PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

CLASS XII

Name: _______________________________
Class/section: _____________
Roll Number: _____________

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Chemistry practical
 List of Experiments
I. Analysis of inorganic salt
II. Volumetric analysis(titrimetric experiments)
1. Estimation of potassium permanganate using FAS
i. Preparation of 0.1 M FAS solution
ii. Estimation of potassium permanganate using 0.1 M FAS
solution
2. Estimation of potassium permanganate using 0.1 M oxalic acid
III. Test for functional groups
1. Test for alcohols
2. Test for phenols
3. Test for aldehydes
4. Test for ketones
5. Test for carboxylic acids
6. Test for primary amines
IV. Biochemical test
1. Test for carbohydrates
2. Test for proteins
3. Test for oils
V. Preparation of sols
1. Preparation of lyophilic sol
2. Preparation of lyophobic sol
VI. Voltaic cell-Daniel cell

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 I. Analysis of inorganic salt

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 ANALYSIS OF SALT
The qualitative analysis of an Inorganic salt involves following steps.
I. Preliminary Test
II. Identification of Acid radical (Negative ion)
1. Detection of group of the acid radical
2. Confirmatory test for acid radical
III. Detection of basic radical
1. Preparation of original solution of the salt
2. Detection of group of the basic radical
3. Group analysis (test and confirmatory test for basic radical)
IV. Report
Acid and basic radical groups and group reagents
Acid radicals
Group Group reagent Acid radicals
I Dil. H2SO4 𝐶𝑂32− , 𝐻𝐶𝑂32− , 𝑆𝑂32− , 𝑆 2−
II Con. H2SO4 𝐶𝑙− , 𝐵𝑟 − , 𝐼 − , 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− , 𝑁𝑂3−
III No reagent 𝑆𝑂42− , 𝑃𝑂43− , 𝐵𝑂33−
Basic radicals
Group Group reagent Basic radicals
0 NaOH 𝑁𝐻4+
I O.S + dil. HCl 𝑃𝑏2+
II O.S + dil. HCl + H2S 𝐶𝑢2+
III O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH 𝐴𝑙 , 𝐹𝑒 , 𝐹𝑒 3+
3+ 2+

IV O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + H2S 𝑍𝑛2+ , 𝑀𝑛2+

V O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH +(NH4)2CO3 𝐵𝑎 2+, 𝑆𝑟 2+ , 𝐶𝑎 2+,
VI No reagent 𝑀𝑔2+
Note: 1. Whenever solid substance is to be taken, take pinch of it.
2. Solution or liquid should be taken about 10 drops or 1/10th of test tube

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Chemistry practical
 Analysis of Salt
I. Preliminary Test:
Experiment Observations Inference
1) Color a) white a) NH+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 2+
4, Pb , Al , Ba , Ca ,
Mg2+ etc. may be present
b) Light pink b) Mn2+ may be present
c) Green c) Fe2+ may be present
d) Blue d) Cu2+ may be present
2) State a) Crystalline a) Chlorides, bromides etc.
may be present
b) Amorphous b) Carbonates of alkaline
earth metals may be present.
3) Action of heat:
Salt is heated in a dry test a) Pungent smell of Cl2 a) Cl- may be present
tube b) Smell of vinegar b) CH3COO- may be present
c) Characteristic smell of NH3 c) NH+4 may be present
d) Reddish brown gas d) Br-, NO3- may be present
e) No characteristic smell e) Sulphate, carbonate etc.
4) Solubility:
i) Salt + water a) Soluble
b) Insoluble
ii) salt + Dil. HCl a) Soluble

II. Detection of acid radical

1. Detection of group of acid radical:
Experiment Observations Inference
I group acid radical
Salt + Dil. H2SO4 a) Gives a brisk effervescence, a a) CO32- is present
colorless gas (CO2) is evolved
b) No gas is evolved. b) 1st group radicals are absent
II group acid radical
a) Salt + Con. H2SO4 a) Gives a colorless fuming gas a) Cl- is present
which gives dense white fumes
with a glass rod dipped in
ammonia (NH4OH).
b) Gives a reddish brown vapor. b) Br- is present
c) Smell of vinegar on warming c) CH3COO- is present
b) A copper turning is added to a) Gives more reddish brown a) NO3- may be present
the above solution and heated fumes. The solution turns blue
strongly. b) No characteristic observation b) II group acid radical absent.
III group acid radical is present
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Chemistry practical
III group acid radical
Test for SO2-4
Salt solution + dil. HCl + BaCl2 A white ppt. is obtained SO42- is present
soln.

