Name: Do Trung Hau

Section:
Laboratory Exercise 2
DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS: TIME-DOMAIN REPRESENTATION
2.1 SIMULATION OF DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.1 The Moving Average System

A copy of Program P2_1 is given below:

% Program P2_1
% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter
% Generate the input signal
clc; clear all; close all;
n = 0:100;
s1 = cos(2*pi*0.05*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid
s2 = cos(2*pi*0.47*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
x = s1+s2;
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');
num = ones(1,M);
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(n, s1);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n, s2);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');
axis;
1
Q2.1 The output sequence generated by running the above program for M = 2 with x[n] = s1[n] +
s2[n] as the input is shown below.

Amplitude

Amplitude
Amplitude

Amplitude

The component of the input x[n] suppressed by the discrete-time system simulated by this
program is – Signal 2 with higher frequency of 0.47  This filter is maybe a LPF.

Q2.2 Program P2_1 is modified to simulate the LTI system y n   0.5 x n   x n  1  and process
the input x n   s1 n   s2 n  resulting in the output sequence shown below:

% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter

% Generate the input signal
clc; clear all; close all;
n = 0:100;
s1 = cos(2*pi*0.05*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid
s2 = cos(2*pi*0.47*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
x = s1+s2;
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');
num = [1,-1];
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
2
% Display the input and output signals
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(n, s1);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n, s2);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');
axis;

3
 The effect of changing the LTI system on the input is making a HPF instead of LPF as before.

Amplitude

Amplitude
Amplitude

Amplitude

Q2.3 Program P2_1 is run for the following values of filter length M and following values of the
frequencies of the sinusoidal signals s1[n] and s2[n]. The output generated for these different
values of M and the frequencies are shown below.

4
o With f1  0.05; f2  0.47; M  15 we obtain:

Amplitude

Amplitude
Amplitude

Amplitude

 From this plots we make the following observation that: The high frequency s2 signal is still
removed in the filter output. The low frequency signal s1 is passed but is attenuated in
amplitude.

o With f1  0.3; f2  0.47; M  4 we obtain:

5
 Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1

Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

 From this plots we make the following observation that: Now, both signals s1 and s2 are
high frequency signals so they are removed in the filter output.

o With f1  0.05; f2  0.1; M  3 we obtain:

Amplitude

Amplitude
Amplitude

Amplitude

 From this plots we make the following observation that: Now, both signals s1 and s2 are
low frequency signals so they are passed in the filter output.

6
Q2.4 The required modifications to Program P2_1 by changing the input sequence to a swept-
frequency sinusoidal signal (length 101, minimum frequency 0, and a maximum frequency
0.5) as the input signal (see Program P1_7) are listed below:

% Generate the input signal

clc; clear all; close all;
n = 0:100;
a = pi/200;
b = 0;
arg = a*n.*n + b*n;
x = cos(arg);
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');
num = ones(1,M);
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -1.5, 1.5]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -1.5, 1.5]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');
axis;

7
The output signal generated by running this program is plotted below.

Amplitude
Amplitude

The results of Questions Q2.1 and Q2.2 from the response of this system to the swept-
frequency signal can be explained as follows:

o Observing the input and output signals of the system we see that the low-frequency
parts of the left signal are passed to the filter output, and the high-frequency parts of
the signal are subsequently removed from the output. The frequency increases as n
increases, resulting in the signal being attenuated along the increasing of n.
 
  n
'
o From arg  an 2  bn    an 2  bn  2an  b  2. .n  f   . In
200 2 200
Q2.1 we have the frequency of 0.05 at n  10 .That’s why the signal 1 is passed in the
filter output. Likewise, the frequency of signal 2 is 0.47 at n  94 , that’s why the
signal 2 is attenuated in the filter output.
o The filter in Q2.2 is opposite to Q2.1 when it’s HPF. That’s why the signal s1 with low
frequency is removed in the output where as the signal s2 is passed.

