Experiment No.

1
Aim : To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.

Physical Examination :
Colour : White Crystalline salt
Smell : Ammonical smell

Material required : Dil H2SO4 , Nessler’s reagent , MgSO4 , distilled water

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Water extract + 1cm3 conc. Ammonical smell is Group Zero cation
NaOH, heat obtained NH4+ may be
present
2. Bring a glass rod dipped in dil Dense white fumes of NH4+ is present
HCl near the mouth of the test NH4Cl are seen
tube
3. COMFIRMATORY TEST FOR
NH4+
Water extract + Nessler’s Brown ppt is formed NH4+ is confirmed
reagent
4. Water extract + Dil. H2SO4 Colourless , odourless gas Carbonate (CO32-)
with brisk effervescence may be present
which turns lime water
milky
5. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
CARBONATE
Water extract + MgSO4 White ppt Presence of CO32-
is confirmed

Result : The given salt contains ammonium ( NH4+) basic radical and carbonate (CO32-) acidic
radical
Experiment No.2
Aim : To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
Physical Examination :
Colour : White Crystalline salt
Smell : Ammonical smell/ Vinegar like smell
Material required : Dil H2SO4 , Conc. H2SO4 , Nessler’s reagent , distilled water, oxalic acid ,
ferric chloride, Dil.HCl, Conc.NaOH

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Water extract + 1cm3 conc. Ammonical smell is Group Zero cation
NaOH, heat obtained NH4+ may be
present
2. Bring a glass rod dipped in dil Dense white fumes of NH4+ is present
HCl near the mouth of the test NH4Cl are seen
tube
3. COMFIRMATORY TEST FOR
NH4+
Water extract + Nessler’s Brown ppt is formed NH4+ is confirmed
reagent
4. Water extract + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group I anions:
Carbonate (CO32-)
,Sulphite (SO32-),
Sulphide (S2-) and
Nitrite (NO2-)are
absent
5. Water extract + Conc . H2SO4 Colourless vapours with CH3COO- ( acetate )
vinegar like smell which may be present
turns blue litmus red
6. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
ACETATE
1. Salt + oxalic acid + few drops of Vinegar like smell is obtained CH3COO- is
water confirmed
2. water extract +2 ml conc H2SO4 Fruity smell of ester is CH3COO- is
+ 1 ml ethanol, heat, pour the obtained confirmed
contents in a beaker full of water
3. water extract + neutral ferric Reddish brown colour is
chloride solution obtained
CH3COO- is
To one part add water and boil Reddish brown ppt is confirmed
obtained
To the second part add dil HCl

Red colour disappears

Result : The given salt contains ammonium ( NH4+) basic radical and acetate(CH3COO-) acidic
radical
Experiment No.3
Aim : To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
Physical Examination :
Colour : White Crystalline salt
Smell : Ammonical smell
Material required : Dil H2SO4 , Conc. H2SO4 , Nessler’s reagent , distilled water,Dil.HCl,
Conc.NaOH,

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Water extract + 1cm3 conc. Ammonical smell is Group Zero cation
NaOH, heat obtained NH4+ may be
present
2. Bring a glass rod dipped in dil Dense white fumes of NH4+ is present
HCl near the mouth of the test NH4Cl are seen
tube
3. COMFIRMATORY TEST FOR
NH4+
Water extract + Nessler’s Brown ppt is formed NH4+ is confirmed
reagent
4. Water extract + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group I anions:
Carbonate (CO32-)
,Sulphite (SO32-),
Sulphide (S2-) and
Nitrite (NO2-)are
absent
5. Water Extract + conc. H2SO4 Violet vapours with pungent Iodide (I- ) may be
smell which turns starch present
iodide paper blue
6. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Violet vapours are evolved I- is confirmed
IODIDE which turns moist starch
1.Salt + MnO2 + conc H2SO4 iodide paper blue
2. Water extract + dil HNO3 + yellow ppt insoluble in I- is confirmed
AgNO3 (aq) NH4OH
3. Water extract + dil Hcl + 1-2ml CS2 layer acquires violet I- is confirmed
CS2 + Cl2 water, shake and allow colouration
to stand

Result : The given salt contains ammonium ( NH4+) basic radical Iodide (I-) acidic radical
Experiment No.4
Aim : To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
Physical Examination :
Colour : White Crystalline salt
Smell : Vinegar like smell
Material required : Dil H2SO4 , Conc. H2SO4 , distilled water, oxalic acid , ferric chloride,
Dil.HCl, Conc.NaOH, KI , Potasium chromate