2. Confirmatory tests for acid radical:

C.T for carbonate/CO32- (Lime water test):
Experiment Observations Inference
Salt + Dil.H2SO4 the gas liberated Lime water turns milky CO32- is confirmed
is passed through lime water

C.T for chloride/Cl- radical (Silver nitrate test for Cl-):

Experiment Observations Inference
Salt solution + AgNO3 solution A curdy white ppt. soluble in Cl- is confirmed
ammonium hydroxide.

C.T for bromide/Br- radical (Silver nitrate test for Br-):

Experiment Observations Inference
Salt solution + AgNO3 solution A pale yellow ppt. sparingly Br- is confirmed.
soluble in ammonium hydroxide

C.T for acetate ion (CH3COO-):

Experiment Observations Inference
Salt solution + ethyl alcohol + Fruity odor CH3COO- is confirmed
Con. H2SO4 , warm

C.T. for nitrate/NO3- radical (Brown ring test):

Experiment Observations Inference
Salt sol. in dil. H2SO4 + Mohr’s A brown ring is formed at the NO3- is confirmed.
salt sol. + Conc.H2SO4 along the junction of the two liquids.
sides of the test tube.

C.T. for sulphate/SO2-4 radical (lead acetate test):

Experiment Observations Inference
Salt solution + dilute HCl + lead Insoluble White ppt. in excess of SO2-4 is Confirmed
acetate Solution Dil. HCl

III. Detection of basic radical

1. Preparation of the original solution (O S) of the given salt:
If salt is soluble in water: Half test full of saturated solution of the salt is prepared using water
If the salt is insoluble in water: Half test full of saturated solution of the salt is prepared using dil. HCl.

2. Detection of group of basic radical:

Experiment Observations Inference
0 group basic radical
Salt + NaOH soln., boil a) Pungent smell of ammo (NH3) a) NH4+ is present
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 b) No pungent smelling gas b) NH4+ is absent
I group basic radical
O.S + dil. HCl a) White ppt. a) Pb2+ is present
b) No ppt. b) Ist group radical absent
II group basic radical
O.S + dil. HCl + Pass H2S. a) Black ppt. a) Cu2+ is may be present
b) No ppt. b) II group basic radical is
absent
III group basic radical
O.S + 1 g solid NH4Cl + excess a) A gelatinous white ppt. a) Al3+ may be present
NH4OH soln. obtained
b) Reddish brown ppt. b) Fe3+ may be present
c) Green ppt. c) Fe2+ may be present
d) No ppt. d) III group basic radical is
absent
IV group basic radical
O.S + 1 g solid NH4Cl + excess a) A dull white ppt. is obtained a) Zn2+ may be present
NH4OH soln. + pass H2S gas b) A flesh colored ppt. is obtained b) Mn2+ may be present
c) No ppt. c) IV group basic radical is
absent
V group basic radical
O.S + 1 g solid NH4Cl + excess a) A white ppt. is obtained a) Ba2+,Ca2+ or Sr2+ may be
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 soln. present
b) No ppt. b) V group radical absent
VI group basic radical is
present

3. Group analysis:
Analysis of 0 group basic radicals:
Experiment Observations Inference
C.T. for ammonium radical:
Nessler’s reagent test:
Salt soln. + Nessler’s reagent A brown ppt. is formed NH4+is confirmed.

Analysis of I group basic radicals:

Experiment Observations Inference
Test for Pb+2:
O.S + KI soln. Bright yellow ppt. Pb2+ is present
+2
C.T for Pb :
O.S + K2CrO4 soln. Yellow ppt. Pb2+ is confirmed

Analysis of II group basic radicals:

Experiment Observations Inference
2+
Test for Cu
O.S + excess NH4OH + KI soln. White ppt Cu2+ is present
+2
C.T for Cu :
O.S + K4Fe(CN)6 soln. Chocolate brown ppt. Cu2+ is confirmed

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Chemistry practical
 Analysis of III group basic radicals:
Experiment Observations Inference
Test for aluminium:
O.S (few drops) + NaOH soln. A gelatinous white ppt. is formed. Al3+ is present
C.T for aluminium:
To the above solution add Gelatinous ppt. dissolves in excess
excess of NaOH solution of sodium hydroxide. Al3+ is confirmed
2+
Test for Fe :
O.S + NaOH soln. Green ppt changes to brown Fe2+ is present
C.T for Fe2+ :
O.S + K3[Fe(CN)6] soln. Prussian blue coloration Fe2+ is confirmed

Analysis of IV group basic radicals:

