INDEX

01. Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)

02. Barium Chloride (BaCl2)
03. Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
04. Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
05. Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)
06. Ammonium Bromide (NH4Br)
07. Ammonium Acetate (CH3COONH4)
08. Ammonium Sulphate (NH4)2 SO4
09. Ammonium Oxalate (NH4)2 C2O4
10. Ammonium Nitrate (NH4 NO3 )
11. Lead Acetate (CH3COO)2 Pb
12. Lead Nitrate Pb(NO3-)2
13. Strontium Nitrate Sr(NO3)2
14. Magnesium Sulphate (Mg SO4)
15. Aluminium Sulphate Al2(SO4)3
16. Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4)
17. Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2 )
18. Calcium Nitrate Ca(NO3)2
19. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3 )
20. Zinc Carbonate (ZnCO3 )
21. Magnesium Carbonate (Mg CO3)
 Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt – 1

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Ammonia smell NH4+ ions may be present.

(To get strong smell of NH3,
(b) Odour of the Salt
add 2 drops of NaOH and
then rub.)

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

(f) Dry Heating Test Salt forms white sublimate May be NH4Cl

No characteristic coloured Absence of Na+, K+, Ba2+,

(g) Flame Test
flame Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+.

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test Colourless gas with a strong
tube and one drop of conc. pungent odour. HCl gas is
H2SO4 is added. released.

Glass rod dipped in NH4OH Dense white fumes are seen May be Cl-1
are exposed to these
vapours.

Chemical equation Cl-. + H2SO4 → HCl + HSO4 - HCl + NH3 → NH4Cl

 Confirmation test for
Chloride Ion (Cl- )
(a)Silver Nitrate Test
A curdy white ppt is
To the aqueous solution of
obtained which is soluble in Cl- is confirmed
given salt 1 ml of silver
excess NH4OH.
nitrate is added.
AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl + NO3-
Chemical equation
AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

(b)Chromylchloride Test
1 g of salt + 1 g of K2Cr2O7 Yellow orange vapours are
and then 1 ml of conc. formed.
H2SO4 is added.

Chemical equation 4Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 → 2CrO2Cl2 + 2K+ + 3H2O +

3SO42-

Yellow orange vapour is A yellow solution is formed. Cl- is confirmed.

passed through NaOH
solution.

Chemical equation CrO2Cl2 + 2NaOH → Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + H2O

1 ml of dil. CH3COOH is Yellow ppt is formed.

added to the yellow solution
+ 1 ml of lead acetate.

Chemical equation Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbCrO4 + CH3COONa

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of Ammoniacal/pungent smell Presence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Chemical equation NH4+ + NaOH → NH3 + Na+ + H2O

Confirmatory Tests for

NH4+ (a)Conc. HCl Test Dense white fumes are NH4+ is confirmed.
The glass rod is dipped in evolved.
conc. HCl and exposed to
the above vapour evolved.

Chemical equation NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

 (b)Nessler’s Reagent Test
To 1 ml of aqueous solution A brown precipitate is NH+4 is confirmed.
of salt 1-2 drops of KOH is formed.
added and then Nessler’s
reagent is added.

Chemical equation NH3 + 2K2[HgI4] + 3KOH → NH2.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Result:-
Acid radical: Chloride Ion (Cl- )
Basic Radical: Ammonium Ion(NH4+)
Given Salt: Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)

Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt – 2

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical
 I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

No Characteristic smell Absence of NH4+, S2-,

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-.

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Heavier Presence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

(f) Dry Heating Test

(g) Flame Test Grassy green/Apple green Presence of Ba2+

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test Colourless gas with a strong
tube and one drop of conc. pungent odour. HCl gas is
H2SO4 is added. released.

Glass rod dipped in NH4OH Dense white fumes are seen May be Cl-1
are exposed to these
vapours.

Cl-. + H2SO4 → HCl + HSO4 –

Chemical equation
HCl + NH3 → NH4Cl

Confirmation test for

Chloride Ion (Cl- )
(a)Silver Nitrate Test
A curdy white ppt is
To the aqueous solution of
obtained which is soluble in Cl- is confirmed
given salt 1 ml of silver
excess NH4OH.
 nitrate is added.
AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl + NO3-
Chemical equation
AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

(b)Chromylchloride Test
1 g of salt + 1 g of K2Cr2O7 Yellow orange vapours are .
and then 1 ml of conc. formed.
H2SO4 is added.

Chemical equation 4Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 → 2CrO2Cl2 + 2K+ + 3H2O +

3SO42-

Yellow orange vapour is

passed through NaOH A yellow solution is formed. Cl- is confirmed
solution.

Chemical equation CrO2Cl2 + 2NaOH → Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + H2O

1 ml of dil. CH3COOH is
added to the yellow solution Yellow ppt is formed.
+ 1 ml of lead acetate.

Chemical equation Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbCrO4 + CH3COONa

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is soluble in water hence original solution
prepared by dissolving salt in water.

Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

 Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
ml of H2S in a test tube. Cu2+

Analysis for the IIIrd

Group Basic Radical:-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. may be absence of Fe3+ Fe2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
Fe3+
NH4OH solution

Analysis for the IVth

Group Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. Co2+, Ni2+ Zn2+ Mn2+ May be
solid NH4Cl + excess of
absent.
NH4OH solution + H2S

Analysis for the Vth Group

Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
White ppt is formed Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ is present
solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OH solution+(NH4)2CO3

Chemical equation M2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → MCO3 + 2NH4+ (where M = Ba2+, Sr2+,

Ca2+)

The white ppt is dissolved in small amount of CH3COOH and the solution is divided into
three parts

Analysis for the Vth Group Basic Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Confirmatory Test for

Ba2+: K2CrO4 Test
Part 1 + 1 ml of K2CrO4 Yellow ppt is formed. Ba2+ is formed.

Chemical equation Ba2+ + K2CrO4 → BaCrO4 + 2NH4+

Result:-
Acid radical: Chloride Ion (Cl- )
Basic Radical: Barium Ion(Ba2+)
Given Salt: Barium Chloride (BaCl2)
 Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt – 3

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

 Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

No Characteristic smell Absence of NH4+, S2-,

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-.

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+,

(d) Density
Hg2+, Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

(f) Dry Heating Test

(g) Flame Test Crimson red Presence of Sr2+

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test Colourless gas with a strong
tube and one drop of conc. pungent odour. HCl gas is
H2SO4 is added. released.

Glass rod dipped in NH4OH Dense white fumes are seen May be Cl-1
are exposed to these
vapours.

Cl-. + H2SO4 → HCl + HSO4 –

Chemical equation
HCl + NH3 → NH4Cl

Confirmation test for

Chloride Ion (Cl- )
(a)Silver Nitrate Test
A curdy white ppt is
To the aqueous solution of
obtained which is soluble in Cl- is confirmed
given salt 1 ml of silver
excess NH4OH.
nitrate is added.
AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl + NO3-
Chemical equation
AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

(b)Chromylchloride Test
 1 g of salt + 1 g of K2Cr2O7 Yellow orange vapours are
and then 1 ml of conc. formed.
H2SO4 is added.