8
 Project 2.2 (Optional) A Simple Nonlinear Discrete-Time System

A copy of Program P2_2 is given below:

% Program P2_2
% Generate a sinusoidal input signal
clc; clear all; close all;
n = 0:200;
x = cos(2*pi*0.05*n);
% Compute the output signal
x1 = [x 0 0]; % x1[n] = x[n+1]
x2 = [0 x 0]; % x2[n] = x[n]
x3 = [0 0 x]; % x3[n] = x[n-1]
y = x2.*x2-x1.*x3;
y = y(2:202);
% Plot the input and output signals
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(n, x)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(n,y)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output signal');

Q2.5 The sinusoidal signals with the following frequencies as the input signals were used to generate
the output signals: f  0.01; f  0.15; f  0.25

The output signals generated for each of the above input signals are displayed below:

9
o With f  0.01 , we obtain:

Amplitude
Amplitude

o With f  0.15 , we obtain:

Input Signal
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n
Output signal
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

10
 o With f  0.25 , we obtain:

Amplitude
Amplitude

The output signals depend on the frequencies of the input signal according to the following
rules: y n   cos2 2 fn   cos 2 f n  1 . cos 2 f n  1
   

This observation can be explained mathematically as follows: By expand the above equation,
we can get a conclusion about these previous results.

Q2.6 The output signal generated by using sinusoidal signals of the form x n   sin 0n   K as
the input signal is shown below for the following values of 0 and K :

o With f  0.1; k  0.5 , we obtain:

11
 Amplitude
Amplitude

o With f  0.25; k  0.5 , we obtain:

Amplitude
Amplitude

The dependence of the output signal yt[n] on the DC value K can be explained as the same
way in Q2.5.

12
 Project 2.3 Linear and Nonlinear Systems

A copy of Program P2_3 is given below:

% Program P2_3
% Generate the input sequences
clc; clear all; close all;
n = 0:40;
a = 2; b = -3;
x1 = cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2 = cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x = a*x1 + b*x2;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
ic = [0 0]; % Set zero initial conditions
y1 = filter(num,den,x1,ic); % Compute the output y1[n]
y2 = filter(num,den,x2,ic); % Compute the output y2[n]
y = filter(num,den,x,ic); % Compute the output y[n]
yt = a*y1 + b*y2;
d = y - yt; % Compute the difference output d[n]
% Plot the outputs and the difference signal
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Due to Weighted Input: a \cdot x_{1}[n] + b
\cdot x_{2}[n]');
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yt);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Weighted Output: a \cdot y_{1}[n] + b \cdot
y_{2}[n]');
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal');

Q2.7 The outputs y[n], obtained with weighted input, and yt[n], obtained by combining the two
outputs y1[n] and y2[n] with the same weights, are shown below along with the difference
between the two signals:

13
 Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude

The two sequences are almost similar.

The system is linear.

Q2.8 Program P2_3 was run for the following three different sets of values of the weighting
constants, a and b, and the following three different sets of input frequencies:
o a  1; b  2; f1  0.02; f2  0.2
o a  1; b  2; f1  0.15; f2  0.25
o a  2; b  8; f1  0.2; f2  0.3

The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below:
o With a  1; b  2; f1  0.02; f2  0.2

14
 Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude

o With a  1; b  2; f1  0.15; f2  0.25

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x [n] + b x [n]

1 2
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a y [n] + b y [n]
1 2
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10-14 Difference Signal

1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

15
 Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude

o With a  2; b  8; f1  0.2; f2  0.3

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with different weights is Linear.
Q2.9 Program 2_3 was run with the following non-zero initial conditions - ic = [1 10];

16
 The plots generated are shown below:

Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial conditions is Non
Linear.