Experiment Observations Inference
+2 2+
Test for Zn and Mn
O.S + NaOH soln. a) White ppt. which dissolves in a) Zn2+ is present
excess of NaOH
b) White ppt., which turns brown b) Mn2+ is present
on exposure to air
C.T for zinc:
O.S + K4[Fe(CN)6]soln. A white ppt. is formed Zn2+ is confirmed
C.T for manganese:
salt + PbO2 + 3 drops Con. A supernatant liquid becomes Pink Mn2+ is confirmed
HNO3,Boil, cool + water

Analysis of V group basic radicals:

Experiment Observations Inference
Test for barium:
O.S + K2CrO4 soln. a) A Yellow ppt. is obtained a) Ba2+ is present
b) No yellow ppt. b) Ba2+ is absent
C.T. for barium(flame test)
Paste of the salt with con. HCl Apple green colour is imparted to Ba2+ is confirmed
ignited in Bunsen flame using Pt the flame
loop
Test for strontium:
O.S + (NH4)2SO4 soln. a) A White ppt. is obtained a) Sr2+ is present
b) No white ppt. b) Sr2+ is absent
Test for calcium:
O.S + NH4OH + ammonium A white ppt. is obtained Ca2+ is present
oxalate soln.
C.T for calcium(flame test)
Paste of the salt with con. HCl Brick red colour is imparted to the Ca2+ is confirmed
ignited in Bunsen flame using Pt flame
loop

Analysis of VI group basic radicals:

Experiment Observations Inference
Test for magnesium:
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Chemistry practical
O.S + NH4Cl +NH4OH soln. +
Na2HPO4soln. A white ppt. is formed Mg2+ is Present
C.T for magnesium:
O.S + NaOH solution White crystalline ppt. is formed Mg2+ is confirmed
4. Result: Acid radical : ________ ; Formula: ______
Basic radical: ________ ; Formula: ______
Given salt: __________ ; Formula: ______

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 II. Titrations

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Observation:
Preparation of FAS solution:
Mass of FAS = 3.92 g
Molecular mass of FAS = 392 g/mol
Volume of FAS solution = 100 ml = 0.1 litre
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝐴𝑆 3.92
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝐴𝑆 = = = 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝐴𝑆 392
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝐴𝑆 0.01
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝐴𝑆 = = = 0.1 𝑀
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 0.1
Estimation of KMnO4 in the solution:
In burette: KMnO4 solution
In conical flask: 20 ml FAS solution + 1 test tube dilute sulphuric acid
Indicator: KMnO4 acts like self indicator
End point: Colourless to light pink.

I II III

Final burette reading

Initial burette reading

Volume of KMnO4 solution in ml

Concordant/mean reading = ____ ml

a1 X M1 X V1 = a2 X M2 X V2
KMnO4 FAS
a1 = electrons gained by formula unit of KMnO4 = 5 (MnO4- + 5e- → Mn2+ )
a2 = electrons lost by formula unit of FAS = 1 (Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e- ) M1 =
molarity of KMnO4 = ? M 2 = molarity of FAS = 0.1 M
V1 = volume of KMnO4 = Burette reading V2 = volume of FAS = 20 ml
𝑎2 𝑀2 𝑉2
𝑀1 =
𝑎1 𝑉1
M1 =

Molarity of KMnO4 solution, M1 = ____ M

Strength of KMnO4 solution = M1 X molar mass of KMnO4
= ___ X 158
= ___ g/L

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Chemistry practical
1. Preparation of 0.1 M FAS solution and estimation of potassium
permanganate in solution
Aim: To prepare 0.1 M FAS solution and estimate the potassium permanganate in
the given 1 litre solution.
Apparatus required: Weighing bottle, balance, volumetric flask, burette, burette
stand, pipette, conical flask, test tube, burette stand etc.
Chemicals required: Ferrous ammonium sulphate(FAS), potassium permanganate
solution (given), dil. Sulphuric acid, distilled water etc.
Reaction: MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
Preparation of 0.1 M FAS solution:
Exactly 3.92 g of FAS is transferred into 100 ml standard flask. About 10 -15 ml of
dilute sulphuric acid is added. And water is added up to mark. Solution in the flask
thoroughly shaken. Molarity of FAS solution is calculated as follows.