Chemical equation 4Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 → 2CrO2Cl2 + 2K+ + 3H2O +

3SO42-

Yellow orange vapour is A yellow solution is formed. Cl- is confirmed.

passed through NaOH
solution.

Chemical equation CrO2Cl2 + 2NaOH → Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + H2O

1 ml of dil. CH3COOH is Yellow ppt is formed.

added to the yellow solution
+ 1 ml of lead acetate.

Chemical equation Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbCrO4 + CH3COONa

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is soluble in water hence original solution
prepared by dissolving salt in water.

Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
 ml of H2S in a test tube. Cu2+

Analysis for the IIIrd

Group Basic Radical:-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. may be absence of Fe3+ Fe2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
Fe3+
NH4OH solution

Analysis for the IVth

Group Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. Co2+, Ni2+ Zn2+ Mn2+ May be
solid NH4Cl + excess of
absent.
NH4OH solution + H2S

Analysis for the Vth Group

Basic Radical :- May be presence of
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
White ppt is formed Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+t
solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OH solution+(NH4)2CO3

Chemical equation M2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → MCO3 + 2NH4+ (where M = Ba2+, Sr2+,

Ca2+)

The above white ppt is dissolved in small amount of CH3COOH and the solution is divided
into three parts

Analysis for the Vth Group Basic Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Confirmatory Test for

Ba2+: K2CrO4 Test
Part 1 + 1 ml of K2CrO4 No Yellow ppt is formed. Absence of Ba2+

Confirmatory Test for

Sr2+: (NH4)2SO4 Test
Part 2 + 1 ml of (NH4)2SO4 White ppt is formed. Sr2+ is confirmed.

Chemical equation Sr2+ + (NH4)2SO4 → SrSO4 + 2NH4+

Result:-
Acid radical: Chloride Ion (Cl- )
Basic Radical: Strontium Ion (Sr2+)
Given Salt: Strontium Chloride (SrCl2)

Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt – 4

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.
 No Characteristic smell Absence of NH4+, S2-,
(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-.

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

(f) Dry Heating Test

(g) Flame Test Brick red Presence of Ca2+

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test Colourless gas with a strong
tube and one drop of conc. pungent odour. HCl gas is
H2SO4 is added. released.

Glass rod dipped in NH4OH Dense white fumes are seen May be Cl-1
are exposed to these
vapours.

Cl-. + H2SO4 → HCl + HSO4 –

Chemical equation
HCl + NH3 → NH4Cl

Confirmation test for

Chloride Ion (Cl- )
(a)Silver Nitrate Test
A curdy white ppt is
To the aqueous solution of
obtained which is soluble in Cl- is confirmed
given salt 1 ml of silver
excess NH4OH.
nitrate is added.
AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl + NO3-.
Chemical equation
AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

(b)Chromylchloride Test
1 g of salt + 1 g of K2Cr2O7 Yellow orange vapours are .
and then 1 ml of conc. formed.
H2SO4 is added.
 Chemical equation 4Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 → 2CrO2Cl2 + 2K+ + 3H2O +
3SO42-

Yellow orange vapour is A yellow solution is formed. Cl- is confirmed

passed through NaOH
solution.

Chemical equation CrO2Cl2 + 2NaOH → Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + H2O

1 ml of dil. CH3COOH is Yellow ppt is formed.

added to the yellow solution
+ 1 ml of lead acetate.

Chemical equation Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbCrO4 + CH3COONa

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is soluble in water hence original solution
prepared by dissolving salt in water.
Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 Cu2+
ml of H2S in a test tube.

Analysis for the IIIrd

Group Basic Radical:-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. may be absence of Al3+ Fe2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
Fe3+
NH4OH solution

Analysis for the IVth

Group Basic Radical :-
 1 ml of O.S + Excess of
solid NH4Cl + excess of No Characteristic ppt. May be absence of
NH4OH solution + H2S Co2+, Ni2+ Zn2+ Mn2

Analysis for the Vth Group

Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
White ppt is formed Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ is present
solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OH solution+(NH4)2CO3

Chemical equation M2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → MCO3 + 2NH4+ (where M = Ba2+, Sr2+,

Ca2+)

The above white ppt is dissolved in small amount of CH3COOH and the solution is divided
into three parts

Analysis for the Vth Group Basic Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Confirmatory Test for

Ba2+: K2CrO4 Test
Part 1 + 1 ml of K2CrO4 No Yellow ppt Absence of Ba2+

Confirmatory Test for

Sr2+: (NH4)2SO4 Test
Part 2 + 1 ml of (NH4)2SO4 No White ppt Absence of Sr2+

Confirmatory Test for

Ca2+: (NH4)2C2O4 Test
Part 3 + 1 ml of (NH4)2C2O4 White ppt is formed. Ca2+ is confirmed.

Chemical equation Ca2+ + (NH4)2C2O4 → CaC2O4 + 2NH4+

Result:-
Acid radical: Chloride Ion (Cl- )
Basic Radical: Calcium Ion(Ca2+)
Given Salt: Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
 Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt – 5

Aim:-To analyse the given salt containing one acid radical and one basic radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

No Characteristic smell Absence of NH4+, S2-,

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-.

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

(d) Density Heavier Presence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

 Cd2+

deliquescence presence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

(f) Dry Heating Test

No characteristic coloured Absence of Na+, K+, Ba2+,

(g) Flame Test
flame Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+.

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test Colourless gas with a strong
tube and one drop of conc. pungent odour. HCl gas is
H2SO4 is added. released.

Glass rod dipped in NH4OH Dense white fumes are seen May be Cl-1
are exposed to these
vapours.

Cl-. + H2SO4 → HCl + HSO4 –

Chemical equation
HCl + NH3 → NH4Cl

Confirmation test for

Chloride Ion (Cl- )
(a)Silver Nitrate Test
A curdy white ppt is
To the aqueous solution of
obtained which is soluble in Cl- is confirmed
given salt 1 ml of silver
excess NH4OH.
nitrate is added.
AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl + NO3-
Chemical equation
AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

(b)Chromyl chloride Test

1 g of salt + 1 g of K2Cr2O7 Yellow orange vapours are
and then 1 ml of conc. formed.
H2SO4 is added.

Chemical equation 4Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 → 2CrO2Cl2 + 2K+ + 3H2O +

3SO42-
 Yellow orange vapour is A yellow solution is formed. Cl- is confirmed.
passed through NaOH
solution.

Chemical equation CrO2Cl2 + 2NaOH → Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + H2O

1 ml of dil. CH3COOH is Yellow ppt is formed.

added to the yellow solution
+ 1 ml of lead acetate.

Chemical equation Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbCrO4 + CH3COONa

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is soluble in water hence original solution
prepared by dissolving salt in water.
Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 Cu2+
ml of H2S in a test tube.

