Instructions:

1) Write the procedure only in ruled pages.

2) Draw 3 columns neatly in ruled pages with pencil and scale and give the headings as Experiment,
Observation and Inference

3) Each procedure should have the main headings and subheadings as given in the procedure.(Copy
the procedure as it is in the record)

4) Use only blue pen for writing the record

5)Equations for confirmatory tests should be written in the corresponding left hand
page in pencil
6) All 12 salts should be written in the record but need not be in the same order.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No : 1

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+, Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may
be absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+

may be present
 Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be
present

Flame Test:

Absence of Ba2+, Pb2+, Zn2+

Take a small amount of salt on No characteristic colour to the orMn2+, Ca2+ ,Sr2+
a watch glass and make a paste flame
with con. HCl. Heat the
mixture strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a dry

test tube

i) Gas evolved Reddish brown gas which

turns starch paper orange Presence of Br-
yellow.

Sublimate formed White sublimate

Presence of NH4+

Detection of acid radicals:

I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4

No Brisk effervescence Group I acid radical is

is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

 Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. Reddish brown vapors with Group II acid radical Br- may
H2SO4 pungent smell be present

Confirmatory Test for Br-

2) Silver nitrate test: Pale yellow ppt is formed Presence of Br- is confirmed.
which is sparingly soluble
Salt solution + dil HNO3 , in ammonium hydroxide.
boil for some time , cool
and add silver nitrate
solution.

3) MnO2 Test: Heat a Presence of Br- is confirmed.

small quantity of the salt Yellowish brown vapors
with MnO2 and conc. are evolved.
H2SO4

Silver nitrate test:

KBr + AgNO3 KNO3 + AgBr

( pale yellow ppt)

MnO2 Test:

2KBr + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 → 2KHSO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Br2

Detection of Basic radical:

Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving about one spatula of it in water

Identification of basic radicals

Salt + dil NaOH , boil Pungent smelling ammonia Group 0 is present (NH4+ )
gas is evolved.

Confirmatory test for Group 0

Nessler’s reagent test Reddish brown precipitate is Presence of NH4+ is

formed confirmed.
O.S + Nessler’s reagent +
NaOH
 2[K2HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI 7KI + 2H2O

RESULT

Acid radical present is Br-

Basic radical present is NH4+

The given salt is NH4Br

ALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No 2

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+, Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may
be absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+

may be present

Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be

present

Flame Test:
Absence of Ba2+, Pb2+, Zn2+
Take a small amount of salt on No characteristic colour to the orMn2+, Ca2+ ,Sr2+
a watch glass and make a paste flame
with con. HCl small amount of
the mixture on a platinum loop
 and heat the mixture strongly
in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a dry

test tube

Gas evolved No gas evolved Absence of of CO32- ,Cl-

,
CH3COO-, NH4+ ,NO3- , Br-

Absence of NH4+
Sublimate formed No sublimate formed

Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,
Residue White residue glows on Mg2+,Al3+
heating

Detection of acid radicals:

I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 No Brisk effervescence Group I acid radical is

is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. No characteristic observation Group II acid radicals Cl- Br-
H2SO4 CH3COO- are absent

If no reaction in cold, add a No Reddish brown fumes are Group II acid radical NO3- is
piece of Cu or paper ball to the evolved absent
test tube containing salt and
heat.

III) Analysis of group III acid radical:

Test for SO42-

 Barium chloride Test:

1) Salt solution + Barium White precipitate insoluble in Presence of Group III acid
chloride Dil HCl radical SO42- is confirmed

Confirmatory test for SO42-

Lead acetate Test

White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group III acid

which is soluble in hot radical SO42- is confirmed
Salt solution + Lead acetate ammonium acetate solution

Barium chloride Test

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2 NaCl

White

Lead acetate Test

Na2SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbSO4 + 2CH3COONa

White ppt

Detection of Basic radical:

Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in water.

Identification of basic radicals

Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent

observed

Group I is absent
No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed

No black precipitate is formed

Pass H2S gas through the Group II is absent
above solution
 White gelatinous precipitate
is formed
O.S + Solid Ammonium
chloride + Ammonium
hydroxide in excess till the Group III is present (Al3+)
solution become basic.

Confirmatory test for Al3+

1.Lake test :

Presence of

Dissolve white precipitate in Blue precipitate floating in Al3+ confirmed

Dil.HCl, add 2 drops of blue colourless solution
litmus solution. To this add,
NH4OH solution dropwise

2.NaOH Test:

O.S + NaOH drop wise Gelatinous precipitate is

formed.

Gelatinous precipitate
Add excess of NaOH to the dissolves.
precipitate

Presence of
Add solid NH4Cl
Al3+ confirmed
The precipitate reappears

Lake test

Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O …… soluble

AlCl3 + 3NH4OH 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3

 Blue colour absorbs on this.

NaOH Test

Al2(SO4)3 + 3NaOH → 2Al(OH)3+ 3Na2SO4

2Al(OH)3 + NaOH(excess) →Na[Al(OH)4] soluble

RESULT

Acid radical present is SO4 2-

Basic radical present is Al3+

The given salt is Al2(SO4)3

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALTNo 3

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+, Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may
be absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+

may be present
 Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be
present

Flame Test:

Presence of Zn2+
Take a small amount of salt on Green flashes
a watch glass and make a paste
with con. HCl.Take the
mixture on a platinum loop and
heat the mixture strongly in the
flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a dry

test tube

Gas evolved Absence of of CO32- ,Cl-

No gas evolution ,
CH3COO-, NH4+ ,NO3- , Br-

Sublimate formed
No sublimate Absence of NH4+

ii) Residue
Yellow when hot , white when Presence of Zn2+
cold

Detection of acid radicals:

I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 No Brisk effervescence Group I acid radical is

 is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. Group II acid radicals

H2SO4 CH3COO ,Cl ,Br- are absent
- -
No characteristic observation

If no reaction in cold, add a No Reddish brown fumes are Group II acid radical NO3- is
piece of Cu or paper ball to the evolved absent
test tube containing salt and
heat.