Q2.10 Program P2_3 was run with nonzero initial conditions and for the following three different sets
of values of the weighting constants, a and b, and the following three different sets of input
frequencies:

o a  1; b  2; f1  0.02; f2  0.2
o a  1; b  2; f1  0.15; f2  0.25
o a  2; b  8; f1  0.2; f2  0.3

The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below:

17
o With a  1; b  2; f1  0.02; f2  0.2

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x [n] + b x [n]

1 2
50

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a y [n] + b y [n]
1 2
50

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
50

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

o With a  1; b  2; f1  0.15; f2  0.25

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x 1 [n] + b x 2 [n]

50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a y 1 [n] + b y 2 [n]
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

18
 o With a  2; b  8; f1  0.2; f2  0.3

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x [n] + b x [n]

1 2
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a y [n] + b y [n]
1 2
200
Amplitude

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
200
Amplitude

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial conditions and
different weights is Non Linear.

Q2.11 Program P2_3 was modified to simulate the system:

y n   x n  x n  1

The output sequences y1[n], y2[n],and y[n] of the above system generated by running the
modified program are shown below:
% Program P2_3
% Generate the input sequences
% clf;
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n = 0:40;
a = 2;b = -3;
x1 = cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x11=[0 x1]; %x1(n-1)
x12=[x1 0]; %x1(n)
19
y1=x11.*x12;
x2 = cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x21=[0 x2]; %x2(n-1)
x22=[x2 0]; %x2(n)
y2=x21.*x22;
x = a*x1 + b*x2;
xx1=[0 x];
xx2=[x 0];
y=xx1.*xx2;
yt = a*y1 + b*y2;
d = y - yt; % Compute the difference output d[n]
% Plot the outputs and the difference signal
subplot(3,1,1)
stem([n,41],y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Due to Weighted Input: a \cdot x_{1}[n] + b \cdot
x_{2}[n]');
subplot(3,1,2)
stem([n,41],yt);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Weighted Output: a \cdot y_{1}[n] + b \cdot y_{2}[n]');
subplot(3,1,3)
stem([n,41],d);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal');

Comparing y[n] with yt[n] we conclude that the two sequences are different.

This system is Non Linear.

20
Project 2.4 Time-invariant and Time-varying Systems

A copy of Program P2_4 is given below:

% Program P2_4
% Generate the input sequences
clc; clear all; close all;
n = 0:40; D = 10;a = 3.0;b = -2;
x = a*cos(2*pi*0.1*n) + b*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xd = [zeros(1,D) x];
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
ic = [0 0]; % Set initial conditions
% Compute the output y[n]
y = filter(num,den,x,ic);
% Compute the output yd[n]
yd = filter(num,den,xd,ic);
% Compute the difference output d[n]
d = y - yd(1+D:41+D);
% Plot the outputs
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output y[n]'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yd(1:41));
ylabel('Amplitude');
title(['Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð',
num2str(D),']']); grid;
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

21
Q2.12 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4 are shown below

Output y[n]
50

Amplitude
0

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð10]
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

These two sequences are related as follows - y n   yd n  10

The system is Time Invariant.

Q2.13 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-D] generated by running Program P2_4 for the following
values of the delay variable D - 5,12,15

are shown below:

22
o With D  5

Output y[n]
50

Amplitude
0

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð5]
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

o With D  12
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude

23
 o With D  15

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows - y n   yd n  D 

The system is Time Invariant.

Q2.14 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4 for the following
values of the input frequencies:

o f1  0.05; f2  0.1
o f1  0.1; f2  0.25
o f1  0.3; f2  0.5

are shown below :

24
o With f1  0.05; f2  0.1

Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude

o With f1  0.1; f2  0.25

Output y[n]
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð10]
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

25
o With f1  0.3; f2  0.5

Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows y n   yd n  10

The system is Time Invariant.

26
Q2.15 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4 for non-zero
initial conditions are shown below - ic = [2 9];

These two sequences are related as follows: y n  and yd n  are not the shifted versions each
other.

The system is Time Varying.

Q2.16 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4 for non-zero
initial conditions and following values of the input frequencies:

o f1  0.05; f2  0.1
o f1  0.1; f2  0.25
o f1  0.3; f2  0.5

27
o With f1  0.05; f2  0.1

Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude

o With f1  0.1; f2  0.25

Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude

28
 o With f1  0.3; f2  0.5

Output y[n]
20

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð10]
10

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
10

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows - y n  and yd n  are not the shifted
versions each other.