Analysis for the IIIrd

Group Basic Radical:-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. may be absence of Fe3+ Fe2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
Fe3+
NH4OH solution
 Analysis for the IVth
Group Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. Co2+, Ni2+ Zn2+ Mn2+ May be
solid NH4Cl + excess of
absent.
NH4OH solution + H2S

Analysis for the Vth Group

Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No White ppt Absence of Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OHsolution+(NH4)2CO3

Analysis for the VIth

Group Radicals 1 ml of
O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH + White ppt is formed on Mg2+ is present or confirmed
scratching the sides of the
(NH4)2PO4 are added.
test tube with a glass rod

Chemical equation 3Mg2+ + 2(NH4)3PO4 → Mg(PO4)2 + 6NH4+

Result:-
Acid radical: Chloride Ion (Cl- )
Basic Radical: Magnesium Ion(Mg2+)
Given Salt: Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)

Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –6

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

(a) Colour of the Salt Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

 Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Ammonia smell NH4+ ions may be present.

(To get strong smell of NH3,
(b) Odour of the Salt
add 2 drops of NaOH and
then rub.)

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

Salt forms Brown white May be NH4Br

(f) Dry Heating Test
sublimate

No characteristic coloured Absence of Na+, K+, Ba2+,

(g) Flame Test
flame Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+.

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test Brown fumes with pungent May be Br- or NO3-.
tube and one drop of conc. odour are observed.
H2SO4 is added.

. Pass the brown fumes / FeSO4 does not turn brown May be Br-.
vapours obtained through a black.
test tube containing FeSO4
solution

Chemical equation Br- + H2SO4 → HBr + HSO4-

Confirmation test for

Bromide Ion (Br- )
(a)Silver Nitrate Test
Pale yellow ppt which is Br- is confirmed.
To the aqueous solution of
partially soluble in excess of
given salt 1 ml of silver
NH4OH.
nitrate is added.
 AgNO3 + Br- → AgBr + NO3-
Chemical equation
AgBr + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]Br

(b)Chlorine Water Test

(Orange Globule)
1ml of salt solution + 2 An orange globule is Br- is confirmed.
drops of CCl4 or CS2 + conc. formed.
solution of Cl2 water.
Shake well.

Chemical equation 2Br- + Cl2 → Br2 + 2Cl-

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of Ammoniacal/pungent smell Presence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Chemical equation NH4+ + NaOH → NH3 + Na+ + H2O

Confirmatory Tests for

NH4+
(a)Conc. HCl Test
Dense white fumes are NH4+ is confirmed.
The glass rod is dipped in
evolved.
conc. HCl and exposed to
the above vapour evolved.

Chemical equation NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

(b)Nessler’s Reagent Test

To 1 ml of aqueous solution
of salt 1-2 drops of KOH is A brown precipitate is NH+4 is confirmed.
added and then Nessler’s formed.
reagent is added.

Chemical equation NH3 + 2K2[HgI4] + 3KOH → NH2.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Result:-
Acid radical: Bromide Ion (Br- )
Basic Radical: Ammonium Ion(NH4+)
Given Salt: Ammonium Bromide (NH4Br)

Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –7

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Vinegar Smell May be presence of

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO- ion t.
(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

(f) Dry Heating Test Salt forms white sublimate May be NH4Cl

No characteristic coloured Absence of Na+, K+, Ba2+,

(g) Flame Test
flame Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+.

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test No characteristic fumes in Absence of Cl- ,Br-, I-.
tube and one drop of conc. cold condition..
H2SO4 is added.

If no reaction occurs in cold

conc. H2SO4 then the test Colourless gas with vinegar May be CH3COO-.
tube is heated. odour is evolved.

Chemical equation CH3COO- + H2SO4 → CH3COOH + HSO4-

Confirmation test for

Acetate Ion (CH3COO- )
(a)Ester test:- Small
quantity of salt + 2 ml of Pleasant fruity smell of ester. CH3COO- is confirmed.
conc. H2SO4 and heat. Now
add 1 ml of ethanol and
shake in a test tube. Pour the
contents of the test tube in a
beaker full of water. Stir.

Chemical equation CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

(b)Oxalic Acid Test

1 g of salt is taken in a Vinegar odour is obtained. CH3COO- is confirmed.
 water glass and some
amount of oxalic acid is
mixed with it and a mixture
is rubbed with a drop of
water.

Chemical equation CH3COO- + (COOH)2 → 2CH3COOH + (COO)2-

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of Ammoniacal/pungent smell Presence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Chemical equation NH4+ + NaOH → NH3 + Na+ + H2O

Confirmatory Tests for

NH4+
(a)Conc. HCl Test
Dense white fumes are NH4+ is confirmed.
The glass rod is dipped in
evolved.
conc. HCl and exposed to
the above vapour evolved.

Chemical equation NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

(b)Nessler’s Reagent Test

To 1 ml of aqueous solution
of salt 1-2 drops of KOH is A brown precipitate is NH+4 is confirmed.
added and then Nessler’s formed.
reagent is added.

Chemical equation NH3 + 2K2[HgI4] + 3KOH → NH2.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Result:-
Acid radical: Acetate Ion (CH3COO)
Basic Radical: Ammonium Ion(NH4+)
Given Salt: Ammonium Acetate (CH3COONH4)
 Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –8

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Ammonia smell NH4+ ion may be present.

(To get strong smell of NH3,
(b) Odour of the Salt
add 2 drops of NaOH and
then rub.)

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

 Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,
(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

(f) Dry Heating Test Salt melts May be MgCl2, (NH4)2SO4

No characteristic coloured Absence of Na+, K+, Ba2+,

(g) Flame Test
flame Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+.

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test No characteristic fumes in Absence of Cl- ,Br-, I-.
tube and one drop of conc. cold condition..
H2SO4 is added.

If no reaction occurs in cold

conc. H2SO4 then the test No characteristic change. May be absence of
tube is heated. CH3COO-.I-. C2O42-. NO3-

Analysis of III rd group

Aciradicals
Test for SO42- (BaCl2 Test)
A white ppt is formed which May be SO42-.
1 ml of salt solution is taken
is insoluble in excess of dil.
and 1 ml of BaCl2 solution is
HCl.
added to this.

Chemical equation SO42- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2Cl-

Confirmation test for

Sulphate Ion (SO42- )
(a)Lead Acetate Test
A white ppt is formed. .
1 ml of salt solution is
added to 1 ml of lead
acetate.

Chemical equation SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 + 2CH3COO-

Hot ammonium acetate is White ppt dissolves. SO42- is confirmed

 added to the above ppt.

Chemical equation PbSO4 + 2CH3COONH4 → (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2SO4

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of Ammoniacal/pungent smell Presence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Chemical equation NH4+ + NaOH → NH3 + Na+ + H2O

Confirmatory Tests for

NH4+
(a)Conc. HCl Test
Dense white fumes are NH4+ is confirmed.
The glass rod is dipped in
evolved.
conc. HCl and exposed to
the above vapour evolved.