III) Analysis of group III acid radical:

Test for SO42-

Barium chloride Test:

1) Salt solution + Barium White precipitate insoluble in Presence of Group III acid
chloride Dil HCl radical SO42- is confirmed

Confirmatory test for SO42-

Lead acetate Test

Salt solution + Lead acetate

White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group III acid
which is soluble in hot radical SO42- is confirmed
ammonium acetate solution

Barium chloride Test

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2 NaCl

WhiteLead acetate Test

Na2SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbSO4 + 2CH3COONa

White ppt
Detection of Basic radical:
Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in water.

Identification of basic radicals

Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent

observed

No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed Group I is absent

Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is formed Group II is absent t (Cu2+,
above solution Pb2+)

No precipitate
O.S + Solid Ammonium Group III is absent
chloride + Ammonium
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Pass H2S gas through the white precipitate is formed

Group IV is present
above solution
White (Zn2+)

Confirmatory test for of Group IV Basic radical (Zn2+)

O.S + Dil. NaOH dropwise White precipitate soluble in Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed
and add excess of NaOH excess of excess of dil NaOH is
formed.

Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed

White or bluish white

O.S + Potassium Ferro precipitate is formed
Cyanide
 1) NaOH TEST

ZnCl2 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

White ppt

Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O

Soluble
Potassium Ferro Cyanide Test

2 ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl

RESULT

Acid radical present is SO4 2-

Basic radical present is Zn 2+

The given salt is ZnSO4

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALTNo 4

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+, Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may
be absent
2) Physical state Amorphous CO3 2- present

Solubility in water In soluble CO3 2- present

Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt on Green flashes Presence of Zn2+ orMn2+

sa watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl.Take a
small amount of the mixture on
a platinum loop and heat the
mixture strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a dry

test tube

Gas evolved
Colour less , odourless gas presence of of CO32-
turning lime water milky .

Sublimate formed

No sublimate
Absence of NH4 +
Residue

Yellow when hot , white when

cold Presence of Zn2+
Detection of acid radicals:
I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 Brisk effervescence with the Group I acid radical is
liberation of colorless
odorless gas is present (CO32-)

Confirmatory Test

1) Salt + Dil HCl , pass the Lime water turns milky Presence of CO32- is
gas through lime water. confirmed

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2(aq)+ CO2(g)→ CaCO3(s)+ H2O(l)

Detection of Basic radical:

Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in dilute HCl

Identification of basic radicals

Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent

observed

Group I is absent
No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed

Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is formed Group II is absent t (Cu2+,
above solution Pb2+)
 O.S + Solid Ammonium
chloride + Ammonium
hydroxide in excess till the No precipitate Group III is absent
solution become basic.

Pass H2S gas through the white precipitate is formed Group IV is present
above solution
White (Zn2+)

Confirmatory test for of Group IV Basic radical (Zn2+)

O.S + Dil. NaOH dropwise White precipitate soluble in Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed
and add excess of NaOH excess of excess of dil NaOH is
formed.

Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed

White or bluish white

O.S + Potassium Ferro precipitate is formed
Cyanide

1) NaOH TEST

ZnCl2 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

White ppt
2) Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O

Soluble
Potassiun ferrocyanide Test

2 ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl

RESULT

Acid radical present is CO32-

Basic radical present is Zn 2+

The given salt is _______Zn CO3

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No 5

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+, Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may
be absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+

may be present

Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be

present

Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt on

a watch glass and make a paste
with con. HCl. Take a small
quantity of the mixture on a characteristic colour to the Absence of Ba2+, Pb2+, Zn2+
platinum loop and heat the flame orMn2+, Ca2+ ,Sr2+
mixture strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a dry

test tube
 iii) Gas evolved

No gas is evolved Absence of of CO32- ,Cl-

,
CH3COO-, NH4+ ,NO3- , Br-

Sublimate formed Absence of NH4+

No white sublimate formed

Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,
Mg2+,Al3+
Residue
White residue glows on
heating

Detection of acid radicals:

I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4

No Brisk effervescence Group I acid radical is

is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. Group II acid radical

H2SO4 CH3COO ,Cl ,Br- are absent
- -
No characteristic observation
 If no reaction in cold, add a No Reddish brown fumes are Group II acid radical NO3-
piece of Cu or paper ball to the evolved may be present
test tube containing salt and
heat.

III) Analysis of group III acid radical:

Test for SO42-

Barium chloride Test:

1) Salt solution + Barium White precipitate insoluble in Presence of Group III acid
chloride Dil HCl radical SO42- is confirmed

2) Lead acetate Test

White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group III acid

which is soluble in hit radical SO42- is confirmed
Salt solution + Lead acetate ammonium acetate solution.

Barium chloride Test

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2 NaCl

White

Lead acetate Test

Na2SO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 PbSO4 + 2CH3COONa

White ppt

Detection of Basic radical:

Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving the salt in water

Identification of basic radicals

Salt + NaOH, boil .No Characteristic smell is roup 0 is absent
observed
 No white precipitate is
formed
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl Group I is absent

No black precipitate is formed

Pass H2S gas through the Group II is absent
above solution

No precipitate

O.S + Solid Ammonium

chloride + Ammonium Group III is absent
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

No precipitate
Pass H2S gas through the
above solution Group IV is absent
No precipitate
O.S + Solid NH4Cl + NH4OH Group V is absent
+ (NH4)2CO3 Solution

O.S + Solid Ammonium White precipitate

Chloride + Ammonium
Hydroxide + Ammonium Group VI (Mg2+) is present
Hydrogen Phosphate

Confirmatory test for Mg2+

1) O.S + Solid Ammonium White precipitate is formed Presence of Mg2+ confirmed.

Chloride + Ammonium
Hydroxide + Ammonium
Hydrogen Phosphate

Presence of Mg2+ confirmed.