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Water extract + 1cm3 conc. No Ammonical smell is Group Zero cation
NaOH, heat obtained NH4+ is absent
2. Water extract + Dil HCl White ppt is formed Group I cation (Pb2+)
is present
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Pb2+
1.Water Extract + KI solution Yellow ppt is formed Presence of Pb2+ is
confirmed
2.Water extract + K2CrO4 solution Yellow ppt is formed Presence of Pb2+ is
confirmed
4. Water extract + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group I anions :
Carbonate (CO32-)
,Sulphite (SO32-),
Sulphide (S2-) and
Nitrite (NO2-)are
absent
5. Water extract + Conc . H2SO4 Colourless vapours with CH3COO- ( acetate )
vinegar like smell which may be present
turns blue litmus red
6. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
ACETATE
1. Salt + oxalic acid + few drops of Vinegar like smell is obtained CH3COO- is
water confirmed
2. water extract +2 ml conc H2SO4 Fruity smell of ester is CH3COO- is
+ 1 ml ethanol, heat, pour the obtained confirmed
contents in a beaker full of water
3. water extract + neutral ferric Reddish brown colour is
chloride solution obtained
CH3COO- is
To one part add water and boil Reddish brown ppt is confirmed
obtained
To the second part add dil HCl

Red colour disappears

Result : The given salt contains Lead(Pb2+) basic radical and acetate(CH3COO-) acidic radical
Experiment No.5
Aim : To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
Physical Examination :
Colour : White Crystalline salt
Smell : No characteristic smell
Material required : Dil H2SO4 , Conc. H2SO4 , distilled water, oxalic acid , ferrous sulphate,
Dil.HCl, Conc.NaOH, KI , Potasium chromate

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Water extract + 1cm3 conc. No Ammonical smell is Group Zero cation NH4+
NaOH, heat obtained is absent
2. Water extract + Dil HCl White ppt is formed Group I cation (Pb2+) is
present
3. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Pb2+
1.Water Extract + KI solution Yellow ppt is formed Presence of Pb2+ is
confirmed
2.Water extract + K2CrO4 solution Yellow ppt is formed Presence of Pb2+ is
confirmed
4. Water extract + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group I anions :
Carbonate (CO32-)
Sulphite (SO32-),
Sulphide (S2-) and
Nitrite (NO2-)are absent
5. Water Extract + conc. H2SO4+ Cu Reddish brown gas is Nitrate (NO3-) is present
chips evolved
6. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
NITRATE
Water extract + freshly prepared Dark brown ring formed at Presence of NO3- is
FeSO4 solution + conc. H2SO4 the junction of two layers confirmed
along the sides of the test tube

Result : The given salt contains Lead(Pb2+) basic radical and nitrate (NO3-) acidic radical
Experiment No.6
Aim : To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
Physical Examination :
Colour : White Crystalline salt
Smell : Pungent smell
Material required : Dil H2SO4 , Conc. H2SO4 , distilled water,Dil.HCl, Conc.NaOH,blue litmus
solution,MnO2 , AgNO3 solution , Chlorine water,CS2 , Ammonium hydroxide,NH4Cl

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Water extract + 1cm3 conc. No Ammonical smell is Group Zero cation
NaOH, heat obtained NH4+ is absent
2. Water extract + Dil HCl White ppt is not formed Group I cation (Pb2+) is
absent
3. Water extract + dil HCl . Now No ppt is obtained Group II cations(Pb2+
pass H2S gas and Cu2+ )are absent
4. Water extract + solid NH4Cl + White ppt is obtained Group III cation
excess of NH4OH Aluminium (Al3+ )may
be present
5. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
Al3+(LAKE TEST)
Water extract + Dil HCl + 2 drops First red colour develops Presence of Al3+ is
of blue litmus + NH4OH dropwise then blue ppt floating in confirmed
till blue colour develops colourless solution is
obtained
6.a Water extract + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group I anions :
Carbonate (CO32-)
,Sulphite (SO32-),
Sulphide (S2-) and
Nitrite (NO2-)are
absent
6.b Water Extract + conc. H2SO4 Reddish brown gas with Bromide (Br-) may be
pungent smell which turns present
starch iodide paper yellow
7. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR yellow brown gas is evolved Br- is confirmed
BROMIDE which turns moist starch
1.Salt + MnO2 + conc H2SO4 iodide paper yellow
2. Water extract + dil HNO3 + Light yellow ppt partially Br- is confirmed
AgNO3 (aq) soluble in NH4OH
3. Water extract + dil HCl + 1-2ml CS2 layer acquires orange Br- is confirmed
CS2 + Cl2 water, shake and allow colouration
to stand
Result : The given salt contains Aluminium(Al3+) basic radical and Bromide (Br-)acidic radical
Experiment No.7
Aim : To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
Physical Examination :
Colour : White Crystalline salt
Smell : No characteristic smell
Material required : Dil H2SO4 , Conc. H2SO4 , distilled water,Dil.HCl, Conc.NaOH, Ammonium
hydroxide,NH4Cl, Potassium ferrocyanide, BaCl2,Lead acetate

