2 2 4  transposed conjugate of A and is denoted by A
 1 3 4 
Eg : A =   is an idempotent matrix. or A*. The conjugate of the transpose of A is the
 1 2 3
same as the transpose of the conjugate of A
Properties :
 
i.e., AT   A   A .
T

i) If A, B are two idempotent matrices and AB =

BA = O then A+B is idempotent matrix. 1  2i 2  3i 3  4i 
ii) If A is idempotent matrix then I-A is also Eg : A   4  5i 5  6i 6  7i 
idempotent  8 7  8i 7 
iii) Every non-singular idempotent matrix is always
unit matrix  1  2i 4  5i 8 
 7  8i 
iv) If AB=A , BA=B then A and B are idempotent then A   2  3i 5  6i
matrices and An  B n  A  B  3  4i 6  7i 7 
vii) Hermitian matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ is
said to be Hermitian matrix if A  A  a11 a12 a13 
a a22 a23 
 3 3  4i 5  2i  Let A =  21 
3  4i 5 2  i   a31 a32 a33 
Eg :   is
5  2i 2  i 2 
a11 a12
Hermitian matrix. i) Minor of a23 is  M 23  
Note: All the principal diagonal elements of a31 a32
herimitian matrix are real.
viii) Skew Hermitian matrix : A square matrix A  a11a32  a31a12
is said to be a skew-Hermitian if ii) Cofactor of a31 is
A   A
a12 a13
 3i 3  2i 1  i  A31  (1)31 M 31  
3  2i a22 a23
2i 2  4i 
Eg : 
 1  i 2  4i 0  iii) The cofactors of a11 , a12 , a13 ..... are denoted
is a skew-hermitian matrix. by A11 , A12 , A13 ,.......
Note: All the principal diagonal elements of skew-
hermitian matrix are either zero or purely imaginary.  a1 b1 c1 
ix) Unitary matrix: A square matrix A is said a b2 c2 
iv) For the matrix  2  , the cofactor
to be unitary, if A A  I  AA  a 3 b3 c3 
The determinant of unitary matrix is one and it is
non-singular.  A1 B1 C1 
 C2 
Determinant of a square matrix : The matrix is given by  A2 B2

 A3 B3 C 3 
a b1 
determinant of the square matrix A   1 is a1 c1
 a2 b2  Eg : B2  ( 1)
2 2
 ( a1c3  a3c1 )
a3 c3
the unique number a1b2  a2b1 and is denoted by
a1 a2 Determinant of Third Order Matrix
D et A  A   a1b2  a 2 b1 The determinant of a square matrix is equal to the
b1 b2
sum of the products of the elements of a row (or
Minor of an element in a square matrix: Let column) with their corresponding cofactors

A   aij  be a square matrix. The minor of an a1 b1 c1

If   a 2 b2 c 2   = a1 A1 + a2 A2 +
element aij in A is the determinant of the square a3 b3 c3
matrix that remains after deleting the i th row and a3A3 = b1 B1 + b2 B2 + b3B3
= c1 C1 + c2 C2 + c3C3
jth column of A. It is denoted by M ij .
Properties of determinants:
Cofactor of an element of a square matrix : i)The determinant of a square matrix changes its
sign when any two rows (or columns) are
The cofactor of an element in the i th row a n d interchanged
th
the j column of a matrix is defined as its minor ii)If two rows (columns) of a square matrix are
identical or proportional then the value of the
multiplied by ( 1)i  j . If Aij is the cofactor of aij , determinant is zero.
then Aij  ( 1)i  j M ij iii)If all the elements of a row (column) of a square
matrix are multiplied by a number K then the
determinant of the resulting matrix is equal to K EX.3: In a square matrix, the elements of a column
times the determinant of the original matrix. are 2, 5k+1, 3 and the cofactors of another
iv) If each element of a row (column) of a square column are 1-5k, 2, 4k-2. Then find k
matrix is the sum of two terms then its determinant Sol. The sum of the products of the elements of any
can be expressed as the sum of two determinants column of a square matrix with the cofactors of the
of two square matrices of the same order. corresponding elements of any other column is
a1  x a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 x a2 a3 zero.
b1  y b3  y b2 b3  2(1  5k )  (5k  1)2  3(4 k  2)  0
b2 b3
= b1 b2
c1  z c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 z c2 c3 1
12k  2  0  k  6
v) If the elements of a row (column) of a square
matrix are added with K times the corresponding EX.4 : If  ,  ,  are roots of x 3  px 2  q  0 ,
elements of any other row (column) then the value
of the determinant of the resulting matrix is unaltered 1 1 1
  
x1 y1 z1 x1  ky1 y1 z1
1 1 1
x2 y2 z2  x2  ky2 y2 z2  
where q  0 then   
x3 y3 z3 x3  ky3 y3 z3 1 1 1
vi) The sum of the products of the elements of any   
row (column) of a squre matrix with the cofactors 1 1 1
Sol. we have       0    0
of the corresponding elements of any other row   
(column) is zero.
1 1 1
a1 b1 c1   
1 1 1
  a2 b2 c2 Let  C1  C1  C2  C3
 a1 A2 + b1 B2 + c1 C2 = 0   
a3 b3 c3 1 1 1
  
a1 A3 + b1 B3 + c1C3=0 a2 ,A1 + b2 B1 + c2C1 =0
vii) If the elements of a square matrix are 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Polynomials in x and two rows (columns) become   0
      
identical when x = a then x–a is a factor of its 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
   0 0
determinant and if three rows are identical then (x–       
a)2 is a factor 1

1

1 1 1
0
1 1
      
Note: i) A  A , AB  A B = B A
T

1 1 p 1 p  q
ii) KA  K n A , n  order of A. 2 3 2p 4  3 p  2q 
EX.5:
iii) If   aij is a determinant of order n, then the 3 6  3 p 10  6 p  3q

value of the determinant Aij , where Aij is the 1 1 p 1 p  q

cofactor of aij is,  n1 . Sol.   2 3  2 p 4  3 p  2q

3 6  3 p 10  6 p  3q
iv) Determinant of nilpotent matrix is 0
v) Determinant of an orthogonal matrix = 1or -1 c2  c2  pc1 and c3  c3  qc1
vi) Determinant of a Skew - symmetric matrix of
odd order is 0. 1 1 1 q 1 1 1
vii) Determinant of Hermitian matrix is purely real.   2 3 4  3p    2 3 4 1
viii) Determinant of triangular matrix is zero 3 6 10  6 p C C  PC 3 6 10
3 3 2
 1 x x 1 functions of x. then,
EX. 6. If f ( x)  2x x( x  1) x( x  1) f1 '  x  g1'  x  f1  x  g1  x 
3x( x  1) x ( x  1)( x  2) x( x  1) 2   x 
'

f 2  x g 2  x f '2  x  g '2  x 
then f (2015)  [EAM-2012] Also
Sol. Taking x common from C2 , x  1 from C3 and
f1 '  x  g 1  x  f1  x  g1'  x 
'  x   
( x -1) from R3 , we get f 2'  x  g 2  x  f 2  x  g 2'  x 
1 1 1 Thus, to differentiate a determinant, we differentiate
f ( x )  x ( x  1)( x  1) 2 x x 1 x one row (or column) at a time, keeping others
3x x2 x unchanged.

Applying C1  C1  C3 , C2  C2  C3 ,we get x b b

x b
EX.7: If 1  a x b ,  2  a x
are the two
0 0 1
a a x
f ( x )  x ( x 2  1) x 1 x
2 x 2 x d
given determinants then ( 1) 
=0 [ C1 and C2 are proportional] dx
Thus f (2015) = 0 
x b b 
d 
(constant )  0 
dx
 
Sol: Given 1  a x b  d ( x)  1 
 
Product of Determinants of the same Order : a a x  dx 

a1 b1 c1 1 1  1 1 0 0 x b b x b b
d
Let 1  a2 b2 c2 and  2   2 2  2 (1 )  a x b  0 1 0  a x b
dx
a3 b3 c3 3 3  3 a a x a a x 0 0 1

Then row by row multiplication of 1 and  2 is x b x b x b

    3 2
given by a x a x a x

a11  b1 1  c1 1 a1 2  b1  2  c1 2 Integration of Determinants:

1  2  a2 1  b2 1  c2 1 a2 2  b2  2  c2 2
f  x g  x
a3 1  b3 1  c3 1 a3 2  b3  2  c3 2 If   x   ,then
1 2
a1 3  b1  3  c1 3 b b
a2 3  b2  3  c2 3 b
 f  x  dx  g  x  dx
a3 3  b3  3  c3 3    x  dx  a a
a
1 2
Note: Multiplication can also be performed row
by column; column by row or column by column Here, f  x  and g  x  are functions of x and
as required in the problem.
1 , 2 are constants.
Derivative of Determinants: Note:This formula is only applicable, if there is a
f1  x  g1  x  variable only in one row or column, otherwise
Let   x   f x g x , expand the determinant and then integrate.
2  2 
Singular and non-singular matrix :
where f1  x  , f 2  x  , g1  x  and g 2  x  are the If the determinant of a square matrix is zero then it
 is called a singular matrix otherwise non-singular xiv) A is triangular matrix  adjA is also triangular
matrix. matrix.
Note: i) A is singular  AT is singular
xv) A is singular  adjA  0
A is non-singular  AT is non-singular
ii) If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same Inverse of a matrix : Let A be a non- singular
type, then AB is non-singular of the same type. square matrix of order n, if there exist a square
matrix B of the same order such that
Adjoint matrix of a square matrix :
If the elements of a square matrix are replaced by AB  BA  I n then B is called the inverse of A
corresponding co-factors then the transpose of the and we write it as A1 .
resulting matrix is called the adjoint of the
matrix.Adjoint matrix of A is denoted by Adj A 1 adj A
The inverse of A given by A 
a
det A
b1 c1  A A A3 
 1   1 2 A matrix is said to be invertible, if it possesses
If P   a2

b2 c2 
 then AdjP   B1 B2 B3 
 inverse.
 a3 b3 c3  C C C3 
 1 2  Properties of inverse matrix : If A and B are
invertible matrices of the same order, then
Where A1 , B1 , C1..... are the co-factors of
i)  A1   A ii)  AT    A1 
1 1 T

a1 , b1 , c1.....
iii)  AB   B 1 A1
1
 Properties of adjoint matrix :
If A, B are square matrices of order n and I n is
iv)  Ak    A1  , k  N
1 k

corresponding unit matrix, then

 i  A  adjA  A I n   adjA  A v) adj  A1    adjA 
1
vi) A1 
1
 A
1

A
(Thus A adj  A  is always a scalar matrix)
n 1 vii) If A= diag( a1a2 ...an )
ii) adjA  A

iii) adj  adjA   A

n2
A; A  0
1

then A  diag a1 a2 ....an
1 1 1

viii) If A is symmetric matrix then A1 is also
 n 1 2

iv) adj  adjA   A symmetric matrix.

ix) The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix of odd
 n 1r
v) adj  adj (adjA ......r times  A order does not exist.
x) A is a non singular scalar matrix  A1 is also a
 
vi) adj AT   adjA
T
scalar matrix.
vii) adj  AB    adjB  adjA  xi) A is triangular matrix, A  0  A1 is also
triangular matrix.
 
viii) adj Am   adjA  , m  N
m
Cancellation law with respect to multiplication :
ix) adj  kA   k n1  adjA  , k  R If A is a non -singular matrix i.e., if A  0 , then

x) adj  I n   I n xi) adj  O   O A1 exist and

xii)Ais symmetric matrix  adj Ais also symmetrix AB  AC  A1  AB   A1  AC 
matrix.
xiii) A is diagonal matrix  adj A is also diagonal   A1 A  B   A1 A  C  IB  IC  B  C
matrix.  AB  AC  B  C  A  0 .
 Elementary Transformations : Any one of the a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
following operation on a matrix is called an  2  a2 d2 c2  3  a2 b2 d2
elementary transformation. ,
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
a) Interchanging any two rows (or columns) this
transformation is indicated as Provided   0
Ri  R j  Ci  C j  Sub matrix: A matrix obtained by deleting finite
number of rows or columns or both of a given matrix
b) Multiplication of the elements of any row (or
A is called sub matrix of A.
columns) by a non-zero scalar quantity this could
Rank of a matrix : Let A be a non - zero matrix.
be indicated as
The rank of A is defined as the maximum of the
Ri  kRi  C i  kC i  orders of the non - singular square submatrices of
c) Addition of a constant multiple of the elements A and is denoted by rank (A).
of any row to the corresponding element of any Note: i) If A is a non-zero matrix of order 3, then
other row, indicated as Ri  Ri  kR j . the rank of A is
a) 3 if A is non-singular
 Equivalent Matrices : Two matrices A and B
b) 2 if A is singular and there exist atleast one of its
are said to be equivalent, if one is obtained from
the other by elementary transformations. 2  2 submatrices is non-singular
It is denoted by A ~ B c) 1 if A is singular and every 2  2 submatrix is
singular
Solution of Linear Equations by Determinants : ii) A positive integer r is said to be the rank of a
1. Cramer’s Rule: (Solution of system of linear non-zero matrix A, if
equations in two unknowns) The solution of the a) There exists at least one minor in A of order r
system of equations a1 x  b1 y  c1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2 which is not zero. and
b) Every minor in A of order greater than r is zero.
1 
is given by x  and y  2 ,where It is written rank (A) = r.
 
iii) The rank of a null matrix is defined as zero
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1 iv) The rank of identy matrix of order n is n
 , 1  and  2  ,
a2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2 v) If A is a non-singular matrix of order n then
provided   0 rank  A   n .
2. Cramer’s Rule: (Solution of system of linear vi) Elementary operations do not change the rank
equations in three unknowns) The solutionof the of a matrix.
system of equations
vii) If A T is a transpose of A, then
a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2
rank  AT   rank  A 
a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d 3 its matrix form is
viii) If A is the transposed conjugate of A, then
 a1 b1 c1   x   d1 
a b2 c2   y    d 2  rank  A   rank  A  .
 2       AX  B
 a3 b3 c3   z   d 3 
ix) rank  A  B   rank  A   rank  B  .
1   x) If A and B are two matrices such that the product
is given by x  , y  2 and z  3 , where
   AB is defined, then rank (AB) can not exceed the
rank of the either matrix.
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
  a2 b2 c2 1  d 2 b2 c2 xi) If A   aij  mn is a matrix of Rank r then
; ;
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 r  min m, n
 Echelon form of a matrix : In a matrix if the Solution of system of non-homogenoeous linear
number of zeros before the first non zero element equations in two unknowns:
in any row doesnot exceed number of such type of a1 x  b1 y  c1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2
zeros in the very next row, then the matrix is said to
be in echelon form.  a1 b1   x   c1 
Its matrix form is  a b   y    c 
 2 2   2
1 2 3 4 5
0 1 3 5 1
 AX  D
 a1 b1
Eg : the matrix 0 0 1 2 1  is in the
i) a  b  system has unique solutions
 
0 0 0 0 0 2 2

(consistent)  X  A1 D
Echelon form.
Note: The number of non zero rows of a matrix a1 b1 c1
given in echelon form is its rank. ii) a  b  c  System has no solution
2 2 2

Characteristic Equation of a Matrix: (inconsistent)

a1 b1 c1
If A is a matrix of order n  n then A   I  0 is iii) a  b  c  System has infintely many
2 2 2
called the characteristic equation of the matrix A.
solutions (consistent)
 a11 a12 a13  Solution of system of non-homogeneous linear
If A   a 21 a 22 a 23  , then its characteristic equations in three unknowns :
 
 a31 a32 a 33 
a1 x  b1 y  c1z  d1 , a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d2
equation is A   I  0 takes the form a3 x  b3 y  c3z  d3 Its matrix form is
 3  S1 2  S2  S3  0 where  a1 b1 c1   x   d1 
a b2 c2   y    d   AX  D
S1  a11  a22  a33 = sum of the leading diagonal  2    2
 a 3 b3 c3   z   d 3 
elements of A.
a11 a12 a22 a23 a11 a13 i) A  0 then the system has unique solution
S2   
a21 a22 a32 a33 a31 a33 ii) A  0 then the system also has infinitely many
= sum of the minors of the leading diagonals solutions or no solution
elements of A Consistent System: A system of equations is said
S3  A =determinant of the matrix A. to be consistent if its solution (one or more)
exist.
1 1 0 Inconsistent system:A system of equations is said
 1 to be inconsistent if its solution does not exist.
EX.8 : If A=  1 2
 then A3  3 A2  I 
 2 1 0  Solution of system of homogeneous linear
equations in two unknowns :
Sol. Characteristic equation of A is A   I  0
 a1 x  b1 y  0 , a2 x  b2 y  0
1  1 0
 a1 b1   x   0
 1 2 1 0 Its matrix form is  a 
2 1   2 b2   y   0  AX  O
a1 b1
 (1   )   (2   )  1  1[  2]  0 i) a  b  System has unique solution that is
2 2
  3  3 2  I  0 (or ) A3  3 A2  I  0 x = 0 = y (trivial solution)
 a1 b1 i.e. zero solution.
ii) a  b  System has infinitely many solutions b) If rank  A  number of variables, then
2 2