2)NaOH Test O.S + NaOH White precipitate is formed
dropwise and then add excess which is insoluble in excess of
NaOH
 MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4Cl + H2O
white

MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl

RESULT

Acid radical present is SO4 2-

Basic radical present is Mg2+

The given salt is MgSO4

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No 6

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+, Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may
be absent

2) Physical state Amorphous CO3 2- may be present

Solubility in water In soluble CO3 2- may be present

 Flame Test:

No characteristic colour to the Absence of Ba2+, Pb2+, Zn2+

flame Mn2+, Ca2+ ,Sr2+
Take a small amount of salt on
a watch glass and make a paste
with con. HCl.Take the
mixture on a platinum loop and
heat the mixture strongly in the
flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a dry

test tube

Gas evolved Colorless odorless gas turning Presence of CO3 2-

lime water milky

No White sublimate
Sublimate formed Absence of NH4+

White residue glows on

Residue heating Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,
Mg2+,Al3+

Detection of acid radicals:

I) Analysis of group I acid radical:
 Salt + Dil H2SO4 Brisk effervescence with the Group I acid radical is
liberation of colorless
odorless gas is present (CO32-)

Confirmatory Test

1) Salt + Dil HCl , pass the Lime water turns milky Presence of CO32- is
gas through lime water. confirmed

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2(aq)+ CO2(g)→ CaCO3(s)+ H2O(l)

Detection of Basic radical:

Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving the salt in dilute HCl.

Identification of basic radicals

Salt + NaOH, boil .No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent
observed

No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed group I is absent

Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is formed Group II is absent
above solution
 O.S + Solid Ammonium No precipitate Group III is absent
chloride + Ammonium
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Pass H2S gas through the No precipitate Group IV is absent

above solution

No precipitate
O.S + Solid NH4Cl + NH4OH
+ (NH4)2CO3 Solution Group V is absent

O.S + Solid Ammonium White precipitate

Chloride + Ammonium
Group VI (Mg2+) is present
Hydroxide + Ammonium
Hydrogen Phosphate

Confirmatory test for Mg2+

1) O.S + Solid Ammonium White precipitate is formed Presence of Mg2+ confirmed.

Chloride + Ammonium
Hydroxide + Ammonium
Hydrogen Phosphate

Presence of Mg2+ confirmed.

2)NaOH Test O.S + NaOH White precipitate is formed
dropwise and then add excess which is insoluble in excess of
NaOH

MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4Cl + H2O

white

MgCl2 + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl

 RESULT

Acid radical present is ___CO32-______________

Basic radical present is _____Mg2+_____________

The given salt is ______MgCO3____________

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No : 7

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+, Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may
be absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+

may be absent

Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be

present
 Take a small amount of salt on
a watch glass and make a paste
with con. HCl.Take the Grassy green color Presence of Presence of Ba2+
mixture on a platinum loop and
heat the mixture strongly in the
flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a dry

test tube

Pungent smelling gas which Presence of Cl-

iv) Gas evolved gives white fumes with
Ammonium
hydroxide./Greenish yellow
gas

Sublimate formed

No White sublimate
v) Residue Abesence of NH4+

White residue glows on

heating Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,
Mg2+,Al3+

Detection of acid radicals:

I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 No Brisk effervescence Group I acid radical is

is absent
II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. A colorless pungent smelling Group II acid radical Cl- may
H2SO4 gas which gives a dense white be present
fumes with glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide is
exposed to the mouth of the
test tube

Confirmatory Test for Cl-

1) Chromyl chloride Test:

Salt + solid potassium

dichromate in a test tube +
Conc. H2SO4 . Orange red vapors are evolved

Pass the vapours through Solution turns yellow. Presence of Cl- is confirmed.
NaOH solution taken in
another test tube.

Yellow ppt is obtained.

To the above yellow solution,
add acetic acid and lead acetate
solution.
 2) Silver nitrate test:

White ppt is formed which is

soluble in NH4OH
Salt solution + dil HNO3 , boil
for some time , cool and add
silver nitrate solution. Presence of Cl- is confirmed.

Chromyl chloride Test:

4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 3 H2SO4 Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O

(chromyl chloride)

CrO2Cl2 + 4 NaOH Na2CrO4 + NaCl + 2H2O

Sodium chromate

Na2CrO4 + CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4 + 2 CH3COONa

Leadchromate

Silver nitrate test

NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3

AgCl + 2NH4OH [AgNH3)2]Cl + 2H2O

Soluble complex

Detection of Basic radical:

Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving the salt in water.

Identification of basic radicals
Salt + NaOH, boil No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent
observed

No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed Group I is absent

Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is formed Group II is absent
above solution

No precipitate
O.S + Solid Ammonium
chloride + Ammonium Group III is absent
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Group IV is absent
Pass H2S gas through the No precipitate
above solution

O.S + Solid NH4Cl + NH4OH White precipitate is formed Group V is present (Ba2+,
+ (NH4)2CO3 Solution Sr2+, Ca2+)

Confirmatory test for Group V

 Dissolve the precipitate in hot
dil acetic acid. Divide it in to
three parts.

Part I + potassium chromate Presence of

solution Yellow precipitate. Ba2+ confirmed
Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt on

a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl. Take the
mixture on a platinum loop
Glassy green colour Presence of
and heat the mixture strongly
in the flame Ba2+ confirmed

BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O

CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + BaCrO4

RESULT

Acid radical present is ______Cl-

Basic radical present is ___Ba2+

The given salt is __________BaCl2

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No : 8

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+, Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may
be absent
2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+
may be absent

Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be

present

4) Flame Test:
Presence of Presence of Ba2+

Take a small amount of salt on Grassy green color

a watch glass and make a paste
with con. HCl. Take the
mixture on a platinum loop and
heat the mixture strongly in the
flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a dry

test tube

Gas evolved
Pungent smelling gas which
gives white fumes with
Ammonium -
hydroxide./Greenish yellow Presence of Cl
gas

Abesence of NH4+
 Sublimate formed No White sublimate

White residue glows on Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,

Residue heating Mg2+,Al3+

Detection of acid radicals:

I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 No Brisk effervescence Group I acid radical is

is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. A colorless pungent smelling Group II acid radical Cl- may
H2SO4 gas which gives a dense white be present
fumes with glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide is
exposed to the mouth of the
test tube

Confirmatory Test for Cl-

1) Chromyl chloride Test:

Salt + solid potassium Orange red vapors are evolved

dichromate in a test tube +
Conc. H2SO4 .
 Presence of Cl- is confirmed.

