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Laboratory Exercise 2
DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS: TIME-DOMAIN REPRESENTATION

2.1 SIMULATION OF DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.1 The Moving Average System

A copy of Program P2_1 is given below:

% Program P2_1

% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter

% Generate the input signal

n = 0:100;

s1 = cos(2*pi*0.05*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid

s2 = cos(2*pi*0.47*n); % A high frequency sinusoid

x = s1+s2;

% Implementation of the moving average filter

M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');

num = ones(1,M);

y = filter(num,1,x)/M;

% Display the input and output signals

clf;

subplot(2,2,1);

plot(n, s1);

axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);

xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');

title('Signal #1');

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subplot(2,2,2);

plot(n, s2);

axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);

xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');

title('Signal #2');

subplot(2,2,3);

plot(n, x);

axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);

xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');

title('Input Signal');

subplot(2,2,4);

plot(n, y);

axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);

xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');

title('Output Signal');

axis;

Answers:

Q2.1 The output sequence generated by running the above program for M = 2 with
x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] as the input is shown below.

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 Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

The component of the input x[n] suppressed by the discrete-time system

Q2.2 Program P2_1 is modified to simulate the LTI system y[n] = 0.5(x[n]–x[n–
1]) and process the input x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] resulting in the output
sequence shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The effect of changing the LTI system on the input is -

Q2.3 Program P2_1 is run for the following values of filter length M and following values
of the frequencies of the sinusoidal signals s1[n] and s2[n]. The output
generated for these different values of M and the frequencies are shown below.
From these plots we make the following observations -

< Insert MATLAB figure(s)s here. Copy from figure window(s)s and
paste. >

Q2.4 The required modifications to Program P2_1 by changing the input sequence to a
swept-frequency sinusoidal signal (length 101, minimum frequency 0, and a
maximum frequency 0.5) as the input signal (see Program P1_7) are listed below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The output signal generated by running this program is plotted below .

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

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 The results of Questions Q2.1 and Q2.2 from the response of this system to the
swept-frequency signal can be explained as follows :

Project 2.2 (Optional) A Simple Nonlinear Discrete-Time System

A copy of Program P2_2 is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q2.5 The sinusoidal signals with the following frequencies as the input signals were
used to generate the output signals :

The output signals generated for each of the above input signals are displayed
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The output signals depend on the frequencies of the input signal according to the
following rules:

This observation can be explained mathematically as follows :

Q2.6 The output signal generated by using sinusoidal signals of the form x[n] =
sin(on) + K as the input signal is shown below for the following values of o
and K-

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The dependence of the output signal yt[n] on the DC value K can be explained
as -

Project 2.3 Linear and Nonlinear Systems

A copy of Program P2_3 is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q2.7 The outputs y[n], obtained with weighted input, and yt[n], obtained by
combining the two outputs y1[n] and y2[n] with the same weights, are shown
below along with the difference between the two signals :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

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 The two sequences are -

The system is -
Q2.8 Program P2_3 was run for the following three different sets of values of the
weighting constants, a and b, and the following three different sets of input
frequencies:

The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with different weights is -

Q2.9 Program 2_3 was run with the following non-zero initial conditions -

The plots generated are shown below -

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial
conditions is -

Q2.10 Program P2_3 was run with nonzero initial conditions and for the following three
different sets of values of the weighting constants, a and b, and the following
three different sets of input frequencies :

The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial
conditions and different weights is -

Q2.11 Program P2_3 was modified to simulate the system :

y[n] = x[n]x[n–1]

The output sequences y1[n], y2[n],and y[n]of the above system generated
by running the modified program are shown below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Comparing y[n] with yt[n] we conclude that the two sequences are -

This system is -

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Project 2.4 Time-invariant and Time-varying Systems

A copy of Program P2_4 is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q2.12 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
are shown below -