(non-trivial solutions) AX  O have a non-trivial solution. It will have

iii) The above system of equations is always infinitely many solutions.
consistent.
Conditions for consistency :
Solution of system of homogeneous linear The following cases may arise:
equations in three unknowns : i) If   0 , or Rank (A) = Rank [AB] =3 then the
a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  0 , a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  0 system is consistent and has a unique solution, which
is given by Cramer’s rule:
a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  0 Its matrix form is
1  
 a1 b1 c1   x  0 x ,y  2 ,z  3
a   
 2 b2 c2   y   0  AX  O
ii) If   0 and at least one of the determinants
 a3 b3 c3   z  0
1 ,  2 ,  3 is non -zero,(or)  =0 and
i) A  0 then the system has unique solution i.e
x  y  z =0 (trivial solution)
 adjA B  0 (or) rank (A)  rank  AB  the
given system is inconsistent i.e., it has no solution.
ii) A  0 then the system also has infinitely many
iii) If   0 and 1   2   3  0 ,
solutions (non-trivial solutions)
iii) The above system of equations is always (or)   0 and  adjA B  0
consistent.
(or) rank (A) = rank  AB  < 3 then the system is
Solution of a system of Linear Equations by consistent and dependent, and has infinitely many
Matrix-Rank method : solutions.
Let AX=B be a system of ‘n’ linear equations in ‘n’ EX.9: If the system of equations x  y  z  1 ,
variables.
1. Write the augmented matrix [A B] x  2 y  4 z  n and x  4 y  10 z  n 2 are
2. Reduce the augmented matrix to echelon form consistent.then the values of ‘n’ are__
using elementary row-opeations
1 1 1
3. Determine the rank of the coefficient matrix A
and augmented matrix [A B] by counting the number Sol.   1 2 4 =0  system has no solution or
1 4 10
of non-zero rows in A and [A B].
infinitely many solutions. Given system is consistent
i) If rank  A  rank  AB ,then the system of
 It has infinitely many solutions
equations is inconsistent.
1 1 1
ii) If rank  A  rank  AB = the number of  1 2 n 0
 3  0
unknowns, then the system of equations is consistent 1 4 n2
and has a unique solution.
 (1 - 2) (2 - n) (n - 1) = 0  n = 1, 2.
iii) If rank  A  rank  AB  the number of
EX.10: If 1 ,  2 are roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 ,
unknowns, then the system of equations is consistent
and has infinitely many solutions. 1 ,  2 are roots of px 2  qx  r  0 and
 Let AX  O be a homogeneous system of linear equations 1 y   2 z  0, 1 y   2 z  0 have a
equations.
a) If rank  A  number of variables, then b2
non trivial solution, then 2  _____
q
AX  O have a trivial solution
Sol. 1 y  2z  0 and 1 y  2 z  0 have a non trivial 1 a a4
solution 1 b b4 
6.  a  b  b  c  c  a 
1 c c4
1  2
    0  1 2   2 1  0
1 2 a 2
 b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca 

1 1    2 1   2 n2 n  1 n  2 
2 2
   1 
2 2 1   2 1   2  n  1
2
n  2  n  3
2 2
 8
7.
n  2  n  3 n  4 
2 2 2

1   2   1   2 
2 2

 
1   2   41 2  1   2   4 1 2
2 2
 n  1  n  2 
2 2
n2
n  3 n  4  n  5
2 2 2
  216
2 8.
b2 q n  6
2
n  7  n  8
2 2

a2 p2
  xa a2 a3
b2 c q2 4r
4 
a 2
a p2 p EX.11: If x  b b2 b3
= 0 and a  b  c then x 
xc c2 c3
b2 q2 b 2 b2  4ac Sol: By given result
   
b 2  4ac q 2  4 pr q 2 q 2  4 pr
x a2 a3 a a2 a3
x b2 b3  b b2 b3  0
Standard Results : x c2 c3 c c2 c3

a b c 1 a2 a3 1 a a2
b c a x1 b 2
b  abc 1 b
3
b2  0
1. = – (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc)
c a b 1 c2 c3 1 c c2

a h g x ( a  b)(b  c)(c  a )( ab  bc  ca ) +
2. h b f = abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 abc( a  b)(b  c)(c  a )  0
g f c
abc
x  a  b  c 
1 a a2 1 a bc ( a  b)(b  c)(c  a )
1 b b 2  1 b ca
3.   a  b  b  c  c  a 
1 c c 2 1 c ab

1 a a3 1 a2 bc
Algebra Of Matrices
1 b b 1 b 3 2
ca  1. If two matrices A an B are of order p  q and
4.
1 c c3 1 c2 ab r  s respectively, can be substracted only, if
1) p  q 2) p  q, r  s 3) p  r , q  s 4) p  r
 a  b  b  c  c  a  a  b  c 
2. A square matrix (aij) in which aij = 0 for i  j
1 a 2
a 3
a a 2
bc and aij = k (constant) for i = j is (EAM-2001)
1 b 2
b b b
3 2
ca 1) Unit matrix 2) Scalar matrix
5. 3) Null matrix 4) Diagonal matrix
2 3 2
1 c c c c ab 3. If A = [aij] is a scalar matrix of order n × n,
such that aij = k for all i=j, then trace of A =
  a  b  b  c  c  a  ab  bc  ca 
n
1) nk 2) n+k 3) 4) 1
k
4. If A and B are two matrices such that A has
 identical rows and AB is defined. Then AB has 3) Symmetric 4) Skew-Symmetric
1) no identical rows 2) identical rows 14. If A and B are square matrices of size n  n
3) no identical columns 4)cannot be determined
such that A2  B 2   A  B  A  B  , then
5. If AB = O, then
1) A = O 2) B = O which of the following will be always true.
3) A and B need not be zero matrices 1) AB=BA 2) Either A or B is a zero matrix
4) A and B are zero matrices 3) A=B 4) Either A or B is an identity matrix
6. If A , B are two square matrices of order n and 15. I f B is an idempotent matr ix and A=I-B then
A and B commute (K be a real number). Then AB =
1) A - KI, B - KI Commute 1) I 2) 0 3) –I 4) B
2) A - KI, B - KI are equal 16. If A is a symmetric or skew-symmetric matrix
3) A - KI, B - KI do not commute then A2 is
4) A + KI, B - KI do not commute 1) symmetric 2) skew-symmetric
7. If D1 and D2 are two 3 × 3 diagonal matrices then 3) Diagonal 4) scalar or matrix
1) D1 D2 is a diagonal matrix 17. Let A be a square matrix. consider
2) D1 + D2 is a diagonal matrix 1) A + AT 2) AAT 3) AT A 4) AT+A
3) D12 +D22 is a diagonal matrix 5) A - AT 6) AT - A , Then
4) 1, 2, 3 are correct 1) all are symmetric matrices
8. If AB = AC then 2) (2),(4),(6) are symmetric matrices
1) B = C 2) B  C 3) (1),(2),(3),(4) are symmetric matrices &
3) B need not be equal to C 4) B = -C (5),(6) are skew symmetric matrices
9. If AB  AC  B  C , then A is 4) 5,6 are symmetric
1) non-singular 2) singular 18. If A, B are symmetric matrices of the same
3) symmetric 4) Skew symmetric order then AB-BA is [EAM-2009]
10. If A and B are two matrices such that A + B 1) symmetric matrix 2) skew symmetric matrix
and AB are both defined then 3) Diagonal matrix 4) identity matrix
1) A and B are two matrices not necessarily of same 19. If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew-
order symmetric then A is
2) A and B are square matrices of same order 1) I 2) O
3) A and B are matrices of same type
3) Both 1 and 2 4) Diagonal matrix
4) A and B are rectangular matrices of same order
20. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and n is odd
1    2
positive integer, then An is
 
 2 1  1) a symmetric matrix 2) skew-symmetric matrix
11. If A =  2 then A is
 1   3) diagonal matrix 4) triangular matrix
 
1) Nilpotent 2) involutary 21. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and n is
3) Symmetric 4) Idempotent even positive integer , then An is
12. A skew - symmetric matrix S satisfies the 1) a symmetric matrix 2) skew-symmetric matrix
relation S 2  I  0 , where I is a unit matrix 3) diagonal matrix 4) triangular matrix
then S is 22. If A   aij  33 is a square matrix so that
1) Idempotent 2) Orthogonal
3) involutary 4) Nilpotent aij  i 2  j 2 , then A is a
 1 2  3i 3  4i  1) unit matrix 2) symmetric marix

13. If A   2  3i 0 4  5i  then A is 3) skew symmetric matrix 4) orthogonal matrix
23. If A, B are two idempotent matrices and
3  4i 4  5i 2 
AB = B A = 0 then A+B is
1) Hermitian 2) Skew-Hermitian
 1) Scalar matrix 2) Idempotent matrix 1
2)  AdjA  A A
1
3) Diagonal matrix 4) Nilpotent matrix 1) AdjA  A A1
24. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order n,
and C is a column matrix of order n  1 then
 
3) det A1 =(detA)-1 4) AdjA  I

C T AC is a1 b1 c1 A1 A2 A3
1) A Identity matrix of order n 33. If   a 2 b2 c 2 then B1 B2 B3 
2) A unit matrix of order one a3 b3 c3 C1 C2 C3
3) A zero matrix of order one
4) A zero matrix of order n.  A1 , A2 , A3...are cofactors 
Determinants and Inverse of a Matrix 2
1) 2) 2 3)  2 4) 
25. A and B are square matrices of order 3  3 , A 2
is an orthogonal matrix and B is a skew 34. Given ai 2  bi 2  ci 2  1 i  1, 2,3 and
symmetric matrix. Which of the following ai a j  bi b j  ci c j  0  i  j , i, j  1, 2,3 then
statement is not true
a1 a2 a3
1) A  1 2) B  0 3) AB  1 4) AB  0
b1 b2 b3
the value of is
 a1 a2 a3  c1 c2 c3
26. If A   b1 b2 b3  and Ai, Bi, Ci, are cofactors 1
 c1 c2 c3  1) 0 2) 3)  1 4) 2
2
of ai, bi, ci then a1 B1 + a2B2+a3B3 = 35. If A, B are square matrices of order 3, then
1) 0 2) A 3) A
2
4) 2 A 1) AB  0  A  0 and B  0