Pass the vapours through Solution turns yellow.

NaOH solution taken in
another test tube.

To the above yellow solution,

add acetic acid and lead acetate Yellow ppt is obtained.
solution.

2) Silver nitrate test:

White ppt is formed which is Presence of Cl- is confirmed.
Salt solution + dil HNO3 , boil soluble in NH4OH
for some time , cool and add
silvernitrate solution.

Chromyl chloride Test:

4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 3 H2SO4 Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O

(chromyl chloride)

CrO2Cl2 + 4 NaOH Na2CrO4 + NaCl + 2H2O

Sodium chromate

Na2CrO4 + CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4 + 2 CH3COONa

Leadchromate

Silver nitrate test

NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3

AgCl + 2NH4OH [AgNH3)2]Cl + 2H2O

Soluble complex

Detection of Basic radical:

Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in water.

Identification of basic radicals

 Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent

observed

No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed Group I is absent

No black precipitate is formed

Pass H2S gas through the Group II is absent
above solution

No precipitate
Group III is absent
O.S + Solid Ammonium
chloride + Ammonium
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.
No precipitate
Group IV is absent
Pass H2S gas through the
above solution White precipitate is formd
O.S + Solid NH4Cl + NH4OH Group V is present (Ba2+,
+ (NH4)2CO3 Solution Sr2+, Ca2+)

Confirmatory test for Group V

Dissolve the precipitate in hot

dil acetic acid. Divide it in to
three parts.

Part I + potassium chromate

solution No Yellow precipitate. Ba2+ is absent

Part II+Ammonium sulphate White precipitate. Presence of Sr2+ is confirmed

solution.

Flame Test:
Crimson red colour is imarted
Take a small amount of salt on to the flame.
a watch glass and make a Presence of Sr2+ is confirmed
paste with con. HCl. Take the
mixture on a platinum loop
 and heat the mixture strongly
in the flame

SrCO3 + 2 CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Sr + CO2 + H2O

(CH3COO)2Sr + (NH4)2SO4 CH3COONH4 + SrSO4

RESULT

Acid radical present is _____Cl-

Basic radical present is ____Sr2+

The given salt is __________SrCl2

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No 9

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+, Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may
be absent

2) Physical state Amorphous CO3 2- may be present

Solubility in water In soluble CO3 2- may be present

 4) Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt on No characteristic colour to the Absence of Ba2+, Pb2+, Zn2+
a watch glass and make a paste flame orMn2+, Ca2+ ,Sr2+
with con. HCl.Take the
mixture on a platinum wire
loop and heat the mixture
strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a dry

test tube

i) Gas evolved Colorless odorless gas turning Presence of CO3 2-

lime water milky

Sublimate formed No White sublimate

Absence of NH4+

ii) Residue White residue glows on

heating presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,
Mg2+,Al3+

Detection of acid radicals:

I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 Brisk effervescence with the Group I acid radical is
liberation of colorless odorless
gas is present (CO32-)
 Confirmatory Test

1) Salt + Dil HCl , pass the gas Lime water turns milky Presence of CO32- is confirmed
through lime water.

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2(aq)+ CO2(g)→ CaCO3(s)+ H2O(l)

Detection of Basic radical:

Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in dil HCl.

Identification of basic radicals

Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent

observed

No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed Group I is absent

Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is formed Group II is absent
above solution

No precipitate
O.S + Solid Ammonium
chloride + Ammonium Group III is absent
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Pass H2S gas through the No precipitate

above solution Group IV is absent

White precipitate is formed

O.S + Solid NH4Cl + NH4OH Group V is present (Ba2+,
+ (NH4)2CO3 Solution Sr2+, Ca2+)
Confirmatory test for Group V

Dissolve the precipitate in hot

dil acetic acid. Divide it in to
three parts.

Part I + potassium chromate Yellow precipitate. Presence of Ba2+ confirmed

solution

Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt on

a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl.Take the Grassy green colour Presence of Ba2+ confirmed
mixture on a platinum wire
loop and heat the mixture
strongly in the flame

BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O

CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + BaCrO4

RESULT

Acid radical present is ________CO3 2-__________

Basic radical present is _____Ba2+ _____________

The given salt is __________BaCO3____________

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANICSALT No 10

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+, Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may
be absent

2) Physical state Amorphous CO3 2- may be present

Solubility in water In soluble CO3 2- may be present

Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt on Crimson red colour is imparted

a watch glass and make a paste to the flame.
with con. HCl.Take the Presence of Ca2+
mixture on a platinum wire
loop and heat the mixture
strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a dry

test tube

Colorless odorless gas turning

lime water milky Presence of CO3 2-
iii) Gas evolved
Sublimate formed No White sublimate Absence of NH4+
 Presence of Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,
Mg2+,Al3+
White residue glows on
heating
iv) Residue

Detection of acid radicals:

I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 Brisk effervescence with the Group I acid radical is
liberation of colorless odorless
gas is present (CO32-)

Confirmatory Test

1) Salt + Dil HCl , pass the gas Lime water turns milky Presence of CO32- is confirmed
through lime water.

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2(aq)+ CO2(g)→ CaCO3(s)+ H2O(l)

Detection of Basic radical:

Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in dilute HCl.