The system is Time Varying.

Q2.17 The modified Program 2_4 simulating the system

y n   nx n   x n  1

is given below:
% Generate the input sequences
clc; clear all; close all;
n = 0:40; D = 10;a = 3.0;b = -2;
x = a*cos(2*pi*0.1*n) + b*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xd = [zeros(1,D) x];
nd = 0:length(xd)-1;
% Compute the output y[n]
y = (n .* x) + [0 x(1:40)];
% Compute the output yd[n]
yd = (nd .* xd) + [0 xd(1:length(xd)-1)];
29
% Compute the difference output d[n]
d = y - yd(1+D:41+D);
% Plot the outputs
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid;
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yd(1:41));
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid;
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
grid;

The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running modified Program P2_4 are
shown below :
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude

These two sequences are related as follows: y n  and yd n  are not the shifted versions each
other.

The system is Time Varying.

30
Q2.18 (optional) The modified Program P2_3 to test the linearity of the system of Q2.18 is shown
below:
% Program Q2_18
% Modify P2_3 for Q2.18.
% Generate the input sequences
clc; clear all; close all;
n = 0:40;
a = 2;b = -3;
x1 = cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2 = cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x = a*x1 + b*x2;
y1 = (n .* x1) + [0 x1(1:40)]; % Compute the output y1[n]
y2 = (n .* x2) + [0 x2(1:40)]; % Compute the output y2[n]
y = (n .* x) + [0 x(1:40)]; % Compute the output y[n]
yt = a*y1 + b*y2;
d = y - yt; % Compute the difference output d[n]
% Plot the outputs and the difference signal
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yt);
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');

31
 The outputs y[n]and yt[n] obtained by running the modified program P2_3 are shown below:

The two sequences are almost similar.

Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude

The system is Linear.

2.2 LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.5 Computation of Impulse Responses of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_5 is shown below:

% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clc; clear all; close all;
N = 40;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
y = impz(num,den,N);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;
32
Q2.19 The first 41 samples of the impulse response of the discrete-time system of Project 2.3
generated by running Program P2_5 is given below:

Impulse Response
4

2
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
Q2.20 The required modifications to Program P2_5 to generate the impulse response of the following
causal LTI system:

y n   0.71y n  1  0.46y n  2  0.62y n  3  0.9x n   0.45x n  1  0.35x n  2  0.002x n  3

are given below:

% Program Q2_20
% Compute the impulse response y
clc; clear all; close all;
N = 45;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
den = [1.0 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
y = impz(num,den,N);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;
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 The first 45 samples of the impulse response of this discrete-time system generated by running
the modified is given below:

Amplitude

Q2.21 The MATLAB program to generate the impulse response of a causal LTI system of Q2.20
using the filter command is indicated below:
% Program Q2_21
% Compute the impulse response y
clc; clear all; close all;
N = 40;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
den = [1.0 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
% input: unit pulse
x = [1 zeros(1,N-1)];
y = filter(num,den,x);
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

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 The first 40 samples of the impulse response generated by this program are shown below:

Impulse Response
2

1.5

1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time index n

Comparing the above response with that obtained in Question Q2.20 we conclude that they
are similar.

Q2.22 The MATLAB program to generate and plot the step response of a causal LTI system is
indicated below:
% Program Q2_21
% Compute the impulse response
clc; clear all; close all;
N = 40;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
den = [1.0 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
% input: unit pulse
x = [1 zeros(1,N-1)];
y = filter(num,den,x);
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;
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The first 40 samples of the step response of the LTI system of Project 2.3 are shown below:

Step Response
8

5
Amplitude

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Project 2.6 Cascade of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_6 is given below:

% Program P2_6
% Cascade Realization
clc; clear all; close all;
x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; % Generate the input
n = 0:40;
% Coefficients of 4th order system
den = [1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num = [0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
% Compute the output of 4th order system
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Coefficients of the two 2nd order systems
num1 = [0.3 -0.2 0.4];den1 = [1 0.9 0.8];
num2 = [0.2 -0.5 0.3];den2 = [1 0.7 0.85];
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% Output y1[n] of the first stage in the cascade
y1 = filter(num1,den1,x);
% Output y2[n] of the second stage in the cascade
y2 = filter(num2,den2,y1);
% Difference between y[n] and y2[n]
d = y - y2;
% Plot output and difference signals
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of 4th order Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2)
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of Cascade Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

37
Q2.23 The output sequences y[n], y2[n], and the difference signal d[n] generated by running Program
P2_6 are indicated below:

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] is almost similar.