27. If each element of a row of square matrix is 2) AB  0  A  0 or B  0

3)  A  B   A1  B 1
1
doubled, the determinant of the matrix is
1) not changed 2) doubled 4) adj (AB) = (adjA) (adjB)
3) multiplied by4 4) multiply by 1/2 36. If the product of two non zero square matrices A
28. If A is a 3  3 singular matrix then A(Adj A) = and B of the same order is a zero matrix then
1) Both are singular
1) A I 2) I 3) O
4)  1 2) atleast one of A&B is singular
29. If A and B are two non-singular matrices then 3) A is non-singular, but B is singular
|Adj(AB)| = 4) A is singlar but B is non-singular
37. If A is an orthogonal matrix, then A1 equals
1) Adj (B) Adj A 2) Adj A Adj B
1) A 2) AT 3) AAT 4) I
3) Both (1) and (2) 4) A B 38. The inverse of a symmetric matrix is (if exists)
30. A 3x3 is a nonsingular matrix  A2 (Adj A) = 1) Diagonal matrix 2) Symmetric matrix
2 3) Skew - symmetric matrix 4) Can’t say
1) A A 2) I 3) A I 4) A I 39. The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix (if it
31. If ‘d’ is the determinant of a square matrix A exists) is
of order n, then the determinant of its adjoint 1) a symmetric matrix
is (EAM -2000) 2) a skew symmetric matrix
3) a diagonal matrix
1) d n
2) d n-1
3) d n-2
4) d
4) none of a matrix is unique
32. If A is a non singular matrix then which of
40. The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix of
the following is not true odd order is
1) a symmetric matrix 2) a skew symmetric matrix
 3) diagonal matrix 4) does not exist
50. If A=  ai j  mXn is a matrix of rank r then
41. If A is a square matrix of order 3 then
Adj ( Adj A2 )  1) r = min {m, n} 2) r < min{m, n}
2 4 8 16 3) r  min {m, n} 4) r = max {m, n}
1) A 2) A 3) A 4) A
Linear Equations
42. The system of equations which can be solved
by cramer’s rule have 01) 3 02) 2 03) 1 04) 2 05) 3 06) 1
1) unique solution 2) no solution 07) 4 08) 3 09) 1 10) 2 11) 3 12) 2
3) infinitely many solutions 4) two solutions 13) 1 14) 1 15) 2 16) 1 17) 3 18) 2
43. Let AX = B be a system of non homogeneous
19) 2 20) 2 21) 1 22) 3 23) 2 24) 3
equations and det A = 0 then the system has
1) infinity solutions 2) unique solution 25) 3 26) 1 27) 2 28) 1 29) 3 30) 1
3) no solution 4) infinity solutions or no solution 31) 2 32) 4 33) 3 34) 3 35) 2 36) 1
44. The system AX = B of (n –a) equations in (n – 37) 2 38) 2 39) 2 40) 4 41) 3 42) 1
a) unknowns has infinitely many solutions if
43) 4 44) 2 45) 1 46) 4 47) 2 48) 2
1) det A  0, (adj A) (B) = 0
49) 1 50) 3
2) A  0, (adj A)  B   0
3) A  0,(adj A)  B   0 4) Identity matrix
45. The system of equations which can be solved
by matrix inversion method have Formation of Matrices
1) unique solution 2) no solution
3) infinitely many solutions 4) two solutions 1. For 2  3 matrix A   aij  whose elements are
46. consider the system of equations
i  j 
2

ai x  bi y  ci z  0 (where i=1,2,3), if given by aij  then A is equal to

2
a1 b1 c1  9   9 
2 8 2  2 2 8 
a2 b2 c2  0    
, then the system has 1) 8 9 25  2)  9 8 25 
a3 b3 c3  2 2   2 2 
1) only one solution  9   25 
2) one solution (0,0,0) and one more solution 2 2
8
2 2 
8
   
3) no solution 4) infinite solutions 3) 8 9 25  4) 9 9
8
47. If A is invertible matrix and B is another  2 2   2 2 

matrix such that (AB) exists then r  2 5  4 y  3

1) rank (AB) = rank (A) 2. If 
 2 r  1  z 3 
, then
2) rank (AB) = rank (B)   
3) rank (AB) > rank (A) 1) r  y  z 2) r   y  z
4) rank (AB) > rank (B) 3)  r  y  z 4) r  y   z
48. If A is a non zero column matrix of order m 1
amd B is a non zero row matrix of order 1 n Sum and Difference of the Matrices and Scalar
then rank of AB is Multiple of a Matrix
1) 0 2) 1 3) m 4) n  1 2   3 3 
49. If A33 . X 31  D31 is a consistent system of 3. If A-2B =  3  and 2A-3B =  
 0  1 1 
equations having unique solution then rank (A) then B =
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
  5 7  5 7   ab b2 
1)  5 
1
2)   5 
1 11. If A 2  and An  0, then the
  a  ab 
 5 7   5 7  minimum value of ‘n’ is
3)  5 
1
4)   5 
1  1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
 
a h   x
1 0  0 1 12. If A  x, y , B  h b , C   y  , then ABC=
4. If I =  , B =  and    
0 1  1 0 
1) ax  hy  bxy  2) ax 2  2hxy  by 2 
 cos  sin  
C 
  sin 
 then C=
cos  
  
3) ax 2  2hxy  by 2 4) bx 2  2hxy  ay 2 
13. If A = diagonal (3,3,3) then A4 
1) I cos   B sin  2) I sin   B cos 
1)12A 2) 81A 3) 684A 4) 27A
3) I cos   B sin  4)  I cos   B sin 
1 -2 
1 2 4 3 14. If A=  4 5 
and f  t   t 2  3t  7 then
5. If A   
 ,B    and 2A+C=B then C =
2 5 0 2
 3 6 
6 7   2 1  6 7  f(A)+   12  9  = (EAM-2008)
 3 1  
1)  4 12  2)  4 8 3)  4 8  4)  
       4 12 
1 0  0 0  0 1  1 1 
0 2   0 3a  1)   2)   3)   4)  
0 1  0 0  1 0  0 0 
6. If A=   ,kA=   then the values
 3 4   2b 24  0 1
of k , a, b are respectively.. 15. If A =  1 0  then A5 =
 
1) -6, -12, -18 2) -6, 4, 9 1) I 2) O 3) A 4) A2
3) -6, -4, -9 4) -6, 12, 18
1 2 2
Multiplication of Matrices 16. If A   2 1 2  ,then A2  4 A is equal to
 2 2 1 
7. If(1 2 3) B =(3 4)then order of the matrix B is
1) 3 1 2) 3  2 3) 2  4 4) 5  2 1) 2I 3 2) 3I 3 3) 4I 3 4) 5I 3
8. If a matrix has 13 elements, then the possible  1  tan    1 tan    a b 
dimensions (orders) of the matrix are 17. If  tan  
1    tan 
=
1   b a 


1) 1 × 13 or 13 × 1 2) 1 × 26 or 26 × 1
1) a  1, b  1 2) a  sec 2  , b  0
3) 2 × 13 or 13 × 2 4) 13 × 13
3) a  0, b  sin 2  4) a  sin 2 , b  cos 2
 2 3
1  2 3 
9. If A    and B   4 5 then a2 ab ac 
 
  4 2 5 2 1 
 
18. If A   ab b2 bc  and a 2  b 2  c 2  1,
1) AB, BA exist and equal  ac bc c 2 

2) AB, BA exist and are not equal
3) AB exist and BA does not exist then A2 
4) AB does not exist and BA exist 1) A 2) 2A 3) 3A 4) 4A
19. A fruit shop has 5 dozen oranges, 3 dozen
m mangoes, 6 dozen bananas their selling prices
10. If  m n      25 and m  n, then  m, n  
n  are Rs 60, Rs40, Rs30 each respectively.
Using matrix algebra the value of the fruits in
1)  2,3 2)  3, 4  3)  4,3 4)  3, 2 
the shop is
1) 7200 2) 7000 3) 2700 4) 7500
 Transpose of Matrix
Problems based on Induction
27. If A is a 3 × 4 matrix and B is matrix such that
x x AT B and BAT are both define then order of B is
20. If A    , then An  ............, n  N
x x 1) 3 × 4 2) 4 × 3 3) 3 × 3 4) 4 × 4
2 n x n 2n x n  2 n 1 x n 2n 1 x n  r  4 6   5 r  2 T
28. 
r  3 r  5 4 
1)  n n  2)  n 1 n  = then r 
2 x 2n x n  2 x 2n 1 x n   3
2 n  2 x n 2 n  2 x n  2n1 xn1 2n1 xn1 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) -1
3)  n2 n n2 n  4)  n1 n1 n1 n1  7 -10 17 
2 x 2 x  2 x 2 x 
29. If 3A + 4BT =  0  and
21. Matrix A is such that A = 2A - I where I is
2  6 31
the unit matrix . Then for n  2, An =
 1 18 
(EAM-2013)  
1) nA  ( n  1) I 2) nA  I 2B-3AT =  4 6  then B =
 5 7 
3) 2n1 A  (n 1)I 4) 2 n 1 A  1
1 3 1 3  1 3  1 3 
 i o o        
o i o  then A 4 n 1
1)  1 0  2)  1 0  3)  1 0 
 2 4
4) 1 0 
2 4 
 ..., n  N  2 4   2 4    
22.  
o o i   3 4 
30. If 5A =   and A AT = AT A=I then x=
1 0 0   1 0 0  4 x 
    1) 3 2) -3 3) 2 4) -2
1) 0 1 0  2)  0 1 0 
 0 0 1   0 0 1 Symmetric, Skew Symmetric
Matrices & Special types of Matrices
 i 0 0  i 0 0 
   
