Name:

Section:

Laboratory Exercise 2
DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS: TIME-DOMAIN REPRESENTATION

2.1 SIMULATION OF DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.1 The Moving Average System

A copy of Program P2_1 is given below:

% Program P2_1
% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter
% Generate the input signal
n = 0:100;
s1 = cos(2*pi*0.05*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid
s2 = cos(2*pi*0.47*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
x = s1+s2;
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');
num = ones(1,M);
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
clf;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(n, s1);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n, s2);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');
axis;

Answers:

1
Q2.1 The output sequence generated by running the above program for M = 2 with
x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] as the input is shown below.
Signal # 1 Signal # 2
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

The component of the input x[n] suppressed by the discrete-time system

simulated by this program is - Signal #2, the high frequency one (it is a low pass
filter).

Q2.2 Program P2_1 is modified to simulate the LTI system y[n] = 0.5(x[n]–x[n–
1]) and process the input x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] resulting in the output
sequence shown below:
Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

The effect of changing the LTI system on the input is - The system is now a high
pass filter. It passes the high-frequency input component s2 instead of the low
frequency input component s1.

2
Q2.3 Program P2_1 is run for the following values of filter length M and following values
of the frequencies of the sinusoidal signals s1[n] and s2[n]. The output
generated for these different values of M and the frequencies are shown below.
From these plots we make the following observations - with M=15, the low pass
characteristic is much more pronounced (the passband is now very narrow). s2 is still
nearly eliminated in the output signal. s1 is still passed, but at an attenuated level.

< Insert MATLAB figure(s)s here. Copy from figure window(s)s and
paste. >

Q2.4 The required modifications to Program P2_1 by changing the input sequence to a
swept-frequency sinusoidal signal (length 101, minimum frequency 0, and a
maximum frequency 0.5) as the input signal (see Program P1_7) are listed below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The output signal generated by running this program is plotted below .

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The results of Questions Q2.1 and Q2.2 from the response of this system to the
swept-frequency signal can be explained as follows :

Project 2.2 (Optional) A Simple Nonlinear Discrete-Time System

A copy of Program P2_2 is given below:

% Program P2_2
% Generate a sinusoidal input signal
clf;
n = 0:200;
x = cos(2*pi*0.05*n);
% Compute the output signal
x1 = [x 0 0]; % x1[n] = x[n+1]
x2 = [0 x 0]; % x2[n] = x[n]
x3 = [0 0 x]; % x3[n] = x[n-1]
y = x2.*x2- x1.*x3;
y = y(2:202);
% Plot the input and output signals
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(n,x)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(n,y)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output signal');

3
Answers:

Q2.5 The sinusoidal signals with the following frequencies as the input signals were
used to generate the output signals : : f=0.05, f=0.1, f=0.25

The output signals generated for each of the above input signals are displayed
below:
f=0.05:

Input Signal
1

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n
Output signal
1
Amplitude

0.5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

f=0.25:

Input Signal
1

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n
Output signal
2

1.5
Amplitude

0.5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

f=0.1:

Input Signal
1

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n
Output signal
1

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

4
The output signals depend on the frequencies of the input signal according to the following
rules:

Tín hiệu đầu ra phụ thuộc theo bậc hai của tần số tín hiệu đầu vào

This observation can be explained mathematically as follows :

y[n] = x[n] 2 − x[n − 1] x[n + 1] = cos2(2π*0.05*n)

Q2.6 The output signal generated by using sinusoidal signals of the form x[n] =
sin(on) + K as the input signal is shown below for the following values of o
and K-
Input Signal
1.5

1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n
Output signal
2
Amplitude

1.5

0.5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

The dependence of the output signal yt[n] on the DC value K can be explained as –

ωo = 0.2π; K = 0.5

Project 2.3 Linear and Nonlinear Systems

A copy of Program P2_3 is given below:

% Program P2_3
% Generate the input sequences
clf;
n = 0:40;
a = 2;b = -3;
x1 = cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2 = cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x = a*x1 + b*x2;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
ic = [0 0]; % Set zero initial conditions
y1 = filter(num,den,x1,ic); % Compute the output y1[n]
y2 = filter(num,den,x2,ic); % Compute the output y2[n]
y = filter(num,den,x,ic); % Compute the output y[n]

5
yt = a*y1 + b*y2;
d = y - yt; % Compute the difference output d[n]
% Plot the outputs and the difference signal
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Due to Weighted Input: a \cdot+ x_{1}+[n]+ b \cdot+ x_{2}+
[n]');
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yt);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Weighted Output: a \cdot+ y_{1}+[n] + b \cdot+ y_{2}+[n]');
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal');

Answers:

Q2.7 The outputs y[n], obtained with weighted input, and yt[n], obtained by
combining the two outputs y1[n] and y2[n] with the same weights, are shown
below along with the difference between the two signals :

Output Due to Weighted Input: a + x1 +[n]+ b + x2 +[n]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a + y1 +[n] + b + y2 +[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10-15 Difference Signal

5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The two sequences are - giống nhau

The system is - tuyến tính

Q2.8 Program P2_3 was run for the following three different sets of values of the
weighting constants, a and b, and the following three different sets of input
frequencies:

6
 The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown
below:
a=1; b=-1; f1=0.05; f2=0.4;
Output Due to Weighted Input: a + x1+[n]+ b + x2+[n]
10

Amplitude
0

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a + y1 +[n] + b + y2 +[n]
10
Amplitude

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10 -16 Difference Signal

10
Amplitude

5
0
-5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

a=10; b=2; f1=0.10; f2=0.25;

Output Due to Weighted Input: a + x1 +[n]+ b + x2+[n]

50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a + y1+[n] + b + y2+[n]

50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10-14 Difference Signal

2
Amplitude

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

a=2; b=10; f1=0.15; f2=0.20;

7
 Output Due to Weighted Input: a + x1 +[n]+ b + x2 +[n]
200

Amplitude
0

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a + y1 +[n] + b + y2 +[n]
200
Amplitude
0

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10 -14 Difference Signal

2
Amplitude

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with different
weights is - tuyến tính

Q2.9 Program 2_3 was run with the following non-zero initial conditions - ic = [5
10];

The plots generated are shown below -

Output Due to Weighted Input: a + x 1 +[n]+ b + x 2 +[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a + y 1 +[n] + b + y 2 +[n]
10
Amplitude

0
-10
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
20
Amplitude

10
0
-10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial
conditions is - phi tuyến tính

8
Q2.10 Program P2_3 was run with nonzero initial conditions and for the
following three different sets of values of the weighting constants, a and b, and the
following three different sets of input frequencies :

The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown
below:
a=1; b=-1; f1=0.05; f2=0.4;
Output Due to Weighted Input: a + x 1 +[n]+ b + x 2 +[n]
20
Amplitude

10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a + y 1 +[n] + b + y 2 +[n]
10
Amplitude

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
10
Amplitude

5
0
-5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

a=10; b=2; f1=0.10; f2=0.25;

Output Due to Weighted Input: a + x1 +[n]+ b + x2 +[n]
100
Amplitude

-100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a + y1 +[n] + b + y2 +[n]
200
Amplitude

100

-100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
50
Amplitude

0
-50
-100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

a=2; b=10; f1=0.15; f2=0.20;

9
 Output Due to Weighted Input: a + x1+[n]+ b + x2+[n]
200

Amplitude
0

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a + y1+[n] + b + y2+[n]
200
Amplitude

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal

50
Amplitude

0
-50
-100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero
initial conditions and different weights is - phi tuyến tính

Q2.11 Program P2_3 was modified to simulate the system :

y[n] = x[n]x[n–1]

The output sequences y1[n], y2[n],and y[n]of the above system

generated by running the modified program are shown below :

10
 Comparing y[n] with yt[n] we conclude that the two sequences
are - không giống nhau

This system is - phi tuyến tính

Project 2.4 Time-invariant and Time-varying Systems

A copy of Program P2_4 is given below:

% Program P2_4
% Generate the input sequences
clf;
n = 0:40; D = 10;a = 3.0;b = -2;
x = a*cos(2*pi*0.1*n) + b*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xd = [zeros(1,D) x];
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
ic = [0 0];% Set initial conditions
% Compute the output y[n]
y = filter(num,den,x,ic);
% Compute the output yd[n]
yd = filter(num,den,xd,ic);
% Compute the difference output d[n]
d=y- yd(1+D:41+D);
% Plot the outputs
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output y[n]');grid;
subplot(3,1,2)

11
stem(n,yd(1:41));
ylabel('Amplitude');
title(['Output Due to Delayed Input x[n ',
num2str(D),']']);grid;
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal');grid;

Answers:

Q2.12 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
are shown below -

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output Due to Delayed Input x[n 10]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

These two sequences are related as follows - y[n-10] = yd[n].

The system is - Time Invariant.

Q2.13 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-D] generated by running Program P2_4 for
the following values of the delay variable D - 2; 6; 8.

are shown below -

12
 Output y[n]
20

Amplitude
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output Due to Delayed Input x[n 2]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

13
 Output y[n]
20

Amplitude
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output Due to Delayed Input x[n 6]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output Due to Delayed Input x[n 8]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

14
In each case, these two sequences are related as follows - y[n-D] = yd[n].

The system is - Time Invariant.

Q2.14 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
for the following values of the input frequencies –

1. f1=0.05; f2=0.40;

2. f1=0.10; f2=0.25;

3. f1=0.15; f2=0.20;

are shown below -

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output Due to Delayed Input x[n 10]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

15
 Output y[n]
20
Amplitude
0

-20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output Due to Delayed Input x[n 10]
20
Amplitude

-20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Output y[n]
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output Due to Delayed Input x[n 10]
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

16
In each case, these two sequences are related as follows - y[n-10] = yd[n].

The system is - Time Invariant.

Q2.15 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
for non-zero initial conditions are shown below -

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output Due to Delayed Input x[n 10]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

These two sequences are related as follows - yd[n] KHÔNG bằng độ dịch chuyển của y[n].

The system is - Time Varying.

Q2.16 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
for non-zero initial conditions and following values of the input frequencies –

1. f1=0.05; f2=0.40;

2. f1=0.10; f2=0.25;

3. f1=0.15; f2=0.20;

are shown below -

17
 Output y[n]
20

Amplitude
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output Due to Delayed Input x[n 10]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output Due to Delayed Input x[n 10]
20
Amplitude

-20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

18
 Output y[n]
50

Amplitude
0

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output Due to Delayed Input x[n 10]
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows - yd[n] KHÔNG được đưa ra bởi sự
dịch chuyển của y[n].

The system is - Time Varying.

Q2.17 The modified Program 2_4 simulating the system

y[n] = n x[n] + x[n-1]

is given below:
% Program Q2_17
% Modification of P2_4 to implement the system
% given by (2.16).
% Generate the input sequences
clf;
n = 0:40; D = 10;a = 3.0;b = -2;
x = a*cos(2*pi*0.1*n) + b*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xd = [zeros(1,D) x];
nd = 0:length(xd)-1;
% Compute the output y[n]
y = (n .* x) + [0 x(1:40)];

19
% Compute the output yd[n]
yd = (nd .* xd) + [0 xd(1:length(xd)-1)];
% Compute the difference output d[n]
d = y - yd(1+D:41+D);
% Plot the outputs
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output y[n]'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yd(1:41));
ylabel('Amplitude');
title(['Output due to Delayed Input x[n -',
num2str(D),']']); grid;
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running modified

Program P2_4 are shown below -

20
 Output y[n]
200

Amplitude
0

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n -10]
200
Amplitude

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
50
Amplitude

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

These two sequences are related as follows - yd[n] KHÔNG phải là phiên bản đã thay đổi của
y[n].

The system is - Time Varying.