Chemical equation NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

(b)Nessler’s Reagent Test

To 1 ml of aqueous solution A brown precipitate is NH+4 is confirmed.
of salt 1-2 drops of KOH is formed.
added and then Nessler’s
reagent is added.

Chemical equation NH3 + 2K2[HgI4] + 3KOH → NH2.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Result:-
Acid radical: Sulphate Ion (SO42-.)
Basic Radical: Ammonium Ion(NH4+)
Given Salt: Ammonium Sulphate (NH4)2 SO4
 Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –9

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Ammonia smell NH4+ ion may be present.

(To get strong smell of NH3,
(b) Odour of the Salt
add 2 drops of NaOH and
then rub.)

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2
(f) Dry Heating Test

No characteristic coloured Absence of Na+, K+, Ba2+,

(g) Flame Test
flame Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+.

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test No characteristic fumes in
tube and one drop of conc. cold condition.. Absence of Cl- ,Br-, I-.
H2SO4 is added.

If no reaction occurs in cold Salt decomposes with the May be C2O42-.

conc. H2SO4 then the test formation of CO2 and CO
tube is heated. gas.

Chemical equation
C2O42- + H2SO4 → 4CO2 + 2SO2 + H O2

Confirmation test for

Oxalate Ion (C2O42- )
(a)CaCl2- Test
1 ml of dil. CH3COOHis
added to 1 ml of salt solution
and heated to remove CO2. A white ppt is formed.
Then add 1 ml of CaCl2
solution.

Add 1 ml of dil. HNO3 to the Ppt dissolves. C2O42- is confirmed.

above ppt and warm.

Chemical equation C2O42- + CaCl2 → CaC2O4 + 2Cl-

(b)Potassium
Permanganate Test
4-5 drops of dil. H2SO4 are
added to 1 ml of salt solution Pink colour of KMnO4 C2O42- is confirmed.
and warmed to 60-70°C, dissolves and liberation of
then 2-3 drops of dil. CO2 gas takes place.
KMnO4 are added.
 Chemical equation 5CH3COO- + 2MnO4- + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of Ammoniacal/pungent smell Presence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Chemical equation NH4+ + NaOH → NH3 + Na+ + H2O

Confirmatory Tests for

NH4+ (a)Conc. HCl Test
The glass rod is dipped in Dense white fumes are NH4+ is confirmed.
conc. HCl and exposed to evolved.
the above vapour evolved.

Chemical equation NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

(b)Nessler’s Reagent Test

To 1 ml of aqueous solution
of salt 1-2 drops of KOH is A brown precipitate is NH+4 is confirmed.
added and then Nessler’s formed.
reagent is added.

Chemical equation NH3 + 2K2[HgI4] + 3KOH → NH2.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Result:-
Acid radical: Oxalate Ion (C2O42-)
Basic Radical: Ammonium Ion(NH4+)
Given Salt: Ammonium Oxalate (NH4)2 C2O4

Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –10

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Ammonia smell NH4+ ion may be present.

(To get strong smell of NH3,
(b) Odour of the Salt
add 2 drops of NaOH and
then rub.)

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

Reddish brown fumes with May be NO3-

(f) Dry Heating Test
pungent odour

(g) Flame Test No characteristic coloured Absence of Na+, K+, Ba2+,

flame Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Cu2+,
 Zn2+.

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test No characteristic fumes in
tube and one drop of conc. cold condition.. Absence of Cl- ,Br-, I-.
H2SO4 is added.

If no reaction occurs in cold Brown fumes with pungent

conc. H2SO4 then the test odour are observed.
tube is heated.

Pass the brown fumes pass

through a test tube Ferrous sulphate solution
containing Ferrous sulphate turns in to brown black, May be NO3-
solution

Confirmation test for

Nitrate Ion ( NO3-- )
(a)Copper Chips Test
Brown fumes are evolved.
1 ml of salt solution + conc
H2SO4 + heat strongly.

Chemical equation 2NO3- + H2SO4 → 2HNO3 + SO42-

Few pieces of copper chips Intense brown fumes are

are added to the above test absorbed.
tube, only under hot NO3- is confirmed.
conditions.

Chemical equation 4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

(b)Brown Ring Test

Add a small quantity of
freshly prepared solution of A dark brown ring is NO3- is confirmed.
FeSO4 + aqueous solution of obtained at the junction of 2
salt + conc. H2SO4 slowly on layers.
the sides.

Chemical equation NO3- + H2SO4 → HNO3 + HSO4-

 6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 → 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O → [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of Ammoniacal/pungent smell Presence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Chemical equation NH4+ + NaOH → NH3 + Na+ + H2O

Confirmatory Tests for

NH4+ (a)Conc. HCl Test
The glass rod is dipped in Dense white fumes are NH4+ is confirmed.
conc. HCl and exposed to evolved.
the above vapour evolved.

Chemical equation NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

(b)Nessler’s Reagent Test

To 1 ml of aqueous solution A brown precipitate is NH+4 is confirmed.
of salt 1-2 drops of KOH is formed.
added and then Nessler’s
reagent is added.

Chemical equation NH3 + 2K2[HgI4] + 3KOH → NH2.HgO.HgI + 7KI + 2H2O

Result:-
Acid radical: Nitrate Ion (NO3- )
Basic Radical: Ammonium Ion(NH4+)
Given Salt: Ammonium Nitrate (NH4 NO3 )

Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –11

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Vinegar Smell CH3COO- ion may be

(b) Odour of the Salt
present.

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Heavier Presence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

Salt melts with the May be (CH3COO)2Pb

(f) Dry Heating Test appearance brownish black
at the bottom of the test tube

(g) Flame Test Dull white blue Presence of Pb2+

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

 One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test No characteristic fumes in Absence of Cl- ,Br-, I-.
tube and one drop of conc. cold condition..
H2SO4 is added.

If no reaction occurs in cold Colourless gas with vinegar May be CH3COO-.

conc. H2SO4 then the test odour is evolved.
tube is heated.

Chemical equation CH3COO- + H2SO4 → CH3COOH + HSO4

Confirmation test for

Acetate Ion (CH3COO- )
(a)Ester test:- Small
quantity of salt + 2 ml of Pleasant fruity smell of ester. CH3COO- is confirmed.
conc. H2SO4 and heat. Now
add 1 ml of ethanol and
shake in a test tube. Pour the
contents of the test tube in a
beaker full of water. Stir.

Chemical equation CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

(b)Oxalic Acid Test

1 g of salt is taken in a Vinegar odour is obtained. CH3COO- is confirmed.
water glass and some
amount of oxalic acid is
mixed with it and a mixture
is rubbed with a drop of
water.

Chemical equation CH3COO- + (COOH)2 → 2CH3COOH + (COO)2-

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.
Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is soluble in water hence original solution
prepared by dissolving salt in water.
Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of white precipitate is formed. May be Presence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is Ag+.
added in a test tube.