Identification of basic radicals

Salt + NaOH, boil No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent
observed

No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed Group I is absent

No black precipitate is formed

Group II is absent
 Pass H2S gas through the No precipitate
above solution
Group III is absent
O.S + Solid Ammonium
chloride + Ammonium
hydroxide in excess till the No precipitate
solution become basic.
Group IV is absent
Pass H2S gas through the
above solution White precipitate is formed

Group V is present (Ba2+,

Sr2+, Ca2+)
O.S + Solid NH4Cl + NH4OH
+ (NH4)2CO3 Solution

Confirmatory test for Group V

Dissolve the precipitate in hot

dil acetic acid. Divide it in to
three parts.

Part I + potassium chromate No Yellow precipitate. Ba2+ absent

solution

Part II+Ammonium sulphate No White precipitate. Sr2+ is absent

solution.

Part III + Ammonium oxalate

solution + Ammonium White precipitate. Presence of Ca2+ is
hydroxide and scratch the confirmed
sides of the test tube.

Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt on

Presence of Ca2+ is confirmed
a watch glass and make a Crimson red colour
paste with con. HCl.Take the
mixture on a platinum wire
loop and heat the mixture
strongly in the flame

CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O

(CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4)2C2O4 CH3COONH4 + CaC2O4

 RESULT

Acid radical present is ________CO3 2-__________

Basic radical present is _____Ca 2+ _____________

The given salt is __________CaCO3____________

Expt No _____________ Date : _________________

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No 11

Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+, Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may
be absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+

may be absent

Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be

present
Flame Test:
 Presence of Presence of Pb2+

Take a small amount of salt on

a watch glass and make a paste
with con. HCl. Heat the Dull bluish white
mixture strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a dry

test tube
Presence of NO3-

Reddish brown gas which

Gas evolved turns ferrous sulphate solution
black

Abesence of NH4+

Sublimate No White sublimate

2+

Residue Brown when hot , yellow when Presence of Pb

cold

Detection of acid radicals:

I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 Group I acid radical is

No Brisk effervescence is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

 Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. No characteristic observation
H2SO4
Group II acid radicals
CH3COO ,Cl ,Br- are absent
- -

If no reaction in cold, add a Reddish brown fumes are Group II acid radical NO3-
piece of Cu or paper ball to the evolved may be present.
test tube containing salt and
heat.

Confirmatory Test for NO3-

Brown ring Test A brown ring is formed at the Presence of NO3- is confirmed
junction of layers of acid and
Salt solution + equal volume of the solution
freshly prepares ferrous
sulphate solution.Add a drop
of Conc H2SO4 slowly along
the sides of the test tube.

Copper chip test : Salt + Conc

. H2SO4 + copper chip and heat
strongly
Brown fumes are evolved
Presence of NO3- is confirmed

Brown ring test

2KNO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + HNO3

FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 4HNO3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 4 H2O + 2NO

FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O [Fe( H2O)5(NO)]SO4

Copper chip test

2KNO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 +2 HNO3

4 HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Detection of Basic radical:

Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in water.

Identification of basic radicals

 Salt + NaOH, boil

No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent

observed

white precipitate is formed

O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl Group I is Present

Confirmatory test for Group I

Boil the white precipitate with

5-10 ml of water and divide it
into 3 parts.

Part 1 – cool under tap White crystalline precipitate Presence of Pb2+ confirmed

Yellow precipitate

Part 2 + KI solution Presence of Pb2+ confirmed

Yellow precipitate

Part 3 + Potassium chromate Presence of Pb2+ confirmed

1) Pb(NO3)2 + HCl PbCl2 is less soluble in cold water

2) PbCl2 +2 KI PbI2 + 2KCl
3) PbCl2 + K2CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2KCl
Yellow ppt

RESULT

Acid radical present is ___NO3 -

Basic radical present is ________Pb2+

The given salt is _____________Pb(NO3) 2

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT No 12
Preliminary tests
Experiment Observation Inference
Color Colorless/White Fe2+, Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Cu2+may
be absent

2) Physical state Crystalline solid NH4+, Cl-, Br-, NO3- Al3+,Ba2+

may be absent

Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-, NO3- may be

present

Flame Test:

Presence of Presence of Pb2+

Take a small amount of salt on Dull bluish white
a watch glass and make a paste
with con. HCl. Heat the
mixture strongly in the flame

Dry heating test

Heat a pinch of the salt in a dry

test tube

Gas evolved Presence of NO3-

 Reddish brown gas which
turns ferrous sulphate solution
black

Sublimate No White sublimate Abesence of NH4+

2+
Residue Brown when hot , yellow when Presence of Pb
cold

Detection of acid radicals:

I) Analysis of group I acid radical:

Salt + Dil H2SO4 No Brisk effervescence Group I acid radical is

is absent

II) Analysis of group II acid radical:

Salt in a dry test tube + Conc. No characteristic observation Group II acid radicals
H2SO4 CH3COO ,Cl ,Br- are absent
- -

If no reaction in cold, add a Reddish brown fumes are Group II acid radical NO3-
piece of Cu or paper ball to the evolved may be present.
test tube containing salt and
heat.

Confirmatory Test for NO3-

Brown ring Test A brown ring is formed at the Presence of NO3- is confirmed
junction of layers of acid and
Salt solution + equal volume of the solution
freshly prepares ferrous
sulphate solution.Add a drop
of Conc H2SO4 slowly along
the sides of the test tube.
 Copper chip test : Salt + Conc Brown fumes are evolved Presence of NO3- is confirmed
. H2SO4 + copper chip and heat
strongly

Brown ring test

2KNO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + HNO3

FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 4HNO3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 4 H2O + 2NO

FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O [Fe( H2O)5(NO)]SO4

Copper chip test

2KNO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 +2 HNO3

4 HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Detection of Basic radical:

Preparation of original solution(O S)

Saturated solution of the salt is prepared by dissolving it in water.