Q2.18 (optional) The modified Program P2_3 to test the linearity of the system of Q2.18 is
shown below:
% Program Q2_18
% Modify P2_3 for Q2.18.
% Generate the input sequences
clf;
n = 0:40;
a = 2;b = -3;
x1 = cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2 = cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x = a*x1 + b*x2;
y1 = (n .* x1) + [0 x1(1:40)]; % Compute the output
y1[n]
y2 = (n .* x2) + [0 x2(1:40)]; % Compute the output
y2[n]
y = (n .* x) + [0 x(1:40)]; % Compute the output y[n]

21
yt = a*y1 + b*y2;
d = y - yt; % Compute the difference output d[n]
% Plot the outputs and the difference signal
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Due to Weighted Input: a \cdot x_{1}[n] +
b \cdotx_{2}[n]');
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yt);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Weighted Output: a \cdot y_{1}[n] + b \cdot y_{2}
[n]');
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal');
The outputs y[n]and yt[n] obtained by running the modified program P2_3 are
shown below:

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x1[n] + b x2[n]

200
Amplitude

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a y1[n] + b y2[n]
200
Amplitude

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-14 Difference Signal
10
Amplitude

2
1
0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The two sequences are - Tương tự cho đến vòng số.

22
 The system is - Linear.

2.2 LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.5 Computation of Impulse Responses of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_5 is shown below:

% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
y = impz(num,den,N);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

Answers:

Q2.19 The first 41 samples of the impulse response of the discrete-time system of
Project 2.3 generated by running Program P2_5 is given below:

Impulse Response
4

2
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Q2.20 The required modifications to Program P2_5 to generate the impulse response of
the following causal LTI system :

y[n] + 0.71y[n-1] – 0.46y[n-2] – 0.62y[n-3]

23
= 0.9x[n] – 0.45x[n-1] + 0.35x[n-2] + 0.002x[n-3]

are given below:

% Program Q2_20
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 45;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
den = [1.0 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
y = impz(num,den,N);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

The first 45 samples of the impulse response of this discrete-time system generated by
running the modified is given below:
Impulse Response
2

1.5

1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time index n
Q2.21 The MATLAB program to generate the impulse response of a causal LTI system of
Q2.20 using the filter command is indicated below:
% Program Q2_21
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
den = [1.0 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
% input: unit pulse
x = [1 zeros(1,N-1)];
% output
y = filter(num,den,x);

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% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

The first 40 samples of the impulse response generated by this program are shown below :
Impulse Response
2

1.5

1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
Comparing the above response with that obtained in Question Q2.20 we conclude
- nó giống nhau

Q2.22 The MATLAB program to generate and plot the step response of a causal LTI
system is indicated below:
% Program Q2_22
% Compute the step response s
clf;
N = 40;
n = 0:N-1;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1.0 -0.4 0.75];
% input: unit step
x = [ones(1,N)];
% output
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Plot the step response
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Step Response'); grid;

The first 40 samples of the step response of the LTI system of Project 2.3 are shown below :

25
 Step Response
8

5
Amplitude

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Project 2.6 Cascade of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_6 is given below:
% Program P2_6
% Cascade Realization
clf;
x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; % Generate the input
n = 0:40;
% Coefficients of 4th order system
den = [1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num = [0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
% Compute the output of 4th order system
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Coefficients of the two 2nd order systems
num1 = [0.3 -0.2 0.4];den1 = [1 0.9 0.8];
num2 = [0.2 -0.5 0.3];den2 = [1 0.7 0.85];
% Output y1[n] of the first stage in the cascade
y1 = filter(num1,den1,x);
% Output y2[n] of the second stage in the cascade
y2 = filter(num2,den2,y1);
% Difference between y[n] and y2[n]
d = y - y2;
% Plot output and difference signals
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of 4th order Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2)

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ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of Cascade Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

Answers:

Q2.23 The output sequences y[n], y2[n], and the difference signal d[n] generated
by running Program P2_6 are indicated below:

Output of 4th order Realization

1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output of Cascade Realization