Chemical equation Pb2+ + 2HCl → PbCl2 ↓ + 2H+

Confirmatory Test for Pb2+

The precipitate formed in the above step is dissolved in hot water and divided into 2 parts.

Test Observation Inference

(a)Potassium Dichromate
Test
Part I + K2CrO4 (1 ml) Yellow precipitate is Pb2+ is confirmed.
solution in a test tube. formed.

Chemical equation PbCl2 + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 ↓ + 2KCl

(b)Potassium Iodide Test

Part II + KI (1 ml) solution Yellow precipitate is Pb2+ is confirmed.
in a test tube. formed.

Chemical equation PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 ↓ + 2KCl

Result:-
Acid radical: Acetate Ion (CH3COO)
Basic Radical: Lead Ion(Pb2+)
Given Salt: Lead Acetate (CH3COO)2 Pb
 Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –12

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Odourless Absence of NH4+, S2-,

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Heavier Presence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

Decripitation observed Pb(NO3)2, Ba(NO3)2, NaCl

(f) Dry Heating Test
(crackling sound)

(g) Flame Test Dull bluish white Presence Pb2+

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test No characteristic fumes in
tube and one drop of conc. cold condition.. Absence of Cl- ,Br-, I-.
H2SO4 is added.
 If no reaction occurs in cold Brown fumes with pungent
conc. H2SO4 then the test odour are observed.
tube is heated.

Pass the brown fumes pass

through a test tube Ferrous sulphate solution
containing Ferrous sulphate turns in to brown black, May be NO3-
solution

Confirmation test for

Nitrate Ion ( NO3-- )
(a)Copper Chips Test
Brown fumes are evolved.
1 ml of salt solution + conc
H2SO4 + heat strongly.

Chemical equation 2NO3- + H2SO4 → 2HNO3 + SO42-

Few pieces of copper chips Intense brown fumes are

are added to the above test absorbed.
tube, only under hot NO3- is confirmed.
conditions.

Chemical equation 4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

(b)Brown Ring Test

Add a small quantity of
freshly prepared solution of A dark brown ring is NO3- is confirmed.
FeSO4 + aqueous solution of obtained at the junction of 2
salt + conc. H2SO4 slowly on layers.
the sides.

Chemical equation NO3- + H2SO4 → HNO3 + HSO4-

6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 → 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O → [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is soluble in water hence original solution
prepared by dissolving salt in water.
 Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of white precipitate is formed. May be Presence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is Ag+.
added in a test tube.

Chemical equation Pb2+ + 2HCl → PbCl2 ↓ + 2H+

Confirmatory Test for Pb2+

The precipitate formed in the above step is dissolved in hot water and divided into 2 parts.

Test Observation Inference

(a)Potassium Dichromate
Test
Part I + K2CrO4 (1 ml) Yellow precipitate is Pb2+ is confirmed.
solution in a test tube. formed.

Chemical equation PbCl2 + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 ↓ + 2KCl

(b)Potassium Iodide Test

Part II + KI (1 ml) solution Yellow precipitate is Pb2+ is confirmed.
in a test tube. formed.

Chemical equation PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 ↓ + 2KCl

Result:-
Acid radical: Nitrate Ion (NO3- )
Basic Radical: Lead Ion(Pb2+)
Given Salt: Lead Nitrate Pb(NO3-)2
 Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –13

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Odourless Absence of NH4+, S2-,

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Presence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

Reddish brown fumes with May be NO3 -

(f) Dry Heating Test
pungent odour

(g) Flame Test Crimson red Presence Sr2+

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test No characteristic fumes in
tube and one drop of conc. cold condition.. Absence of Cl- ,Br-, I-.
H2SO4 is added.

If no reaction occurs in cold Brown fumes with pungent

conc. H2SO4 then the test odour are observed.
tube is heated.

Pass the brown fumes pass

through a test tube Ferrous sulphate solution
 containing Ferrous sulphate turns in to brown black, May be NO3-
solution

Confirmation test for

Nitrate Ion ( NO3-- )
(a)Copper Chips Test
Brown fumes are evolved.
1 ml of salt solution + conc
H2SO4 + heat strongly.

Chemical equation 2NO3- + H2SO4 → 2HNO3 + SO42-

Few pieces of copper chips Intense brown fumes are

are added to the above test absorbed.
tube, only under hot NO3- is confirmed.
conditions.

Chemical equation 4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

(b)Brown Ring Test

Add a small quantity of
freshly prepared solution of A dark brown ring is NO3- is confirmed.
FeSO4 + aqueous solution of obtained at the junction of 2
salt + conc. H2SO4 slowly on layers.
the sides.

Chemical equation NO3- + H2SO4 → HNO3 + HSO4-

6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 → 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O → [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is soluble in water hence original solution
prepared by dissolving salt in water.

Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 Cu2+
ml of H2S in a test tube.

Analysis for the IIIrd

Group Basic Radical:-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. may be absence ofAl3+ Fe2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
Fe3+
NH4OH solution

Analysis for the IVth

Group Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. Co2+, Ni2+ Zn2+ Mn2+ May be
solid NH4Cl + excess of
absent.
NH4OH solution + H2S

Analysis for the Vth Group

Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
White ppt is formed Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ is present
solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OH solution+(NH4)2CO3

Chemical equation M2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → MCO3 + 2NH4+ (where M = Ba2+, Sr2+,

Ca2+)

Analysis for the Vth Group Basic Radicals

The white ppt is dissolved in small amount of CH3COOH and the solution is divided into
three parts

Test Observation Inference

 Confirmatory Test for
Ba2+: K2CrO4 Test
Part 1 + 1 ml of K2CrO4 No Yellow ppt is formed. Absence of Ba2+

Confirmatory Test for

Sr2+: (NH4)2SO4 Test
Part 2 + 1 ml of (NH4)2SO4 White ppt is formed. Sr2+ is confirmed.

Chemical equation Sr2+ + (NH4)2SO4 → SrSO4 + 2NH4+

Result:-
Acid radical: Nitrate Ion (NO3- )
Basic Radical: Strontium Ion (Sr2+)
Given Salt: Strontium Nitrate Sr(NO3)2

Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –14

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical
 I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Odourless Absence of NH4+, S2-,

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

Loss of water of May be sulphate of Ag, Mg,

(f) Dry Heating Test
crystallisation Cr, Sr

No characteristic coloured Absence of Na+, K+, Ba2+,

(g) Flame Test
flame Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+.

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test No characteristic fumes in Absence of Cl- ,Br-, I-.
tube and one drop of conc. cold condition..
H2SO4 is added.

If no reaction occurs in cold

conc. H2SO4 then the test May be absence of
tube is heated. No characteristic change. CH3COO-.I-. C2O42-. NO3-

Analysis of III rd group

Aciradicals
Test for SO42- (BaCl2 Test)
A white ppt is formed which May be SO42-.
1 ml of salt solution is taken
is insoluble in excess of dil.
and 1 ml of BaCl2 solution is
 added to this. HCl.