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

These two sequences are related as follows -

The system is -

Q2.13 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-D] generated by running Program P2_4 for
the following values of the delay variable D -

are shown below -

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows -

The system is -

Q2.14 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
for the following values of the input frequencies -

are shown below -

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows -

The system is -

Q2.15 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
for non-zero initial conditions are shown below -

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

These two sequences are related as follows -

The system is -

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Q2.16 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
for non-zero initial conditions and following values of the input frequencies -

are shown below -

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows -

The system is -

Q2.17 The modified Program 2_4 simulating the system

y[n] = n x[n] + x[n-1]

is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running modified

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

These two sequences are related as follows -

The system is -

Q2.18 (optional) The modified Program P2_3 to test the linearity of the system of Q2.18 is
shown below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The outputs y[n]and yt[n] obtained by running the modified program P2_3 are
shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The two sequences are -

The system is -

2.2 LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.5 Computation of Impulse Responses of LTI Systems

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 A copy of Program P2_5 is shown below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q2.19 The first 41 samples of the impulse response of the discrete-time system of Project
2.3 generated by running Program P2_5 is given below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Q2.20 The required modifications to Program P2_5 to generate the impulse response of
the following causal LTI system :

y[n] + 0.71y[n-1] – 0.46y[n-2] – 0.62y[n-3]

= 0.9x[n] – 0.45x[n-1] + 0.35x[n-2] + 0.002x[n-3]

are given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The first 45 samples of the impulse response of this discrete-time system

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Q2.21 The MATLAB program to generate the impulse response of a causal LTI system of
Q2.20 using the filter command is indicated below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The first 40 samples of the impulse response generated by this program are shown
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Comparing the above response with that obtained in Question Q2.20 we conclude
-

Q2.22 The MATLAB program to generate and plot the step response of a causal LTI
system is indicated below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The first 40 samples of the step response of the LTI system of Project 2.3 are
shown below:

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 < Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Project 2.6 Cascade of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_6 is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q2.23 The output sequences y[n], y2[n], and the difference signal d[n] generated
by running Program P2_6 are indicated below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] is -

Q2.24 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with the input changed to a
sinusoidal sequence are as follows :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is -

Q2.25 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with non-zero initial condition
vectors are now as given below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is -

Q2.26 The modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-order systems in reverse order and
with zero initial conditions is displayed below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The sequences generated by running the modified program are sketched below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is -

Q2.27 The sequences generated by running the modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-
order systems in reverse order and with non-zero initial conditions are displayed
below:

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 < Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is -

Project 2.7 Convolution

A copy of Program P2_7 is reproduced below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q2.28 The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running Program P2_7 are shown
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is -

The reason for using x1[n] as the input, obtained by zero-padding x[n], for
generating y1[n] is -

Q2.29 The modified Program P2_7 to develop the convolution of a length-15 sequence
h[n] with a length-10 sequence x[n]is indicated below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running modified Program P2_7
are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is -

Project 2.8 Stability of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_8 is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q2.30 The purpose of the for command is -

The purpose of the end command is -

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Q2.31 The purpose of the break command is -

Q2.32 The discrete-time system of Program P2_8 is -

The impulse response generated by running Program P2_8 is shown below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The value of |h(K)| here is -

From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the
system is -

By running Program P2_8 with a larger value of N the new value of | h(K)| is -

From this value we can conclude that the system is -

Q2.33 The modified Program P2_8 to simulate the discrete-time system of Q2.33 is given
below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The impulse response generated by running the modified Program P2_8 is shown
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The values of |h(K)| here are -

From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the
system is -

Project 2.9 Illustration of the Filtering Concept

A copy of Program P2_9 is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q2.34 The output sequences generated by this program are shown below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency
component of the input signal x[n] is -

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Q2.35 The required modifications to Program P2_9 by changing the input sequence to a
swept sinusoidal sequence (length 301, minimum frequency 0, and maximum
frequency 0.5) are listed below along with the output sequences generated by the
modified program:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency
component of the input signal x [n] is -

Date: Signature:

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