3) 0 i 0  4)  0 i 0  2 x3 x  2
 0 0 i   0 0 i   2  1 
31. If A=  3 is a symmetric matrix
 4 1  5 
1 0  1 0
23. If A  1 1  and I   0 1  , then which one then x 
   
1) 0 2) 3 3) 6 4) 8
of the following holds for all n  1 (by the
2 3 5
principle of mathematical induction)  
32.  4 1 2   P  Q , where P is a symmetric
1) An  nA   n  1 I 2) An  2n 1 A   n  1 I 1 2 1
 
3) An  nA   n  1 I 4) An  2n 1 A   n  1 I and Q is a skew-symmetric then Q=

Trace of Matrix  1   1 
 0 2
2  0 2
1
24. If Tr(A) = 6  Tr (4A )=    
1) 3/2 2) 2 3) 12 4) 24  1 0 0  1 0 0
   
25. If Tr (A)=3, Tr(B)=5 then Tr(AB) = 1)  2  2)  2 
1)15 2)5 3)3/5 4) Cannot say   2 0 0
   1 0 0

   
1 2 3 1 0 0
 
6  , B   0 0  , Tr ( BA )  ...
26. If A   4 5 3
 0 1 0  0 2 3
 7 1 0   0 4 5     
3)   1 0 1
4)   2 0 4
1) 40 2) 45 3) 39 4) 5  0  1 0   3 4 0 
 
Transpose and Properties of
  2  2  4
 p 4  q 3  r  2  s  t then t 
 4  1) 16 2) 17 3) 18 4) 19
33. If A =   1 3 then A is
 1  2  3  5 5  
41. A   0 5   ;If A  25 .then  
2
1) an idempotent marix 2) nilpotent matrix 
3) involutary 4) orthogonal matrix  0 0 5 

Determinants and its Properties [EAM-2007]

a c b 
1
1) 5 2) 52 3)1 4)
 b a c  5
34. If A   then the cofactor of a 32 in A +
 c b a 
x 1 x2 xa
A is
T
x2 x3 xb 
42. If a, b, c are in A.P.then
1) 
 2a (b  c )   b  c 
2
 2) ac  b 2 x3 x4 xc

3) a 2  bc 4) 2a(a  c)  a  c2 1)1 2) 0 3) -1 4) 2

43. If x,y, z are all different and if
2i 2i
35. The value of is { i 2  1 } x x2 1  x3
1 i 1 i
y y 2 1  y3
1) A complex quantity 2) real quantity = 0 then 1  xyz 
z z2 1  z3
3) 0 4) cannot be determined
(EAM-2010)
18 40 89  1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
 40 89 198   ....
36. det  x2 x3 x5
 89 198 440  x4 x6 x9
44. =
(EAM-2013)
1) -8 2) -6 3) -1 4) 0 x8 x  11 x  15

24 25 26 1) 3 x 2  4 x  5 2) x 2  8 x  2
37. 25 26 27
is equal to (EAM-2011) 3) 0 4) -2
26 27 27
a 2b 2c
1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 4) 2
45. If a  6 , b, c satisfy 3 b c
= 0, then
b2  c2 a2 a2 4 a b
b2 c2  a2 b2  abc 
38.
c 2
c 2
a b2 2
1) a  b  c 2) 0
1) a2b2c2 2) 4abc 3) 4a2b2c2 4) 2a2b2c2 3) b3 4) ab  b  c

a bc 2a 2a log e log e 2 log e3

2b bca 2b log e 2 log e3 log e 4 
39. = 46.
2c 2c cab log e3 log e 4 log e5
(EAM-2008,1995) 1) 0 2) 1 3) 4 loge 4) 5 loge
1) 2(a+b+c)3 2) (a-b-c)3
a a x
3) 2(a-b-c)3 4) (a+b+c)3
47. If m m m  0 then x 
 2  3  1   3 b x b
 1 2  4 1) a 2) b 3) a or b 4) 0
40. If
 3   4 3 48. The value of a third order determinant is 11,
 then the value of the square of the 1) 2 2) 3 3) 0 4) 1
determinant formed by the cofactors will be 1
 1  tan   1  tan 
1) 11 2) 121 3) 1331 4) 14641 57. If  tan   =

1   tan  1 
49. If matrix A is an circulant matrix whose 
elements of first row are a, b, c all >0 such 1
that abc = 1 and AT A  I then cos   sin  
 sin  cos   then  =
a 3  b3  c 3 equals  
1) 0 2) 4 3) 1 4) 3   
50. In a third order determinant, each element of 1) 0 2) 3) 4)
2 4 6
the first column consists of sum of two terms,
58. The inverse of
each element of the second column co nsists
of sum of three terms and each element of the 1 a b  1  a  b 
0 x 0is 0 1 0 then x 
third column consits of sum of four terms.   
Then it can be decomposed into n 0 0 1 0 0 1 
determinants, where n has value 1) a 2) b 3) 0 4) 1
1) 1 2) 9 3) 16 4) 24 59. If a, b, c and d are real numbers such that
Adjoint of a matrix  a  ib c  id 
and if A   then A1  [E-14]
 12  c  id a  ib 
22 32 
 2 
2
51. If A =  2
32 42 
then Adj A   a  ib c  id   a  ib c  id 
3 42 5 2  1)   2)  
 c  id a  ib   c  id a  ib 
1) 8 2) 16 3) 64 4) 128  a  ib c  id   a  ib c  id 
52. If A is a square matrix such that A (AdjA) 3)   4)  
c  id a  ib  c  id a  ib 
60. If A is a non zero square matrix of order n with
4 0 0
  det( I+A)  0 and A3  0 ,where I, O are unit
 0 4 0
then det (AdjA) = (EAM-2007)
 0 0 4 and null matrices of order nxn respectively
 
1) 4 2) 16 3) 64 4) 256 then ( I  A) 1  (EAM-2010)
1) I  A  A2 2) I  A  A2
 1 0 2   5 a 2 
 1 1 2    3) I  A2 4) I  A
53. Adj  = 1 1 0    a b 
 0 2 1   2 2 b  61. If A  0 and ( A  2 I )( A  3I )  0 then A1 
1)  4 1 2)  4 1 A  5I 5I  A 5A  I 5I  A
1) 2) 3) 4)
6 5 6 6
3)  4 1 4)  4 1
Rank of a Matrix
54. If A is a 3x3 matrix and adjA  16 then A =
1) 4 2) -4 3)  4 4) 8   1 2 3
62. The rank of the matrix A =   is
55. If det ( A33 )  6 , then det (adj 2A)=  2 4 6
1) 144 2) 22  38 3) 33  24 4) 32  28 1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
63. If I is a (9 × 9) unit matrix, then rank ( I ) =
Inverse of a Matrix
1) 0 2) 3 3) 6 4) 9
 1 1 x  64. The ranks of the matrices in descending order
 
56. If 1 x 1  has no inverse, then the real
 x 1 1 

value of x is [EAM-2009]
 (AIE-2008)
1 4  1 1 1 1 1 2 3
     1) a  b  c  0
4 
2 2 2

A.  2 3 0
B. 1 1 1 C.  2 3
2) a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc  0
 0 1 2  1 1 1  0 1 2 
1) A,B,C 2) A,C,B 3) B,C,A 4) C,A,B 3) a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc  1
4) a 2  b 2  c 2  2abc  0
1 2 3 0
2 73. If x, y, z not all zeros and the equations
4 3 2 
65. If the matrix A   is of rank x  y  z  0 , (1  a ) x  (2  a ) y  8 z  0 ,
3 2 1 3
 