Chemical equation SO42- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2Cl-

Confirmation test for

Sulphate Ion (SO42- )
(a)Lead Acetate Test
A white ppt is formed. SO42- is confirmed.
1 ml of salt solution is
added to 1 ml of lead
acetate.

Chemical equation SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 + 2CH3COO-

Hot ammonium acetate is White ppt dissolves. SO42- is confirmed.

added to the above ppt.

Chemical equation PbSO4 + 2CH3COONH4 → (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2SO4

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is soluble in water hence original solution
prepared by dissolving salt in water.

Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
Cu2+
ml of H2S in a test tube.

Analysis for the IIIrd

 Group Basic Radical:-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
solid NH4Cl + excess of No Characteristic ppt. May be absence of Al3+ Fe2+
Fe3+
NH4OH solution

Analysis for the IVth

Group Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of May be absenceof Co2+, Ni2+
No Characteristic ppt. Zn2+ Mn2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OH solution + H2S

Analysis for the Vth Group

Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No White ppt Absence of Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OH solution+(NH4)2CO3

Analysis for the VIth

Group Radicals 1 ml of
O.S. ++ Excess of solid White ppt is formed on Mg2+ is present or confirmed
scratching the sides of the
NH4Cl + excess of NH4OH
test tube with a glass rod
+ (NH4)2PO4 are added.

Chemical equation 3Mg2+ + 2(NH4)3PO4 → Mg(PO4)2 + 6NH4+

Result:-
Acid radical: Sulphate Ion (SO42- )
Basic Radical: Magnesium Ion(Mg2+)
Given Salt: Magnesium Sulphate (Mg SO4)

Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –15

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Odourless Absence of NH4+, S2-,

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

(f) Dry Heating Test

No characteristic coloured Absence of Na+, K+, Ba2+,

(g) Flame Test
flame Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+.

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test No characteristic fumes in Absence of Cl- ,Br-, I-.
tube and one drop of conc. cold condition..
H2SO4 is added.

If no reaction occurs in cold

conc. H2SO4 then the test No characteristic change. May be absence of
tube is heated. CH3COO-.I-. C2O42-. NO3-

Analysis of III rd group

Aciradicals
Test for SO42- (BaCl2 Test)
A white ppt is formed which May be SO42-.
1 ml of salt solution is taken
is insoluble in excess of dil.
and 1 ml of BaCl2 solution is
HCl.
added to this.

Chemical equation SO42- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2Cl-

 Confirmation test for
Sulphate Ion (SO42- )
(a)Lead Acetate Test
A white ppt is formed. SO42- is confirmed.
1 ml of salt solution is
added to 1 ml of lead
acetate.

Chemical equation SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 + 2CH3COO-

Hot ammonium acetate is White ppt dissolves. SO42- is confirmed.

added to the above ppt.

Chemical equation PbSO4 + 2CH3COONH4 → (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2SO4

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is soluble in water hence original solution
prepared by dissolving salt in water.

Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 Cu2+
ml of H2S in a test tube.

Analysis for the IIIrd

Group Basic Radical:-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of Gelatinous white precipitate Al3+ may be present.
is formed.
solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OH solution
 Chemical equation Al3+ + 3NH4OH → Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+

The ppt obtained in the above step is dissolved in dil. HCl and the solution is divided into 2
parts.

Confirmatory Test for Al3+

Blue Lake Test
(a)The above obtained First appears red colour Al3+ is formed.
solution is mixed with 1-2 followed by blue
drops of blue litmus and 1 colouration.
ml of NH4OH.

NH4OH (little in excess) Blue ppt in solution. Al3+ is confirmed.

Chemical equation Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O → Red soln

AlCl3 + 3NH4OH → Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl

Result:-
Acid radical: Sulphate Ion (SO42- )
Basic Radical: Aluminium Ion(Al3+)
Given Salt: Aluminium Sulphate Al2(SO4)3

Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –16

Aim:-To analyse the given salt containing one acid radical and one basic radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.
 Odourless Absence of NH4+, S2-,
(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not deliquescent. Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

(f) Dry Heating Test

(g) Flame Test Green flashes Zn2+

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test No characteristic fumes in Absence of Cl- ,Br-, I-.
tube and one drop of conc. cold condition..
H2SO4 is added.

If no reaction occurs in cold

conc. H2SO4 then the test No characteristic change. May be absence of
tube is heated. CH3COO-.I-. C2O42-. NO3-

Analysis of III rd group

Aciradicals
Test for SO42- (BaCl2 Test)
A white ppt is formed which May be SO42-.
1 ml of salt solution is taken
is insoluble in excess of dil.
and 1 ml of BaCl2 solution is
HCl.
added to this.

Chemical equation SO42- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2Cl-

Confirmation test for

Sulphate Ion (SO42- )
(a)Lead Acetate Test
A white ppt is formed. SO42- is confirmed.
1 ml of salt solution is
added to 1 ml of lead
acetate.
 Chemical equation SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 + 2CH3COO-

Hot ammonium acetate is White ppt dissolves. SO42- is confirmed.

added to the above ppt.

Chemical equation PbSO4 + 2CH3COONH4 → (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2SO4

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is soluble in water hence original solution
prepared by dissolving salt in water.
Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 Cu2+
ml of H2S in a test tube.

Analysis for the IIIrd

Group Basic Radical:-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. may be absence of Al3+ Fe2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
Fe3+
NH4OH solution

Analysis for the IVth

Group Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
Dull white ppt. May be presence of Zn2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OH solution + H2S

Chemical equation Zn(OH)2 + H2S → ZnS + 2H2O

 Confirmatory Tests for Zn2+
The above white ppt is dissolved in small amount of dil HCl and boiled

Chemical equation M.S. + 2HCl → MCl2 + H2S (where M = Zn)

(a)NaOH Test
To 1 ml of the dissolved ppt
solution small amount of A white ppt is formed.
NaOH is added.

Excess of NaOH is added to

same ppt. White ppt is dissolved. Zn2+ is confirmed.

Chemical equation ZnCl2 + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O

(b)Potassium Ferrocyanide
Test
To the other part of the
dissolved ppt solution add 1 White or Persian blue ppt is Zn2+is formed.
ml of K4[Fe(CN)6] and shake formed.
well.

Chemical equation ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl

Result:-
Acid radical: Sulphate Ion (SO42- )
Basic Radical: Zinc Ion(Zn2+)
Given Salt: Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4)

Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt – 17

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Odourless Absence of NH4+, S2-,

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

 Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,
(d) Density
Cd2+

Paste of salt appears. ZnCl2, FeCl3, Ca(NO3)2,

(e) Deliquescence
Deliquescence is observed. MgCl2

(f) Dry Heating Test

(g) Flame Test Green flashes Presence of Zn2+.