Estimation of potassium permanganate in the solution:

A clean burette is rinsed with potassium permanganate solution and filled with it.
20 ml of 0.1 M FAS is pipetted into a clean conical flask. One test tube dilute
sulphuric acid is added to conical flask. The solution is titrated against potassium
permanganate solution till solution in conical flask turns colourless to light pink.
Potassium permanganate acts like self indicator. Burette reading is noted and
experiment is repeated for concordant readings. The molarity and mass per litre
of potassium permanganate is calculated.
Result: a) Molarity of FAS solution = 0.1 M
b) Molarity of potassium permanganate solution = ___ M
c) Strength of potassium permanganate solution = ____ g/L

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Observation:
Estimation of KMnO4 in the solution:
In burette: KMnO4 solution
In conical flask: 20 ml oxalic acid solution + 1 test tube dilute sulphuric acid
Indicator: KMnO4 act as self indicator
End point: colourless to light pink.
I II III
Final burette reading
Initial burette reading
Volume of KMnO4 solution in ml
Concordant/mean reading = ___ ml
a1 X M1 X V 1 = a 2 X M 2 X V 2
KMnO4 Oxalic acid
a1 = electrons gained by formula unit of KMnO4 = 5
a2 = electrons lost by formula unit of oxalic acid = 2
M1 = molarity of KMnO4 = ? M2 = molarity of oxalic acid = 0.1 M
V1 = volume of KMnO4 = Burette reading V2 = volume of oxalic acid = 20 ml
𝑎2 𝑀2 𝑉2
𝑀1 =
𝑎1 𝑉1
M1 =
Molarity of KMnO4 Solution, M1 = ____ M
Strength of KMnO4 solution = M1 X molar mass of KMnO4
= ____ X 158
= ____ g/L

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2. Estimation of potassium permanganate using oxalic acid solution
Aim: To estimate the potassium permanganate present in 1 litre solution using
0.1 M oxalic acid solution.
Apparatus required: Burette, pipette, conical flask, test tube, burette stand etc.
Chemicals required: Potassium permanganate solution, oxalic acid solution, dil.
Sulphuric acid
Reaction: 2MnO4- + 5C2O42- + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
Estimation of potassium permanganate in the solution: A clean burette is rinsed
with potassium permanganate solution and filled with it. 20 ml of oxalic acid is
pipetted into a clean conical flask. One test tube dilute sulphuric acid is added to
conical flask. The solution is heated to 60°C. The hot solution is titrated against
few drops of potassium permanganate solution and shaken well. Titration is
continued till solution in the conical flask turns colourless to light pink. Potassium
permanganate acts like self indicator. Burette reading is noted and experiment is
repeated for concordant readings. The molarity and mass per litre of potassium
permanganate is calculated.
Result: 1. Molarity of potassium permanganate solution = ____ M
2.Strength of potassium permanganate solution = ____ g/L

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Chemistry practical
 III. FUNCTIONAL GROUP TESTS

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Chemistry practical
 1. Test for alcohols
Ceric ammonium nitrate test
0.1 g compound + 1ml of ceric ammonium nitrate, shake well
Pink or red colouration
Compound is alcohol
Sodium metal test
2 ml of organic compound + small piece of sodium metal
Effervescence due to liberation of hydrogen gas
Compound is alcohol
Esterification test
Few drops of compound + few drops of acetic acid + 2 drops of con. sulphuric
acid, warm + sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
Fruity odor due ester formation
Compound is alcohol

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Chemistry practical
 2. Test for phenol
Litmus test
Dissolve sample in water + dip blue litmus paper
Blue litmus turns red
Compound is phenol
Ferric chloride test
Given organic compound + few drops of neutral ferric chloride solution
Violet coluration appears
Compound is phenol
Phthalein test
Few drops of the compound + 0.1 g phathalic anhydride + con. sulphuric acid ,
heat. Transfer a drop of this solution into sodium hydroxide solution
Pink coloration due to phenolphthalein
Compound is phenol

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Chemistry practical
 3. Test for aldehydes
2,4 DNPH test (test for both aldehydes and ketones)
0.1 g of organic compound dissolved in alcohol + 2,4 DNP reagent. allow to stand
for 5 to 10 minutes
Crystalline yellow ppt
Carbonyl compound
Sodium bisulphite test (test for both aldehydes and ketones)
Few drops of organic compound + 1 to 2 ml of saturated solution of sodium
bisulphite compound, shake well and allow to stand for few minutes
Whit precipitate
Carbonyl compound
Schiff's reagent test ( test for aldehydes)
0.2 g of organic compound + schiff's reagent, shake well
Intense red colour
Compound is aldehyde
Note: 2, 4 DNP reagent is also called Brady's reagent
2, 4 DNP stands for 2,4 diphenyl hydrazine
Preparation of 2,4 – DNP: 0.2 g of 2,4-DNP in 2 ml ethanol. Add 4-5 drops of
con. Sulphuric acid and shake the mixture. If undissolved solid is there
warm to dissolve it.