6 8 7  x  (1  a ) y  (2  a ) z  0 have non-trivial
3, then   (EAM-2014) solution then a =
1) -5 2) 5 3) 4 4) -4 1) 2  15 2) 3  15
Solution of Simultaneous 3) 15 4) 5  2 2
Equation non Homogeneous Linear Equations 74. If a  b  c  1 and the system ax  y  z  0
66 The solution of 2 x  y  z  1 , x  2 y  3 z  1 , x  by  z  0 , x  y  cz  0 have non trivial
3 x  2 y  4 z  5 is solutions then a  b  c  abc  ...............
1) 1,2,3 2) 1,2,-3 3) 1,-3,2 4) 1,3,2 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
67. The system of equations
2 x  6 y  11  0 , 6 y  18 z  1  0
6 x  20 y  6 z  3  0
1) is consistent 2) has unique solution 01) 2 02) 4 03) 2 04) 1 05) 2 06) 3
3) is inconsistent 4) cannot be determined 07) 2 08) 1 09) 2 10) 2 11) 1 12) 2
68. The value of 'a' for which the equations 13) 4 14) 2 15) 3 16) 4 17) 2 18) 1
3 x  y  az  1 , 2 x  y  z  2 , 19) 1 20) 2 21) 1 22) 3 23) 3 24) 4
x  2 y  az  1 fail to have unique solution is 25) 4 26) 1 27) 1 28) 1 29) 3 30) 1
1) 7/2 2) -7/2 3) 2/7 4) -2/7 31) 3 32) 1 33) 1 34) 1 35) 1 36) 3
69. The system of equations 3 x  2 y  z  6 , 37) 3 38) 3 39) 4 40) 3 41) 4 42) 2
3 x  4 y  3 z  14 and 6 x  10 y  8 z  a , has 43) 2 44) 4 45) 3 46) 1 47) 3 48) 4
infinite number of solutions, if a is equal to 49) 2 50) 4 51) 3 52) 2 53) 3 54) 3
(EAM-2013) 55) 4 56) 4 57) 1 58) 4 59) 3 60) 1
1) 8 2) 12 3) 24 4) 36 61) 4 62) 3 63) 4 64) 2 65) 2 66) 3
70. The number of solutions of the equation
67) 3 68) 2 69) 4 70) 3 71) 1 72) 3
3x  3y  z  5, x  y  z  3,2x  2y  z  3 73) 4 74) 3
1) 1 2) 0 3) infinite 4) two
Homogeneous Linear Equations
71. The number of non-trivial solutions of the
system x  y  z  0, x  2 y  z  0,  a11 a12 a13 
1. a a a  be a 2  3 matrix find all elements.
2 x  y  3 z  0 is [EAM-2007]  21 22 23 
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 2. Equating corresponding elements
72. If x, y, z not all zeros and the equations  2 4 
3. 2 A  4B   
x  cy  bz , y  az  cx , z  bx  ay 6 0 
are consistent then a relation among a,b,c is
  3 3 
2 A  3B    subtract and find B.  60 
 1 1 B   40 
total value of the fruits
 c os  0   0 sin   30 
4. C   
 0 cos    sin  1 

 I cos   B sin  60 

AB   60 36 72  40   7200
4 3 2 4  
5. C  B  2 A , C   0 2    4 10  30 
   
20. put n = 3 21.put n = 3 22. put n = 1
0 3a 
k k  1 0  3 1 0  1 0
A 
23. A   ,A   An  
2
6.  2b 24    
 k k  2 1 3 1  n 1
7. order of B is 3 × 2 n 0  n 1 0 
nA    ,  n  1 I  
8. possible order of the matrices are 1×13 or 13×1
n n   0 n  1
9. AB, BA exists and not equal
10. m2  n2  25 and m<n Hence  m, n    3, 4  1 0
nA   n  1 I     An
n 1
 a 2b 2  a 2 b 2 ab3  ab3 
11. A   3 0 24.. Tr  4 A  4Tr  A
2

 a b  a b  a 2 b 2  a 2b 2 
3

25. Tr ( AB )  Tr ( A).Tr ( B )
 A3  A. A2  0 and An  0 , for all n  2 26. Find BA 27. Verification
12. find ABC
28. r  4  5  r  1
13. A4  81I  27 A
 
T
29. find 3 A  4 BT and adding
14. f  A  A  3 A  7 I
2

15. A2  I  A5  A 30. find AAT 31. AT  A

9 8 8  A  AT
1 2 2  32. Q  33. A2  A
  A  8 9 8 
2 2
16. A   2 1 2  ,  
 2 2 1  8 8 9 34. find A  AT and find cofactor 35. expand
36. Applying C2  C2  2C1 , C3  C3  2C2
5 0 0 
 A  4 A   0 5 0   5 I 3
2 24 25 26
R2  R2  R1
1 1
 0 0 5  37. we get 1 1
R3  R3  R2 1 1 0
17. Use multiplication of matrices and equal
38. put a = 1, b = 1, c = 2 verify option
corresponding elements.
39. Put a=1,b=1,c=1 40. put   0
18. Find A2 and use a 2  b 2  c 2  1
2
19. No of fruits 41.  A  25  A  625 2
A  5 12  60 3 12  36 6 12  72 42. Put a=1, b=2, c=3
43. Split into two determinants
selling prices (in Rs)
44. R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  R2 and expand
45. expand
 63. Rank of I is its order
log e 2 log e 3log e 1 2 3
64. Rank of the matrixof order 3 × 3
3log e 3log e 4 log e  2 3 4 65. det A = 0
46. (log e)3
3log e 4 log e 5log e 3 4 5 66. By verification
R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  R2 67. Rank ( A)  Rank ( AD )
68. Rank ( A)  Rank ( AD )  3
a a x
69. Rank ( A)  Rank ( AD )  3
47. m 1 1 1  0 and expand
b x 6 70. Rank ( A)  Rank ( AD )  3

we get (b  x )( a  x )  0 1 1 1 1 c b
1 2 1  0 1 a 0
48. It is square of 71. 72. c
2 1 3 b a 1

det  adj A    det A    11 
n 1 2 2 2
 114
1 1 1 a 1 1
= 14641
1 0
49. AT A  I  ’A’ is a orthogonal matrix  A  1 73. 1  a 2  a 8  0
74. 1 b
1 (1  a) (2  a) 1 1 c
a b c
b c a  1  3abc  a 3  b3  c 3  1
c a b
 3 1  1  a 3  b3  c 3 Algebra of Matrices:
3 2
 a 3  b3  c3  4 or 2 1. For the matrix A   1 1  , the values of ‘a’
 
n 1
50. 2 x 3 x 4 = 24 51. AdjA  A and ‘b’ such that A  aA  bI  O are
2

1) 2,3 2) 1,4 3) -4,1 4) -2,3

52. A  adjA   A .I 53. Find adjA
2
2 2 2
54. AdjA  16  A  16  A  4 2.

If A   2 2 2  then A3  35 A 

55. AdjkA  kA
n 1
 (k n A ) n 1  2 2 2 
1) A 2) 2A 3) 3A 4) 4A
1 1 x
0 0 x 
56. i.e 1 x 1  0 and expand
3. A  0 x 0 , A100 
x 1 1  x 0 0 
57. AA1  I and I 1  I  0 0 x100  x100 0 0
   
58. vertify with AA1  I 0 x100 0  0 x 100
0
1)  100 2) 
x 0 0  0 0 x100
a b   
1  d b 
59. If A   1
 the A   
c d  ad  bc  c a   o x100 o 
   o x100 o 
60. ( I  A )  ( I  A)( I  A  A ) = I
3 3 2
 o o x100   100 
x o o 
3)  x100 o o  4) 
61. A2  5 A  6 I  0   o o x100 

5I  A 0 0
5 A  A2  6 I  A 1  4. If A=   then the value of
6 1 1
62. All 2 × 2 sub matrices are singular A  A2  A3  ......  An 
 1) A 2) nA 3)  n  1 A 4) 0 1) 0 2) 2015 3) (2015) 2 4) (2015)3
5. The number of 2  2 matrices that can be  6 11
formed by using 1,2,3,4 when repetitions are 13. Matrix A is given by A   2 4 
then the

allowed is
1) 24 2) 12 3) 6 4) 256 determinant of A2015  6 A2014 is

Special types of Matrices, 1) 22016 2)  11 22015 3) 22015 7 4)  9  22014

Symmetric & skew-symmetric Matrices xn x n2 x n 3

6.  
x
If 3 x  10 xy  5 y  x y A , and A is a
2 2
14. If
yn y n2 y n 3
 y zn z n2 z n 3
symmetric matrix then A =
1 1 1
 3 10 10 3    3  5 3 5   x  y  y  z  z  x      then
1) 10 5  2)  5 10 3)  5  5 4) 5 5 x y z
       
value of n is
7. A square matrix A is said to be nilpotent of
1) -1 2) -2 3) 1 4) 2
index m. If Am=0 now, if for this A,
2
 I  A cos x  sin x a a
n
 I  A  A2  A3  ...  Am 1 , then n is 0 1
equal to 15. If sin x 0 cos x  a 1 a then a =
1) 0 2) m 3) -m 4) -1 cos x sin x 0 a a 1
8. Let A be the set of all 3  3 skew-symmetric 1) sin x 2) cos x
matrices whose entries are either 1, 0, or 1 if 3) sin x .cos x 4) sinx-cos x
there are exactly three 0’s, three 1’s then the
number of such matrices is a b c 6a 2b 2c
1) 3 2) 6 3) 8 4) 9 m n p 3m n p
16 If = k, then =
9. The maximum number of different possible x y z 3x y z
non-zero entries in a skew-symmetric matrix
1) k/6 2) 2k 3) 3k 4) 6k
of order ‘n’ is
1 2 1 ab bc ca
1)
2
 n  n  2)  n 2  n  3) n 2 4)  n 2  n 
2 17. If c  a a  b b  c  t  det of circulant
Determinants
bc ca ab

10. If r 2  a 2  b 2  c 2 ; s 2  ab  bc  ca then matrix whose elements of first column are

a , b, c then ' t ' equals
r2 s2 s2
1) 5 2) 6 3) -2 4) 2
s2 r2 s2 
18. If x, y, z are integers in A.P lying between 1
s2 s2 r2
and 9 and x15, y 41 and z 31 are three digit
1) 3abc - a3-b3-c3 2) a3+b3+c3+3abc numbers,then the value of
3) (3abc-a3-b3-c3)2 4) 0
5 4 3
 Cos Sin  1 n
11. If A=   Sin Cos  then nLt | A |= x51 y 41 z 31
   n is :
x y z
1
1) I 2)0 3)A 4) A 1) x  y  z 2) x  y  z
n
 k k  1 3) 0 4) x  2 y  z
12. If AK   k  1 k 
then A1  A2  ....  A2015  19. If the entries in a 3  3 determinant are either