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test Colourless gas with a strong
tube and one drop of conc. pungent odour. HCl gas is
H2SO4 is added. released.

Glass rod dipped in NH4OH Dense white fumes are seen

are exposed to these May be Cl-1
vapours.

Chemical equation Cl-. + H2SO4 → HCl + HSO4 - HCl + NH3 → NH4Cl

Confirmation test for

Chloride Ion (Cl- )
(a)Silver Nitrate Test
A curdy white ppt is
To the aqueous solution of
obtained which is soluble in Cl- is confirmed
given salt 1 ml of silver
excess NH4OH.
nitrate is added.
AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl + NO3-
Chemical equation
AgCl + 2NH3 → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

(b)Chromylchloride Test
1 g of salt + 1 g of K2Cr2O7 Yellow orange vapours are
and then 1 ml of conc. formed.
H2SO4 is added.

Chemical equation 4Cl- + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 → 2CrO2Cl2 + 2K+ + 3H2O +

3SO42-

Yellow orange vapour is A yellow solution is formed.

passed through NaOH
 solution.

Chemical equation CrO2Cl2 + 2NaOH → Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + H2O

1 ml of dil. CH3COOH is Yellow ppt is formed. Cl- is confirmed

added to the yellow solution
+ 1 ml of lead acetate.

Chemical equation Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbCrO4 + CH3COONa

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is soluble in water hence original solution
prepared by dissolving salt in water.

Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 Cu2+
ml of H2S in a test tube.

Analysis for the IIIrd

Group Basic Radical:-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. may be absence of Al3+ Fe2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
Fe3+
NH4OH solution

Analysis for the IVth

Group Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
Dull white ppt. May be presence of Zn2+
 solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OH solution + H2S

Chemical equation Zn(OH)2 + H2S → ZnS + 2H2O

Confirmatory Tests for Zn2+

The above white ppt is dissolved in small amount of dil HCl and boiled

Chemical equation M.S. + 2HCl → MCl2 + H2S (where M = Zn)

(a)NaOH Test
To 1 ml of the dissolved ppt
solution small amount of A white ppt is formed.
NaOH is added.

Excess of NaOH is added to

same ppt. White ppt is dissolved. Zn2+ is confirmed.

Chemical equation ZnCl2 + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O

(b)Potassium Ferrocyanide
Test
To the other part of the
dissolved ppt solution add 1 White or Persian blue ppt is Zn2+is formed.
ml of K4[Fe(CN)6] and shake formed.
well.

Chemical equation ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl

Result:-
Acid radical: Chloride Ion (Cl- )
Basic Radical: Zinc Ion (Zn2+)
Given Salt: Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2 )
 Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –18

Aim:-To analyse the given salt containing one acid radical and one basic radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Odourless Absence of NH4+, S2-,

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-

(c) State Crystalline solids Absence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Presence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Paste of salt appears. ZnCl2, FeCl3, Ca(NO3)2,

(e) Deliquescence
Deliquescence is observed. MgCl2
 Reddish brown fumes with May be NO3 -
(f) Dry Heating Test
pungent odour

(g) Flame Test Brick red Presence Ca2+

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in Absence of 1st group of acid
a test tube and one drop of No characteristic change radicals CO32-, SO32- S2 NO21-
dil. H2SO4 is added.

Group II Conc. H2SO4 Test

1 g of salt is taken in a test No characteristic fumes in
tube and one drop of conc. cold condition.. Absence of Cl- ,Br-, I-.
H2SO4 is added.

If no reaction occurs in cold Brown fumes with pungent

conc. H2SO4 then the test odour are observed.
tube is heated.

Pass the brown fumes pass

through a test tube Ferrous sulphate solution
containing Ferrous sulphate turns in to brown black, May be NO3-
solution

Confirmation test for

Nitrate Ion ( NO3-- )
(a)Copper Chips Test
Brown fumes are evolved.
1 ml of salt solution + conc
H2SO4 + heat strongly.

Chemical equation 2NO3- + H2SO4 → 2HNO3 + SO42-

Few pieces of copper chips Intense brown fumes are

are added to the above test absorbed.
tube, only under hot NO3- is confirmed.
conditions.

Chemical equation 4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

(b)Brown Ring Test

Add a small quantity of
freshly prepared solution of A dark brown ring is NO3- is confirmed.
FeSO4 + aqueous solution of obtained at the junction of 2
salt + conc. H2SO4 slowly on layers.
 the sides.

Chemical equation NO3- + H2SO4 → HNO3 + HSO4-

6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 → 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O → [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is soluble in water hence original solution
prepared by dissolving salt in water.

Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 Cu2+
ml of H2S in a test tube.

Analysis for the IIIrd

Group Basic Radical:-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. may be absence of Al3+ Fe2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
Fe3+
NH4OH solution

Analysis for the IVth

Group Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. Co2+, Ni2+ Zn2+ Mn2+ May be
solid NH4Cl + excess of
absent.
NH4OH solution + H2S

Analysis for the Vth Group

 Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
solid NH4Cl + excess of White ppt is formed Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ is present
NH4OH solution+(NH4)2CO3

Chemical equation M2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → MCO3 + 2NH4+ (where M = Ba2+, Sr2+,

Ca2+)

The white ppt is dissolved in small amount of CH3COOH and the solution is divided into
three parts

Analysis for the Vth Group Basic Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Confirmatory Test for

Ba2+: K2CrO4 Test
Part 1 + 1 ml of K2CrO4 No Yellow ppt. Absence of Ba2+

Confirmatory Test for

Sr2+: (NH4)2SO4 Test
Part 2 + 1 ml of (NH4)2SO4 No White ppt . Sr2+ is confirmed.

Confirmatory Test for

Ca2+: (NH4)2C2O4 Test
Part 3 + 1 ml of (NH4)2C2O4 White ppt is formed. Ca2+ is confirmed.

Chemical equation Ca2+ + (NH4)2C2O4 → CaC2O4 + 2NH4+

Result:-
Acid radical: Nitrate Ion (NO3- )
Basic Radical: Calcium Ion (Ca2+)
Given Salt: Calcium Nitrate Ca(NO3)2

Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –19

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Odour less Absence of NH4+, S2-,

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-.

(c) State Amorphous solids Presence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Presence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not Deliquescent Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

Salt decomposes with the May be CO32-

(f) Dry Heating Test liberation of colourless and
odourless gas
 (g) Flame Test Brick red Presence Ca2+

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in
a test tube and one drop of Colourless gas with brisk CO32- may be present.
dil. H2SO4 is added. effervescence.

Confirmatory Tests:
(a)CO32- (Lime Water
Test)
To 1 g of salt in a test tube,
Lime water turns milky. CO32- is confirmed.
dil HCl is added and CO2
gas liberated is passed
through lime water taken in
another test tube.

Chemical equation
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O

III, Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is insoluble in water hence original
solution prepared by dissolving salt in dilute Hcl.

Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

 Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 Cu2+
ml of H2S in a test tube.