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Chemistry practical
 4. Test for ketones
2,4-DNPH test (test for both aldehydes and ketones)
0.1 g of organic compound dissolved in alcohol + 2,4 DNP reagent. allow to stand
for 5 to 10 minutes
Crystalline yellow precipitate
Carbonyl group is present
Sodium bisulphite test (test for both aldehydes and ketones)
Few drops of organic compound + 1 to 2 ml of saturated solution of sodium
bisulphate compound, shake well and allow to stand for few minutes
Whit precipitate
Carbonyl compound
Sodium Nitroprusside test ( test for ketones)
Few drops of compound + sodium Nitroprusside + NaOH solution
Intense red coloration
Compound is ketone

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Chemistry practical
 5. Test for carboxylic acid
Litmus paper test
Few drops of compound + blue litmus paper is dipped in it
Blue litmus turns red
Compound is carboxylic acid
Sodium bicarbonate test
Few drops of compound + sodium hydrogen carbonate
Brisk effervescences takes place
Compound is carboxylic acid
Esterification test
Few drops of organic compound + few drops of alcohol + con. sulphuric acid,
warm + sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
Fruity odor due to ester formation
Compound is carboxylic acid

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 6. Test for primary amines
Solubility test
Small amount of compound + dil. HCl
Compound dissolves
Compound is amine
Carbyl amine test
1 ml of given compound + 1 ml of chloroform + 10% alcoholoic solution of NaOH,
warm
Highly intolerable smell of carbyl amine
Compound is primary amine
Azo dye test
1ml of compound dissolved in dil. HCl. 1 ml sodium nitrite solution in separate
test tube. cool in ice. mix them. add α- naphthol in NaOH solution
Orange dye is obtained
Compound is aromatic primary amine

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 IV. BIOCHEMICAL TESTS

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Chemistry practical
 1. Test for carbohydrates
Molisch's test
0.1 g of compound + 1 - 2 ml water + 1% alcoholic solution of α- naphthol, shake
well + few drops of con. sulphuric acid along the sides
Purple coloured ring at the junction of two layers
Compound is carbohydrate
Fehling's solution
Mix equal volumes of Fehing's solution A and fehling's solution B blue ppt formed
dissolves + pinch of carbohydrate. keep the test tube in boiling water for about
two minutes
Red precipitate is formed
Carbohydrate is a reducing sugar
Benedict's test
0.1 g compound + 1 -2 ml water + 1 - 2 ml Benedict's reagent. keep it in briskly
boiling water
Red precipitate is formed
Carbohydrate is a reducing sugar

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 2. Test for proteins
Biuret test
1 ml of egg albumin + 1 - 2 ml of water, mix well + few drops 10% NaOH solution +
1% copper sulphate solution drop wise
Violet coloration
Compound is protein
Xanthoproteic test
1 ml egg albumin + 2 -3 drops con. nitric acid, boil
Yellow precipitate is formed
Compound is protein
Ninhydrin test
1 ml egg albumin + few drops of 0.1% ninhydrin solution. boil the content for
about one minute
Blue colour appears on cooling
Compound is protein

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Chemistry practical
 3. Test for oils
Solubility test
a. Few drops of oil + water, shake well
Insoluble
Compound is oil or fat
b. Few drops of oil + chloroform, shake well
Soluble
Compound is oil or fat
Translucent spot test
Press few drops of oil on filter paper
Translucent spot appears which grows in size on drying
Compound is oil or fat
Acrolein test
Compound + crystals of KHSO4, heat
Irritating smell of acrolein
Compound is oil or fat

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 V. Preparation of sols

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Chemistry practical
Observation:

FeCl3 + 3H2O → Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl

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 Preparation of sols
Aim: To prepare a lyophilic sol, starch sol and lyophobic sol, ferric hydroxide sol.
Apparatus required: Beakers, glass rod, watch glass, filter paper, funnel, tripod
stand, measuring jar etc.
Chemicals required: starch, ferric chloride, distilled water
Procedure:
Preparation of starch sol (lyophilic sol): Weigh exactly 1 g of starch and make a
paste with distilled water. Take 125 ml of distilled water in a beaker and allow to
boil. Transfer the starch paste gradually into boiling distilled water. Stir well.
Preparation of ferric hydroxide sol (lyophobic sol): Weigh exactly 2 g of ferric
chloride and mix it with 100 ml distilled water. Take 100 ml of distilled water in
another beaker and heat to boiling. To this hot water add 2% ferric chloride drop
wise with constant stirring. Heat the mixture until it turns into deep red or brown
solution. Leave it undisturbed for some time then filter it.
-------------

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