1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-15 Difference Signal
10
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] is – y[n] = y2[n]

Q2.24 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with the input changed to a
sinusoidal sequence are as follows :

27
 x = cos(2*pi*0.05*n)

Output of 4th order Realization

0.5

Amplitude
0

-0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output of Cascade Realization

Amplitude 0.5

-0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-15 Difference Signal
10
2
Amplitude

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is – y[n] = y2[n]

Q2.25 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with non-zero initial condition
vectors are now as given below:

Output of 4th order Realization

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output of Cascade Realization

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is – Không bằng nhau

Q2.26 The modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-order systems in reverse order and
with zero initial conditions is displayed below :
% Program Q2_26
% Cascade Realization
clf;
x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; % Generate the input
n = 0:40;

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% Coefficients of 4th order system
den = [1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num = [0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
% Compute the output of 4th order system
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Coefficients of the two 2nd order systems
num1 = [0.3 -0.2 0.4];den1 = [1 0.9 0.8];
num2 = [0.2 -0.5 0.3];den2 = [1 0.7 0.85];
% Output y1[n] of the first stage in the cascade
y1 = filter(num2,den2,x);
% Output y2[n] of the second stage in the cascade
y2 = filter(num1,den1,y1);
% Difference between y[n] and y2[n]
d = y - y2;
% Plot output and difference signals
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of 4th order Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2)
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of Cascade Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

The sequences generated by running the modified program are sketched below :

Output of 4th order Realization

1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output of Cascade Realization
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-15 Difference Signal
10
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is – Bằng nhau

Q2.27 The sequences generated by running the modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-
order systems in reverse order and with non-zero initial conditions are displayed
below:

29
 < Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is – Không bằng nhau

Project 2.7 Convolution

A copy of Program P2_7 is reproduced below:

% Program P2_7
clf;
h = [3 2 1 -2 1 0 -4 0 3]; % impulse response
x = [1 -2 3 -4 3 2 1]; % input sequence
y = conv(h,x);
n = 0:14;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Obtained by Convolution');grid;
x1 = [x zeros(1,8)];
y1 = filter(h,1,x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Generated by Filtering');grid;

Answers:

Q2.28 The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running Program

P2_7 are shown below:

30
 Output Obtained by Convolution
20

10

Amplitude
0

-10

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time index n
Output Generated by Filtering
20

10
Amplitude

-10

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time index n

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is - giống nhau

The reason for using x1[n] as the input, obtained by zero-padding

x[n], for generating y1[n] is - Đối với hai dãy có độ dài N1 và N2, hàm conv
trả về một dãy kết quả có độ dài N1+N2−1. Ngược lại, hàm filter nhận vào một
tín hiệu đầu vào và một đặc tả của hệ thống. Kết quả trả về từ filter sẽ có cùng
độ dài với tín hiệu đầu vào. Do đó, để có được các kết quả có thể so sánh trực
tiếp giữa conv và filter, cần phải cung cấp cho filter một tín hiệu đầu vào đã
được thêm đệm bằng 0 để đạt được độ dài bằng length(x) + length(h) - 1.

Q2.29 The modified Program P2_7 to develop the convolution of a length-15

sequence h[n] with a length-10 sequence x[n]is indicated below:
% Program Q2_29
clf;
h = [3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 4 -3 -1 -4 -1 -5];
x = [0 1 2 1 0 -1 -2 -1 0 1];
y = conv(h,x);
n = 0:length(h)+length(x)-2;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Obtained by Convolution'); grid;
x1 = [x zeros(1,length(h)-1)];
y1 = filter(h,1,x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Generated by Filtering'); grid;

The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running modified

Program P2_7 are shown below:

31
 Output Obtained by Convolution
20

10

Amplitude
0

-10

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n
Output Generated by Filtering
20

10
Amplitude

-10

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is - giống nhau

Project 2.8 Stability of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_8 is given below:

% Program P2_8
% Stability test based on the sum of the absolute
% values of the impulse response samples
clf;
num = [1 -0.8]; den = [1 1.5 0.9];
N = 200;
h = impz(num,den,N+1);
parsum = 0;
for k = 1:N+1;
parsum = parsum + abs(h(k));
if abs(h(k)) < 10^(-6), break, end
end
% Plot the impulse response
n = 0:N;
stem(n,h)
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
% Print the value of abs(h(k))
disp('Value =');disp(abs(h(k)));

Answers:

32
Q2.30 The purpose of the for command is - làm cho một khối câu lệnh Matlab được lặp lại

trong một số lần nhất định; điều này thực hiện vòng lặp “for” hoặc “do”.