Analysis for the IIIrd

Group Basic Radical:-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. may be absence of Al3+ Fe2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
Fe3+
NH4OH solution

Analysis for the IVth

Group Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. Co2+, Ni2+ Zn2+ Mn2+ May be
solid NH4Cl + excess of
absent.
NH4OH solution + H2S

Analysis for the Vth Group

Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
White ppt is formed Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ is present
solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OH solution+(NH4)2CO3

Chemical equation M2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → MCO3 + 2NH4+ (where M = Ba2+, Sr2+,

Ca2+)

The white ppt is dissolved in small amount of CH3COOH and the solution is divided into
three parts

Analysis for the Vth Group Basic Radicals

Test Observation Inference

Confirmatory Test for

Ba2+: K2CrO4 Test
Part 1 + 1 ml of K2CrO4 No Yellow ppt. Absence of Ba2+

Confirmatory Test for

Sr2+: (NH4)2SO4 Test
Part 2 + 1 ml of (NH4)2SO4 No White ppt . Sr2+ is confirmed.

Confirmatory Test for

Ca2+: (NH4)2C2O4 Test
Part 3 + 1 ml of (NH4)2C2O4 White ppt is formed. Ca2+ is confirmed.

Chemical equation Ca2+ + (NH4)2C2O4 → CaC2O4 + 2NH4+

Result:-
Acid radical: Carbonate Ion (CO32- )
Basic Radical: Calcium Ion (Ca2+)
Given Salt: Calcium Carbonate CaCO3

Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –20

Aim:-To analyse the give inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Odour less Absence of NH4+, S2-,

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-.

(c) State Amorphous solids Presence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not Deliquescent Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

Salt decomposes with the May be CO32-

(f) Dry Heating Test liberation of colourless and
odourless gas

(g) Flame Test Green flashes Presence Zn2+

 II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals
Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in
a test tube and one drop of Colourless gas with brisk CO32- may be present.
dil. H2SO4 is added. effervescence.

Confirmatory Tests:
(a)CO32- (Lime Water
Test)
To 1 g of salt in a test tube,
Lime water turns milky. CO32- is confirmed.
dil HCl is added and CO2
gas liberated is passed
through lime water taken in
another test tube.

Chemical equation
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O

III, Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is insoluble in water hence original
solution prepared by dissolving salt in dilute Hcl..
Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 Cu2+
ml of H2S in a test tube.

Analysis for the IIIrd

Group Basic Radical:-
 1 ml of O.S + Excess of
solid NH4Cl + excess of No Characteristic ppt. may be absence of Al3+, Fe2+,
NH4OH solution Fe3+

Analysis for the IVth

Group Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
Dull white ppt. May be presence of Zn2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OH solution + H2S

Chemical equation Zn(OH)2 + H2S → ZnS + 2H2O

Confirmatory Tests for Zn2+

The above white ppt is dissolved in small amount of dil HCl and boiled

Chemical equation M.S. + 2HCl → MCl2 + H2S (where M = Zn)

(a)NaOH Test
To 1 ml of the dissolved ppt
solution small amount of A white ppt is formed.
NaOH is added.

Excess of NaOH is added to

same ppt. White ppt is dissolved. Zn2+ is confirmed.

Chemical equation ZnCl2 + 2NaOH → Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O

(b)Potassium Ferrocyanide
Test
To the other part of the
dissolved ppt solution add 1 White or Persian blue ppt is Zn2+is formed.
ml of K4[Fe(CN)6] and shake formed.
well.

Chemical equation ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl

Result:-
Acid radical: Carbonate Ion (CO32- )
Basic Radical: Zinc Ion (Zn2+)
Given Salt: Zinc Carbonate ZnCO3
 Qualitative analysis of simple inorganic Salt –21

Aim:-To analyse the given inorganic salt containing one acid radical and one basic
radical

I. Physical Examination of Salt

Test Observation Inference

Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,

(a) Colour of the Salt
Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+ ions.

Odour less Absence of NH4+, S2-,

(b) Odour of the Salt
CH3COO-.

(c) State Amorphous solids Presence of MgCO3, CaCO3

Lighter Absence of Pb2+, Ba2+, Hg2+,

(d) Density
Cd2+

Not Deliquescent Absence of ZnCl2, FeCl3,

(e) Deliquescence
Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2

Salt decomposes with the May be CO32-

(f) Dry Heating Test liberation of colourless and
odourless gas

No characteristic coloured Absence of Na+, K+, Ba2+,

(g) Flame Test flame Mg 2+,.Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Cu2+,
Zn2+.

II. Wet Tests: Analysis of Acid Radicals

 Test Observation Inference

Group I Dilute H2SO4 Test

One gram of salt is taken in
a test tube and one drop of Colourless gas with brisk CO32- may be present.
dil. H2SO4 is added. effervescence.

Confirmatory Tests:
(a)CO32- (Lime Water
Test)
To 1 g of salt in a test tube,
Lime water turns milky. CO32- is confirmed.
dil HCl is added and CO2
gas liberated is passed
through lime water taken in
another test tube.

Chemical equation
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O

III. Analysis of basic radicals.

Analysis of ‘0’ Group Radicals (NH4+)

Test Observation Inference

1g of salt is added to 1ml of No Ammoniacal/pungent Obsence of NH4+.

NaOH in a test tube and smell gas is evolved.
heated on a flame.

Preparation of original solution:- The given salt is imsoluble in water hence original
solution prepared by dissolving salt in dilute Hcl.

Test Observation Inference

(a)Analysis of Ist Group

Basic Radicals:- To 1 ml of No white precipitate is May be Absence of Pb2+ or
original solution dil. HCl is formed. Ag+.
added in a test tube.

(b)Analysis of IInd Group

Basic Radicals:- 1 ml of No Black precipitate. May be Absence of Pb2+ or
O.S. + 1 ml of dil. HCl + 1 Cu2+
ml of H2S in a test tube.
Analysis for the IIIrd
Group Basic Radical:-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. may be absence of Al3,+ Fe2+,
solid NH4Cl + excess of
Fe3+
NH4OH solution

Analysis for the IVth

Group Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No Characteristic ppt. Co2+, Ni2+ Zn2+ Mn2+ May be
solid NH4Cl + excess of
absent.
NH4OH solution + H2S

Analysis for the Vth Group

Basic Radical :-
1 ml of O.S + Excess of
No White ppt Absence of Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
solid NH4Cl + excess of
NH4OH solution+(NH4)2CO3

Analysis for the VIth

Group Radicals 1 ml of
O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH + White ppt is formed on Mg2+ is present or confirmed
scratching the sides of the
(NH4)2PO4 are added.
test tube with a glass rod

Chemical equation 3Mg2+ + 2(NH4)3PO4 → Mg(PO4)2 + 6NH4+

Result:-
Acid radical: Carbonate Ion (CO42-)
Basic Radical: Magnesium Ion(Mg2+)
Given Salt: Magnesium Carbonate (Mg CO3)