Q2.24 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with the input changed to a sinusoidal
sequence are as follows:
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is almost similar.
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Q2.25 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with non-zero initial condition vectors are
now as given below:

% Cascade Realization
clc; clear all; close all;
x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; % Generate the input
n = 0:40;
ic=[1 2 3 4];
ic1=[1 2];
ic2=[3 4];
% Coefficients of 4th order system
den = [1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num = [0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
% Compute the output of 4th order system
y = filter(num,den,x,ic);
% Coefficients of the two 2nd order systems
num1 = [0.3 -0.2 0.4];den1 = [1 0.9 0.8];
num2 = [0.2 -0.5 0.3];den2 = [1 0.7 0.85];
% Output y1[n] of the first stage in the cascade
y1 = filter(num1,den1,x,ic1);
% Output y2[n] of the second stage in the cascade
y2 = filter(num2,den2,y1,ic2);
% Difference between y[n] and y2[n]
d = y - y2;
% Plot output and difference signals
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of 4th order Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2)
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of Cascade Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

39
 The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is different.

Q2.26 The modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-order systems in reverse order and with zero
initial conditions is displayed below:
% Cascade Realization
clc; clear all; close all;
x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; % Generate the input
n = 0:40;
% Coefficients of 4th order system
den = [1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num = [0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
% Compute the output of 4th order system
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Coefficients of the two 2nd order systems
num1 = [0.3 -0.2 0.4];den1 = [1 0.9 0.8];
num2 = [0.2 -0.5 0.3];den2 = [1 0.7 0.85];
% Output y1[n] of the first stage in the cascade
y1 = filter(num2,den2,x);
% Output y2[n] of the second stage in the cascade
y2 = filter(num1,den1,y1);
% Difference between y[n] and y2[n]
d = y - y2;
% Plot output and difference signals
40
 subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of 4th order Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2)
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of Cascade Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

The sequences generated by running the modified program are sketched below:

Output of 4th order Realization

1

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output of Cascade Realization
1

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-15 Difference Signal
10
5

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is almost similar.

Q2.27 The sequences generated by running the modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-order
systems in reverse order and with non-zero initial conditions are displayed below:

41
The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is different.
Project 2.7 Convolution

A copy of Program P2_7 is reproduced below:

% Program P2_7
clc; clear all; close all;
h = [3 2 1 -2 1 0 -4 0 3]; % impulse response
x = [1 -2 3 -4 3 2 1]; % input sequence
y = conv(h,x);
n = 0:14;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Obtained by Convolution'); grid;
x1 = [x zeros(1,8)];
y1 = filter(h,1,x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Generated by Filtering'); grid;

42
Q2.28 The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running Program P2_7 are shown below:

Amplitude
Amplitude

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is that: they are similar.

The reason for using x1[n] as the input, obtained by zero-padding x[n], for generating y1[n]
is:

o For two sequences of length N1 and N2, “conv” returns the resulting sequence of length
N1+N2-1. 9  7  1  15
o “Filter” returns the resulting sequence of the same length as the input signal. To have a
resulting sequences of length 15, we have to append 8 zero elements into x (with length of 7).

Q2.29 The modified Program P2_7 to develop the convolution of a length-15 sequence h[n] with a
length-10 sequence x[n]is indicated below:

clc; clear all; close all;

h = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15]; % impulse
response
x = [10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1]; % input sequence
y = conv(h,x);
n = 0:23;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Obtained by Convolution'); grid;
43
 x1 = [x zeros(1,14)];
y1 = filter(h,1,x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Generated by Filtering'); grid;

The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running modified Program P2_7 are shown below:

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is that: they are similar.