The purpose of the end command is- để đánh dấu sự kết thúc của khối câu lệnh được

lặp lại.

Q2.31 The purpose of the break command is - để chấm dứt việc thực hiện vòng lặp “for”
hoặc “while”.

Q2.32 The discrete-time system of Program P2_8 is - y[n] + 1.5y[n-1] + 0.9y[n-2] = x[n] –
0.8x[n-1]

The impulse response generated by running Program P2_8 is shown below :

1
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

The value of |h(K)| here is - 1.6761e-005

From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the
system is - very LIKELY to be stable.

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 By running Program P2_8 with a larger value of N the new value of | h(K)| is -
9.1752e-007

From this value we can conclude that the system is - very LIKELY to be stable.

Q2.33 The modified Program P2_8 to simulate the discrete-time system of Q2.33 is given
below:
% Program Q2_33
% Stability test based on the sum of the absolute
% values of the impulse response samples
clf;
num = [1 -4 3]; den = [1 -1.7 1.0];
N = 200;
h = impz(num,den,N+1);
parsum = 0;
for k = 1:N+1;
parsum = parsum + abs(h(k));
if abs(h(k)) < 10^(-6), break, end
end
% Plot the impulse response
n = 0:N;
stem(n,h)
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
% Print the value of abs(h(k))
disp('Value =');disp(abs(h(k)));

The impulse response generated by running the modified Program P2_8 is shown
below:

34
 2.5

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

The values of |h(K)| here are - 2.0321 for k=200; các giá trị không giảm.

From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the
system is - gần như chắc chắn là không ổn định.

Project 2.9 Illustration of the Filtering Concept

A copy of Program P2_9 is given below:

% Program P2_9
% Generate the input sequence
clf;
n = 0:299;
x1 = cos(2*pi*10*n/256);
x2 = cos(2*pi*100*n/256);
x = x1+x2;
% Compute the output sequences
num1 = [0.5 0.27 0.77];
y1 = filter(num1,1,x); % Output of System No. 1
den2 = [1 -0.53 0.46];
num2 = [0.45 0.5 0.45];
y2 = filter(num2,den2,x); % Output of System No. 2

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% Plot the output sequences
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n,y1);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System No. 1');grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n,y2);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
stitle('Output of System No. 2');grid;

Answers:
Q2.34 The output sequences generated by this program are shown below :
Output of System No. 1
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Output of System No. 2

2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time index n
The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency
component of the input signal x[n] is - Bộ lọc số 2

Q2.35 The required modifications to Program P2_9 by changing the input sequence to a
swept sinusoidal sequence (length 301, minimum frequency 0, and maximum
frequency 0.5) are listed below along with the output sequences generated by the
modified program:
% Program P2_9
% Generate the input sequence
clf;
n = 0:300;
b=0;
a=pi/600;
x=cos(a*n.*n+b*n);
% Compute the output sequences
num1 = [0.5 0.27 0.77];
y1 = filter(num1,1,x); % Output of System No. 1
den2 = [1 -0.53 0.46];

36
num2 = [0.45 0.5 0.45];
y2 = filter(num2,den2,x); % Output of System No. 2
% Plot the output sequences
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n,y1);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System No. 1');grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n,y2);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System No. 2');grid;

Output of System No. 1

2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Output of System No. 2

2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time index n

The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency component of
the input signal x[n] is - Bộ lọc số 2

Date: Signature:

37