Identification of basic radicals

Salt + NaOH, boil No Characteristic smell is Group 0 is absent
observed

No white precipitate is
O.S + 1 to 2 ml of Dil. HCl formed Group I is absent

Pass H2S gas through the No black precipitate is formed

above solution
Group II is absent

No precipitate
O.S + Solid Ammonium
chloride + Ammonium Group III is absent
hydroxide in excess till the
solution become basic.

Pass H2S gas through the No precipitate

above solution Group IV is absent
 White precipitate is formed

O.S + Solid NH4Cl + NH4OH Group V is present (Ba2+,

+ (NH4)2CO3 Solution Sr2+, Ca2+)

Confirmatory test for Group V

Dissolve the precipitate in hot

dil acetic acid. Divide it in to
three parts. Yellow precipitate. Presence of Ba2+ confirmed

Part I + potassium chromate

solution.

Flame Test:

Take a small amount of salt on Grassy green colour Presence of Ba2+ confirmed
a watch glass and make a
paste with con. HCl.Take the
mixture on a platinum wire
loop and heat the mixture
strongly in the flame

BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O

CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + BaCrO4

RESULT

Acid radical present is NO3-

Basic radical present is Ba2+

Given salt is Ba(NO3)2

 FUNCTIONAL GROUP ANALYSIS

Analysis of functional group No I

Experiment Observation Inference

Test for unsaturation Orange red colour of Compound is saturated

bromine water is not
Bromine Test
discharged
Dissolve the compound in
water and add bromine
water and shake

Alkaline KMnO4
Test(Bayer’s Test) Compound is saturated
Pink colour of KMnO4 is
Dissolve the compound in not discharged
water and add 1-2 drops of
alkaline KMnO4 solution
and shake

Test for Alcoholic group

Ceric Ammonium nitrate Pink or red colour is Alcoholic group(----OH) is

test: Organic compound + formed present
ceric ammonium nitrate
reagent and shake well

Test for Phenolic group

Neutral FeCl3 Test: No Violet colouration Phenolic( Ar_---OH)

group is absent
1mL of neutral FeCl3 + 2-
3 drops of organic
compound
Test for carbonyl group

Shake the organic Carbonyl group is absent

compound with 2-3 mg of
No Yellow or orange ( ---CHO or >CO)
2,4 dinitro phenyl
crystals are formed
hydrazine.

Test for Carboxylic acid

group

Sodium hydrogen
Carboxylic (--COOH)
carbonate test: Add a
pinch of NaHCO3 to 1ml No Brisk effervescence is group is absent
observed
of organic compound.

Test for Amino group

Add dil HCl to 2mL of Amino group (--NH2)is

organic compound Organic compound is absent
CONFORMATORY insoluble
TESTS

Alcoholic group:

1) Ester Test :To 1 ml of

organic compound + Presence of ----OH group
Glacial acetic acid + 2-3 Fruity smell is observed. is confirmed.
drops os conc. H2SO4 .
Warm the mixture on a
water bath for 5 min and
pour it in to cold water
taken in a beaker and smell
it
2) Sodium metal Test : Brisk effervescence due to Presence of ----OH group
Compound + anhydrous +evolution of hydrogen gas is confirmed.
CaSO4 + sodium metal

Result: The given organic compound contains alcoholic group(-OH group)

Equations to be written on the respective left hand side page

Ester Test

Sodium metal test

2 R ---OH + 2 Na 2RO-Na + + H2

2C2H5OH + 2Na C2H5ONa + H2

Analysis of functional group II

Experiment Observation Inference

Test for unsaturation Orange red colour of

bromine water is not
Bromine Test Compound is saturated
discharged
Dissolve the compound in
water and add bromine
water and shake

Alkaline KMnO4 Pink colour of KMnO4 is

Test(Bayer’s Test) not discharged Compound is saturated
Dissolve the compound in
water and add 1-2 drops of
alkaline KMnO4 solution
and shake

Test for Alcoholic group

Ceric Ammonium nitrate No Pink or red colour is Alcoholic group(----OH) is

test: Organic compound + formed absent
ceric ammonium nitrate
reagent and shake well

Test for Phenolic group

Neutral FeCl3 Test:

1mL of neutral FeCl3 + 2-

3 drops of organic No Violet colouration Phenolic( Ar_---OH)
compound group is absent

Test for carbonyl group

Shake the organic
compound with 2-3 mi of
2,4 dinitro phenyl
hydrazine.

No Yellow or orange No Carbonyl group is

crystals are formed present( ---CHO or >CO)
Test for Carboxylic acid
group

Sodium hydrogen
carbonate test: Add a
pinch of NaHCO3 to 1ml
of organic compound.

Carboxylic (--COOH)
group is present
Test for Amino group Brisk effervescence is
Add dil HCl to 2mL of observed
organic compound

Compound is insoluble Amino group (--NH2)is

Confirmatory Tests for absent
Carboxylic acid group

Ester Test: Organic

compound + ethyl alcohol
and 1-2 drops of conc. Presence of ----COOH
Fruity smell is observed.
H2SO4 . Warm the mixture group is confirmed.
on a water bath for 5 min
and pour it in to cold water
taken in a beaker and smell .
it

Presence of ----COOH
Colour changes to red group is confirmed.