Output Obtained by Convolution

800

600
Amplitude

400

200

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n
Output Generated by Filtering
800

600
Amplitude

400

200

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n

Project 2.8 Stability of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_8 is given below:

% Program P2_8
% Stability test based on the sum of the absolute
% values of the impulse response samples
clc; clear all; close all;
num = [1 -0.8]; den = [1 1.5 0.9];
N = 200;
44
 h = impz(num,den,N+1);
parsum = 0;
for k = 1:N+1;
parsum = parsum + abs(h(k));
if abs(h(k)) < 10^(-6), break, end
end
% Plot the impulse response
n = 0:N;
stem(n,h)
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
% Print the value of abs(h(k))
disp('Value =');disp(abs(h(k)));

Q2.30 The purpose of the for command is used for loop to repeat specified number of times.

The purpose of the end command is used to terminate block of code, or indicate last array
index.

Q2.31 The purpose of the break command is used to terminate execution of for or while loop.
Q2.32 The discrete-time system of Program P2_8 is - y[n]+1.5y[n-1]+0.9y[n-
2]=x[n]-0.8x[n-1]

45
 The impulse response generated by running Program P2_8 is shown below:

1
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

The value of |h(K)| here is - 1.6761e-05

From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the system is
stable.
By running Program P2_8 with a larger value of N=500 the new value of |h(K)| is -
9.1752e-07

From this value we can conclude that the system is stable.

Q2.33 The modified Program P2_8 to simulate the discrete-time system of Q2.33 is given below:
clc; clear all; close all;
num = [1 -4 3]; den = [1 -1.7 1.0];
N = 200;
h = impz(num,den,N+1);
parsum = 0;
for k = 1:N+1;
parsum = parsum + abs(h(k));
if abs(h(k)) < 10^(-6), break, end
end
% Plot the impulse response
n = 0:N;
46
stem(n,h)
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
% Print the value of abs(h(k))
disp('Value =');disp(abs(h(k)));

The impulse response generated by running the modified Program P2_8 is shown below:

The values of |h(K)| here are - 2.0321

From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the system is most
likely unstable.
Project 2.9 Illustration of the Filtering Concept

A copy of Program P2_9 is given below:

%Program P2_9
% Generate the input sequence
clc; clear all; close all;
n = 0:299;
x1 = cos(2*pi*10*n/256);
x2 = cos(2*pi*100*n/256);
x = x1+x2;
% Compute the output sequences
num1 = [0.5 0.27 0.77];
y1 = filter(num1,1,x); % Output of System #1
den2 = [1 -0.53 0.46];
num2 = [0.45 0.5 0.45];
47
 y2 = filter(num2,den2,x); % Output of System #2
% Plot the output sequences
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n,y1);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System #1'); grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n,y2);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System #2'); grid;

Q2.34 The output sequences generated by this program are shown below:
The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency component of
the input signal x[n] is – System #2.

Output of System #1
2

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Output of System #2
2

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time index n

Q2.35 The required modifications to Program P2_9 by changing the input sequence to a swept
sinusoidal sequence (length 301, minimum frequency 0, and maximum frequency 0.5) are
listed below along with the output sequences generated by the modified program:
48
clc; clear all; close all;
n = 0:300;
a = pi/600;
b = 0;
arg = a*n.*n + b*n;
x = cos(arg);
% Compute the output sequences
num1 = [0.5 0.27 0.77];
y1 = filter(num1,1,x); % Output of System #1
den2 = [1 -0.53 0.46];
num2 = [0.45 0.5 0.45];
y2 = filter(num2,den2,x); % Output of System #2
% Plot the output sequences
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n,y1);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System #1'); grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n,y2);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System #2'); grid;

Output of System #1
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Output of System #2
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time index n

The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency component of
the input signal x[n] is – System #2.

Date: 17/9/2023 Signature: Do Trung Hau

49