0 or 1, then the greatest value of their
 determinants is
ax c b
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 9
26. If a  b  c  0 and c bx a 0
20. If a, b, c are the p , q , r terms in H.P. then
th th th
b a cx
bc p 1 then x 
ca q 1 3 2
=
ab r 1 1) 0 2)
2
 a  b2  c2 
1) 1 2) 0 3) abc 4) a 2  b 2  c 2
3 2 3 2
3 5 x 3) 
2
 a  b 2  c 2  4) 0, 
2
 a  b2  c2 

21. If one of the roots of 7 x 7  0 is -10, then 27. If a, b, c  0 and x, y , z  R then the
x 5 3
the other roots are [EAM-2009] determinant:
a  ax  a  ax 
2 2
1) 3,7 2) 4,7 3) 3,9 4) 3,4 x x
1

b  b  by 
2 2
x a b 1
y
 b y y
1
is equal to :
 x b 1
c  c 
z 2 z 2
22. The roots of 0 are independent
z
c z
c 1
  x 1
  v 1 1) a x b y c z 2) a  x b  y c  z 3) 0 4) a 2 x b 2 y c 2 z
of :
1)  ,  , v 2) a, b 3)  ,  , v, a, b 4) 0,a 1  cos  1  sin  1
23. If [ . ] denotes the greatest integer less than 28. If A  1  cos  1  sin  1  0, then
or equal to the real number under 1 1 1
consideration, and 1  x  0 ; 1)    2)     n , n being any integer
0  y  1 ; 1  z  2 , then the value of the 3)      / 2 4)      / 2
x 1  y z a b c
determinant  x   y   1  z  is 29. If  is a cube root of unity then
b c a
x  y z 1 c a b
1)  x  2)  y 3)  z  4)  x    y    z  has a factor
24. If  is the repeated root of quadratic equation 1) a  b  c 2 2) a-b-c
f ( x )  0 and A( x ), B ( x) and C ( x ) are
3) a  b 2  c 4) a+b-c
polynomials of degree 3,4 and 5 respectivelty,
A x B  x C  x
1 1 1
4 4
then   x   A   B   C   is divisible by 30. If a = cos + i sin then
1 a a2
=
A   B   C  
1 1 1 3 3 1 a2 a
1) purely real 2) purely imaginary
1) f  x  2) A  x  3) B  x  4) C  x 
3) complex number 4) rational
1 n n
p b c
25. If D k  2 k n n2
2
n  n and
2

2k  1 n n2 a q c 0
n2 2
31. a  p, b  q, c  r and then the
n
a b r
D
k 1
k  48 , then ' n ' equals
p q r
1) 4 2) 6 3) 8 4) 10 value of p  a  q  b  r  c 
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) c
 4)  ABC is a right angle
p q y rz 38. With the usual notation in a
32. If p  x r  z  0 then the value of
q 1 1 1
px q y r ABC , sin A sin B sin C 
p q r sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 C
  is
x y z 1
1) ( a  b)(b  c )(c  a )
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4 pqr 8R 3
a1 b1 c1
2) 8R 3
33. If  = a2 b2 c2 and
a 3 b3 c3 3) ( a  b)(b  c)(c  a )
a1  pb1 b1  qc1 c1  ra1 1
4) ( a  b)( a  c )(b  a )
a2  pb2 b2  qc2 c2  ra2 8R
1 = then 1 =
a3  pb3 b3  qc3 c3  ra3 cos  1 0
39. If f    1 2 cos  1 then range of f  
1)  (1+pqr) 2)  (1+p+q+r)
0 1 2 cos 
3)  (1-pqr) 4) 
is
1  x  1  x  1  x 
2 3

 1
1  x  1  x  1  x  1)  0,1 2)  1, 0 3)  1,1 4)  0, 
4 5 6

34. If  2
1  x  1  x  1  x 
7 8 9

Adjoint Matrix
 a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  ....... , then, a1 is equal to
40. If A and B are square matrices of same order
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3 and A is non -singular, then for a positive
y4 y5 y6
integer ‘n’,  A1 BA  is equal to
n
n
d (cosx) y y y  ....
35. If y = cosx, yn  then 7 8 9 1) A n B n An 2) An B n A n
dxn y10 y11 y12
4) n  A BA 
1
1) 0 2) -cosx 3) cosx 4) sin x 3) A1 B n A
36. The value of the determinant 41. If A is orthogonal matrix of order 3 then
det  adj 2 A 
sin  cos  sin 2
1) 4 2) 16 3) 27 4) 64
 2   2   4 
sin     cos     sin  2  
 3   3   3  is 1  3
42. If P  1 3 3  is the adjoint of a 3  3 matrix
 2  cos    2  sin  2  4 
sin          2 4 4 
 3   3   3 
1) 0 2) sin 
A and A  4 , then  is equal to [AIEEE-
3) cos  4) sin   cos 
2013]
37. If a, b, c are sides of a triangle and
1) 11 2) 5 3) 0 4) 4
a2 b2 c2
( a  1) 2 (b  1) 2 (c  1)2  0 Inverse Matrix
then
(a  1) 2 (b  1) 2 (c  1) 2
 1 1 1   4 2 2
1)  ABC is equilateral 43. Let A   2 1 3 and 10B  5 0   .
 
2)  ABC is right angled isosceles  
 1 1 1   1 2 3 
3)  ABC is isosceles
If B is the inverse of A, then  is :
 1) -2 2) -1 3) 2 4) 5 3) infinitely many solutions 4)finitely many solutions
0 1 1 49. The number of values of k, for which the
A   4 3 4  system equations ( k  1) x  8 y  4k ,
44. A is an involutary matrix given by
 3 3 4  kx  ( k  3) y  3k  1 has no solution , is
A [AIE-2013]
then the inverse of will be 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) Infinite
2
A1 A 50. The system of equations x  y  z  6 ,
1) 2A 2) 3) 4) A2
2 2 x  2 y  3 z  10 , x  2 y   z  k is
a b 1 inconsistent if   ....., k  ..........
45. If A    then A  ( A  aI )( A  cI ) 
0 c  1) 3,7 2) 3,10 3) 7,10 4) 10,3
1 a b 1  a b 
51. The values of ‘m’ for which the system of
1) ac  0 c  2) ac  0 c  equations 3x  my  m and 2 x  5 y  20 has a
  

1 c b 
solution satisfying the conditions x  0 , y  0
1  c b 
3) ac  0 a 
4) ac 0 a  are given by the set.
 
1) m \ m  13 / 2 2) m \ m  17 / 2
 cos   sin  0
 0  3) m \ m  13 / 2 or m  17 / 2
46. Let A   sin  cos 
 0 0 1 
4) m  30 or m  15 / 2
I) A A  A   II) A B  A 52. If the system of equations [EAM-2010]
 k  1 x   k  2  y   k  3 ,
3 3 3
III) ( A ) 1   A IV) ( A ) 1  A
Then which of the above statements is / are (k  1) x  ( k  2) y  k  3, x  y  1
correct is consistent, then the value of k is
1) only II and III 2) only II and IV 1) 2 2) -2 3) -1 4) 1
3) only I and III 4) only I and IV 53. Let  and  be real. The set of all values of
2 6 4
47. If the product of the matrix B   1 0 1 with a
 for which the system of linear equations

 1 1 1  x   sin   y   cos   z  0,
 1 0 1  x   cos   y   sin   z  0 ,
matrix A has inverse C   1 1 3 then A1 
   x   sin   y   cos   z  0
 2 0 2
has a non trival solution is
 3 5 5   3 5 5 
 0 9 14  0 0 9 1) 0, 2  2)  2, 0 3)  2, 2 4) 1, 2 
1)   2)  
 2 2 6   2 14 16 54. If the equations
 3 5 5  3 3 5 (b  c ) x  (c  a ) y  (a  b) z  0 ;
0 9 2 0 9 2
3)   4)   cx  ay  bz  0 ; ax  by  cz  0
 2 14 6   2 14 16 
have non-zero solutions then a relation among
Solutions of Simultaneous Equation a, b, c is
48. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, the 1) a  b  c  0 2) a  2b  3c
system of equations, (sin A) x  y  z  cos A 3) a  b  c ( 0) 4) a  2b  3c  0
x  (sin B ) y  z  cos B 55. Given that a 2  2b  c  0 and that the
x  y  (sin C ) z  1  cos C has system of equations
1) no solution 2) unique solution  a  b  x  ay  bz  0 ,  b  c  x  by  cz  0
  a  b  y   b  c  z  0 has
a non trivial 11 8 
solution, then a, b, c are in [EAM-2012] 1. A2   
1) A.P 2) G.P 3) H.P 4) A.G.P  4 3

56. If the equations a  y  z   x, b  z  x   y, 12 12 12   72 72 72 

A  12 12 12  ,
2
A   72
3
72 72 
c  x  y   z have nontrivial solutions, then 2.
12 12 12   72 72 72 
1 1 1
  