Result: The given organic compound contains carboxylic acid group(-COOH group)
Equations to be written on the respective left hand side page

Ester Test

Litmus Test

RCOOH
+H2O

RCOO- + H3O+

ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP III

Experiment Observation Inference

Test for unsaturation Orange red colour of Compound is saturated

bromine water is not
Bromine Test
discharged
Dissolve the compound in
water and add bromine
water and shake

Alkaline KMnO4 Pink colour of KMnO4 is

Test(Bayer’s Test) not discharged Compound is saturated
Dissolve the compound in
water and add 1-2 drops of
alkaline KMnO4 solution
and shake
Test for Alcoholic group

Ceric Ammonium nitrate No Pink or red colour is Alcoholic group(----OH) is

test: Organic compound + formed absent
ceric ammonium nitrate
reagent and shake well

Test for Phenolic group

Phenolic( Ar_---OH)
Neutral FeCl3 Test:
group is present
Violet colouration
1mL of neutral FeCl3 +

2-3 drops of organic

compound

Test for carbonyl group

No Carbonyl group is
Shake the organic
present( ---CHO or >CO)
compound with 2-3 mi of
No Yellow or orange
2,4 dinitro phenyl
hydrazine. crystals are formed

Test for Carboxylic acid

group

Sodium hydrogen Carboxylic (--COOH)

No Brisk effervescence is
carbonate test: Add a group is absent
observed
pinch of NaHCO3 to 1ml
of organic compound.

Test for Amino group

Solubility test: Shake a Compound is insoluble Amino group (--NH2)is
small amount of the given absent
compound in a clean test
tube and add 2-3 ml of dil
HCl.

CONFORMATORY
TESTS

Phenolic group:

Liebermann’s Test : Add

few ml of organic A deep blue colour or deep
compound in a test tube green colour is developed. Presence of Phenolic
containing sodium nitrite
crystals. Heat it for a (-ArOH) group confimed
minute and allow it to cool. The colour turns red on
Then add about 1 ml of adding water .
conc. H2SO4

Blue or green colour

appears on adding excess
of NaOH

Phthalein Dye test: Take

Organic compound and Pink colour is formed.
Phthalic anhydride in a
clean test tube and add 1-2 Presence of Phenolic
drops conc. H2SO4 . Heat
( Ar__OH) group
the test tube in a water bath
confirmed
. Cool and pour the mixture
 in to a beaker containing
NaOH solution.

Result : The given organic compound contains Phenolic (Ar-OH) as the functional group.

Equation to be written on the respective left page

Liebermann’s Test

Phthalein Dye Test

 FUNCTIONAL GROUP ANALYSIS IV

Experiment Observation Inference

Test for unsaturation

Bromine Test Orange red colour of

bromine water is not
Dissolve the compound in Compound is saturated
discharged
water and add bromine
water and shake

Alkaline KMnO4
Test(Bayer’s Test)

Dissolve the compound in

Pink colour of KMnO4 is
water and add 1-2 drops of
not discharged Compound is saturated
alkaline KMnO4 solution
and shake

Test for Alcoholic group

Ceric Ammonium nitrate No Pink or red colour is

test: Organic compound + formed
ceric ammonium nitrate Alcoholic group(----OH) is
reagent and shake well absent

Test for Phenolic group

Neutral FeCl3 Test:

1mL of neutral FeCl3 + 2- No Violet colouration Phenolic( Ar_---OH)

3 drops of organic group is absent
compound

Test for carbonyl group

Shake the organic Yellow or orange crystals
compound with 2-3 mi of are formed
Carbonyl group is present(
2,4 dinitro phenyl
---CHO or >CO)
hydrazine.

Test for Carboxylic acid

group

Sodium hydrogen No Brisk effervescence is

carbonate test: Add a observed
Carboxylic (--COOH)
pinch of NaHCO3 to 1ml
of organic compound. group is absent

Test for Aldehydic group

Shiff’s reagent test:

Magenta colour is not
Add 1 ml of Shiff’s reagent
formed.
to the organic compound Aldehydic(-CHO) group is
absent

Test for Amino group

Solubility test: Shake a

small amount of the given
compound in a clean test
tube and add 2-3 ml of dil Compound is insoluble
HCl. Amino group (--NH2)is
absent

CONFORMATORY
TESTS

Ketonic Group

Sodium nitro prusside

test : Organic compound +
Sodium nitro prusside and Red coloration is obtained
shake the test tube . Add
 about 1 ml of dil NaOH Presence of >CO group is
solution drop wise confirmed.

Sodium bisulphite Test

Tale 2 ml of saturated
sodium bisulphite solution
and 1 ml of the given
organic compound. Shake
the test tube well and leave
it for 15 – 20 min.

Crystalline white
precipitate is formed

Presence of >CO group is

confirmed

Result : The given organic compound contains ketonic (>C=O) as the functional group.

Equation to be written on the respective left page

Sodium bisulphite Test

Sodium nitro prusside Test

CH3COCH3 + OH- → CH3COCH2- + H2O

[Fe(CN)5NO]2- + CH3COCH2- → [Fe(CN)5NO.CH3COCH2]3-

Nitro prusside ion Red colouration
 FUNCTIONAL GROUP ANALYSIS V

Experiment Observation Inference

Test for unsaturation

Bromine Test Orange red colour of Compound is saturated

bromine water is not
Dissolve the compound in
discharged
water and add bromine
water and shake

Alkaline KMnO4 Pink colour of KMnO4 is

Test(Bayer’s Test) not discharged Compound is saturated
Dissolve the compound in
water and add 1-2 drops of
alkaline KMnO4 solution
and shake

Test for Alcoholic group Alcoholic group(----OH) is

Ceric Ammonium nitrate No Pink or red colour is absent
test: Organic compound + formed
ceric ammonium nitrate
reagent and shake well

Test for Phenolic group

No Violet colouration Phenolic( Ar_---OH)
Neutral FeCl3 Test:
group is absent
1mL of neutral FeCl3 + 2-
3 drops of organic
compound

Test for carbonyl group

Shake the organic No Yellow or orange No Carbonyl group is
compound with 2-3 mi of crystals are formed present( ---CHO or >CO)
2,4 dinitro phenyl
hydrazine.

Test for Carboxylic acid

group

Sodium hydrogen Carboxylic (--COOH)

carbonate test: Add a group is absent
No Brisk effervescence is
pinch of NaHCO3 to 1ml
of organic compound. observed

Test for Amino group

Solubility test: Shake a

small amount of the given Amino group (--NH2)is
compound in a clean test present
tube and add 2-3 ml of dil Compound is soluble
HCl.