1 a 1 b 1 c 0 0 x   x100 0 0 
1) 1 2) 2 3) -1 4) -2    
A  0 x 0  A   0
100
x100 0 
3.
 x 0 0   0 0 x100 
1 2 2  
57. If A   2 1 2 is a matrix satisfying the 4. A2  A3  A4  ........  A
 a 2 b 
equation A A T=9I. where I is 3 x 3 matrix, then 4 4
5. 4 4 
6. Verification
ordered pair (a,b) is equal to [Jee Main 2015] 
1) (2,1) 2) (-2,-1) 3) (2,-1) 4) (-2,1) 7. Let B  I  A  A2  .... Am 1
5a b 
58. If A   3 2  and A adj A = AAT , then 5a+b  B  I  A    I  A  A2  ...  Am 1 
 
is equal to [JEE Main 2016]  I  A   1  Am  I  B   I  A   n  1
1

1) -1 2) 5 3) 4 4) 13 8. In a skew-symmetric matrix, and diagonal elements

59. The system of linear equation x +  y - z =0, are zero.
 y - y - z = 0. x + y -  z = 0 has a non-trival 0  
 0  
solution for  also aij  a ji  0 Hence, number of
1) infinitely many values of     0 
2) exactly one value of  matrices  2  2  2  8
3) exactly two value of  9. Let n = 3
4) exactly three value of  10. Put a = 0,b = 1, c = 2 and verify the options
1
11. det A = 1, nLt 0 12. Ak   2 K  1
 n
2014
01) 3 02) 1 03) 2 04) 2 05) 4 06) 4 13. A2015  6 A2014  A A  6I 
07) 4 08) 3 09) 4 10) 3 11) 2 12) 3 0 11
  22  22014  11 2 
2015
22014
13) 2 14) 1 15) 3 16) 4 17) 3 18) 3 2 2
19) 2 20) 2 21) 1 22) 2 23) 3 24) 1 14. Order of determinant is
25) 1 26) 4 27) 3 28) 2 29) 1 30) 2 n  n  2  n  3  3n  5
31) 2 32) 3 33) 1 34) 3 35) 1 36) 1 Order of R.H.S = 1+1+1-1=2
37) 3 38) 1 39) 3 40) 3 41) 4 42) 1  3n  5  2  3n  3  n  1
43) 4 44) 1 45) 3 46) 4 47) 3 48) 2 0 cos x  sin x 0 sin x cos x
49) 1 50) 2 51) 4 52) 2 53) 3 54) 3
15. LHS  sin x 0 cos x cos x 0 
sin x  A  AT 
55) 2 56) 2 57) 2 58) 2 59) 4 cos x sin x 0  sin x cos x 0

16. Take out ‘3’ from C1 and ‘2’ from R1  Det  6k

17. We know that
 ab bc ca a b c  1 ( )  (x  ) 2  (x)
c  a a  b b  c  2 b c a Where  (x) is a polynomial of maximum degree 3
 t  2
bc ca ab c a b
(x)  f (x)  (x)
18. Put x = 5, y = 4, z = 3 n n n
19. Keep least of given values in principal diagonal, 25.  1  n ,  2k  n(n  1) ,  (2k  1)  n 2

highest of given values in other places. k 1 k 1 k 1

0 1 1 n n n
 1 0 1 2 n(n  1) n  n  2
2
n n 2
 48
1 1 0
Exp =
n 2
n 2
n n22

1 1 1 1 By C2  C2 - C1
20. , , are in A.P ,  A  ( P  1) D
a b c a
C3  C3  C1 , n ( 2n + 4 ) = 48  n = 4
1 1
 A  ( q  1) D ,  A  (r  1) D 26. R1  R1  R2  R3
b c
1 abc x a bc x a bc x
p 1
bc p 1 a  c bx a 0
1 1
ca q 1 q 1 0 b a cx
abc b
ab r 1 1 1 1
1
r 1 a  b  c  x c b  x a 0
c
b a cx
21. R1  R1  R2  R3 and take common 10+x
22. Operate  a  b  c  x   0 or
R1  R1  R2 , R2  R2  R3 , R3  R3  R4 , ab  bc  ca  a 2  b2  c 2  x 2  0
x ax 0 0
3 2
0 x bx 0
0
x  0, 
2
 a  b2  c2 
we get 0 0 x  0
   1 27. Operate C1  C1  C2
on expanding we get 4 a  a 
x x 2
1 1 a  a 
x x 2
1
 x    x    x    0  Roots are
independent of a, b.
4 b  b 
y y 2
1 41 b  b 
y y 2
1 0
23. [ x ] = - 1, [y] = 0 , [z] = 1 4 c  c 
x z
1 1 c  c 
x z
1
0 0 1
28. Expanding the det, we get sin(   )  0
1 1 1
Det = = 1 = [z]   n   ; n  Z
1 0 2
24. f( x ) = a ( x -  )2 a  0 29. a  b  c , 1     2  0
A() B() C() a  b  c  2  0
A() B() C()  0 since   0
(  ) =
A ( ) B ( ) C ( )
1 1 1
3 0 0
i.e  is a root of  (x) 30. a  w    1
2
a a 2  3( a 2  a )
A1() B1() C1() 1 a2 a

A() B() C()  0  0  0 31. R1  R2 ; R3  R1

1 ( ) =
A1() B1() C1()
 x y 0 47. BA  C 1 , A  B 1C 1
 0 y z  0
32. R1  R2 ; R2  R3 we get
px q y r  1 0 1 2 6 4
A 1
 CB   1 1 3  1 0
 1 
 pyz  qzx  rxy  2 xyz  p  q  r  2  2 0 2    1 1  1
x y z
33. Split 1 sin A 1 1
34. Differentiate both sides with respect to ‘x’ and put 48. Hint :  1 sin B 1 by
x = 0, we get a1=0 1 1 sin C
35. Two rows are identical
C2  C2  C1 and C3  C3  C1
36. Applying R2  R2  R3
Expanding along C3 we get
 = SinA ( 1 - sinB ) (1 - SinC) + (1 - sinA)
sin  cos  sin 2
(1 - sinB) + (1 - sinA ) (1 - SinC)
 sin   cos   sin 2 0 Since A, B, C are angles of a triangle 0<SinA,

    
sin  
2
3
cos  
2
3
sin 2 
4
3
 SinB, SinC  1
Also at most one of SinA, SinB, SinC can be
equal to 1. Then atmost two terms of  can be
a2 b2 c2
zero and remaining + ve. Then   0 . Hence
 4a 4b 4c
37. R2  R2  R1 ; unique solution.
 a  1  b  1  c  1
2 2 2
49. For no solution
 2  a  b  b  c  c  a  k 1 8 4k
  .............(1)
38. use sinerule that is a = 2R sinA, b = 2R sinB, k k  3 3k  1
  k  1 k  3  8k  0 or k 2  4k  3  0  k  1, 3
c = 2R sinC.
But for k= 1, equation (1) is not satisfied Hence k=3
39. f    cos 3  range of f is  1,1
1 1 1: 6  1 1 1: 6 
A BA    A BA  A BA  A B A   1 2 3 :10  0 1 
1 2 1 1 1 2
40. A.B  2 : 4
50.  
1 2  : k  0 0   3 : k  10 
41. adj  2 A   43 A  64 1  64
n 1

R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  R2
1  3 Given System is in consistent
P   1 3 3 
rank  A  rank  B . Hence K  10,   3
2
42. , Adj A  A , Adj A  16
 2 4 4 
3 m
112  12     4  6   3  4  6   16 51.   2  5   15  2 m

2  6  16 ,   11 m m 3 m
1   25m ,  2   60  2m
43. AB = I 20 5 2 20
1 1 15
44. A2  I  A  A1 also  KA  
1
A If   0 , m  and system of equations is in
K 2
1 consistent, By cramer’s rule
1 
Hence  A   2 A 1  2 A
2  15
x  0, y  0  m  30 , or m  
2
45. A   I  0     aI    cI   0  k  1  k  2   k  3
3 3 3

adjA k 1 k2 k  3  0  k  2
  A  aI  A  cI   0  A  52.
1

det A 1 1 1
46. I and IV are true.
53. det A=0    sin 2  cos 2 1  1
Range of  is   2 , 2  59.  1 1  0
1 1 
bc ca ab
54. c a b 0abc  =0,1,-1
a b c

a  b a b
55. A  0  b  c b c 0
0 a  b b  c

R3  R3   R1  R2   b 2  ac
1 a a
b 1 b 0
56.
c c 1

C2  C2  C1 , C3  C3  C1 gives
1 a 1 a 1
b   b  1 0 0
c 0  1  c 

R1 R R3
 R1 , 2  R2 ,  R3 gives
a 1 b 1 c 1
1
1 1
a 1
b
1 0  0
b 1
c
0 1
c 1
1 b c
Expandign by C1 ,   0
a 1 b 1 c 1
1 b c
 1 1 0
a 1 b 1 c 1
1 1 1
  2
a 1 b 1 c 1
57. Given AAT=9I
1 2 2  1 2 a  9 0 0
 2 1 2   2 1 2    0 9 0
    
 a 2 b   2 2 b  0 0 9 

a+2b+4=0; 2a-2b+2=0
Solve the above equation
a = -2 b = -1
5a b 
58. A=  3 2 
 
A(adjA) = |A|I
|A| = 10a + 3b
a = 2/5, b=3
5a + b = 5(2/5) + 3 = 5