Litmus test: Place a drop

of given organic compound Amino group (--NH2)is
on a moist red litmus Colour changes to blue
present
paper.

CONFORMATORY
TESTS

Test for amino group

Carbyl amine test:

0.2 g of solid KOH +

ethanol in a test tube.
Warm until KOH
dissolves. To this add few
drops of chloroform and
 organic compond and Un pleasant odour Presence of ---NH2 group
warm gently on a water is confirmed
bath.

Azo dye test:

Take three test tubes A,B,C

In test tube A dissolve the

organic compound in 2ml
of dil HCl. In Test tube B Presence of ---NH2 group
prepare aqueous solution Red or orange dye is
is confirmed
of NaNO2. In test tube C formed
dissolve beta naphthol in
dil. NaOH. Cool all the
three test tubes in ice bath.
Now add NaNO2 solution
to test tube A and the
resulting solution to test
tube C.

Result : The given organic compound contains Amino group(-NH2) as the functional
group.

Equation to be written on the respective left page

Azo dye test

 Carbyl
amine test

RNH2 +
CHCl3 +
3 KOH →
RNC +
3KCl +
3H2O

FUNCTIONAL GROUP ANALYSIS VI

Experiment Observation Inference

Test for unsaturation Orange red colour of Compound is saturated

bromine water is not
Bromine Test
discharged
Dissolve the compound in
water and add bromine
water and shake

Alkaline KMnO4 Pink colour of KMnO4 is

Test(Bayer’s Test) not discharged Compound is saturated
Dissolve the compound in
water and add 1-2 drops of
alkaline KMnO4 solution
and shake

Test for Alcoholic group

Ceric Ammonium nitrate Alcoholic group(----OH) is

test: Organic compound + absent
ceric ammonium nitrate No Pink or red colour is
reagent and shake well formed

Test for Phenolic group

Phenolic( Ar_---OH)
Neutral FeCl3 Test: group is absent

1mL of neutral FeCl3 + 2- No Violet colouration

3 drops of organic
compound

Carbonyl group is present(

Test for carbonyl group
---CHO or >CO)
Yellow or orange crystals
Shake the organic
are formed
compound with 2-3 mi of
2,4 dinitro phenyl
hydrazine.

Carboxylic (--COOH)
Test for Carboxylic acid group is absent
No Brisk effervescence is
group
observed
Sodium hydrogen
carbonate test: Add a
pinch of NaHCO3 to 1ml
of organic compound.

Test for Aldehydic group

Aldehydic(-CHO) group is
Shiff’s reagent test: present
Magenta colour is formed.
Add 1 ml of Shiff’s reagent
to the organic compound

Test for Amino group

Solubility test: Shake a
small amount of the given
Compound is insoluble Amino group (--NH2)is
compound in a clean test
absent
tube and add 2-3 ml of dil
HCl.

CONFORMATORY
TESTS

Aldehydic group
Shining silver mirror is
Tollens reagent test :
formed
Warm a test tube
Presence of -----CHO
containing organic
compound and Tollens’s group is confirmed.
reagent on a water bath.

Fehling’s solution Test:

Take 1 ml each of Red Precipitate is formed.
Fehling’s solution A and B
in a test tube and add few Presence of -----CHO
drops of the given organic group is confirmed.
compound. Warm the test
tube in a water bath .

Result : The given organic compound contains aldehydic group group(-CHO) as the
functional group.

Tollens Reagent test

2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + RCHO + 3OH- O- + 2Ag + 4NH3 + 2H2O

Fehling’s solution test

RCHO + 2Cu 2+ + 5 OH- Cu2O + RCOO- + 3 H2O

 TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS IN PURE SAMPLESAND
DETECTION OF THEIR PRESENCE IN GIVEN FOOD STUFFS

Aim: To study simple tests for carbohydrates ( New page Ruled)

Experiment Procedure Observation Inference

Take 1-2 ml of aqueous solution of carbohydrate
A red violet ring is
Molisch’s (suspension in case of starch) and add few drops of Presence of
produced at the
Test Molisch’s reagent. Put one ml of cone. H2SO4 slowly carcarbohydrate
junction of two layers
along the side of the test tube..
 Take 2 ml of aqueous solution of carbohydrate
(nearly 5%) and add 1—2 ml each of Fehling’s
. Fehling’s solution A and Fehling’s solution B. Keep the
Reddish ppt. indicates
Test test tube in boiling water bath.. Presence of
the presence of a
reducing sugar carcarbohydrate

Benedict’s To 1-2 ml of aqueous solution of carbohydrate in a presence of

Reddish ppt.
Test test-tube add 1-2 ml of Benedict’s reagent. Keep the reducing sugar
test-tube in a boiling water bath..
Tollen’s Take 2-3 ml of aqueous solution of carbohydrate in
presence of
Test a test tube. Add to it 2-3 ml of Tollen’s reagent. Keep A shining silver
reducing
the test tube in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes. mirror
carbohydrate

To the aqueous suspension of the sample, add

Iodine Test 1-2 drops of iodine solution. Appearance of blue presence of
colouration starch

Result:

All food stuff contain carbohydrate.

Sample A contains reducing sugar

Sample B contains reducing sugar

Sample C contains non- reducing sugar

Sample D contains starch

Below given table to be written on Left blank page corresponding to the page you have
written thetests for carbohydrates

Food sample Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D

Taste Sweet Sweet Sweet Tasteless

Solubility Soluble Soluble Soluble In soluble

Molisch’s Test Purple ring Purple ring Purple ring Purple ring

Fehling Test Red ppt Red ppt No Red ppt No Red ppt

Benedict’s Test Red ppt Red ppt No Red ppt No Red ppt

Tollens test Shining silver Shining silver No silver mirror No silver mirror
mirror mirror