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Water extract + 1cm3 conc. No Ammonical smell is Group Zero cation
NaOH, heat obtained NH4+ is absent
2. Water extract + Dil HCl White ppt is not formed Group I cation (Pb2+) is
absent
3. Water extract + dil HCl . Now No ppt is obtained Group II cations(Pb2+
pass H2S gas and Cu2+ )are absent
4. Water extract + solid NH4Cl + White ppt is not obtained Group III cation
excess of NH4OH aluminium (Al3+ ) is
absent
5. Water extract + NH4Cl + excess of White ppt is formed Group IV cation (Zn 2+ )
NH4OH + H2S may be present
6. Water extract + NaOH White ppt is fomed which Zn 2+ may be present
dissolves on adding excess of
NaOH
7. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ZINC
Water extract + potassium
ferrocyanide Bluish white ppt is obtained Presence of Zn2+ is
confirmed
6. Water extract + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group I anions :
Carbonate (CO32-)
,Sulphite (SO32-),
Sulphide (S2-) and
Nitrite (NO2-)are
absent
6. Water Extract + conc. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group II anions are
absent
7. TEST FOR SULPHATE SO42- is confirmed
1.Water extract + Barium chloride White ppt is formed which is
solution insoluble in dil HCl

2. water extract + lead acetate White ppt is formed which is SO42- is confirmed
solution insoluble in excess of hot
CH3COONH4 solution
Result : The given salt contains Zinc (Zn2+) basic radical and Sulphate (SO42-)acidic radical
Experiment No.8
Aim : To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
Physical Examination : Colour : White Crystalline salt Smell : Vinegar Like smell
Material required : Dil H2SO4 , Conc. H2SO4 , distilled water,Dil.HCl, Conc.NaOH, Ammonium
hydroxide,NH4Cl,(NH4)2CO3,K2CrO4, oxalic acid , FeCl3 solution

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Water extract + 1cm3 conc. No Ammonical smell is Group Zero cation NH4+ is
NaOH, heat obtained absent
2. Water extract + Dil HCl White ppt is not formed Group I cation (Pb2+) is absent
3. Water extract + dil HCl . Now No ppt is obtained Group II cations(Pb2+ and
pass H2S gas Cu2+ )are absent
4. Water extract + solid NH4Cl + White ppt is not obtained Group III cation aluminium
excess of NH4OH (Al3+ ) is absent
5. Water extract + NH4Cl + excess of No White ppt is formed Group IV cation (Zn 2+ ) is
NH4OH + H2S absent
6. Water extract + solid NH4Cl + White ppt is formed Group V cation ( Ca2+,
NH4OH in excess + (NH4)2CO3 Sr2+,Ba2+) may be present
7. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
BARIUM
1.Salt + conc HCl, make a paste, Apple green flame Ba2+ is confirmed
perform the flame test

2.Water extract + K2CrO4 Yellow ppt is formed Ba2+ is confirmed

8. Water extract + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group I anions : Carbonate
(CO32-) ,Sulphite (SO32-),
Sulphide (S2-) and Nitrite
(NO2-)are absent
9. Water extract + Conc . H2SO4 Colourless vapours with CH3COO- ( acetate ) may be
vinegar like smell which present
turns blue litmus red
10. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
ACETATE
1. Salt + oxalic acid + few drops of Vinegar like smell is obtained CH3COO- is confirmed
water
2. water extract +2 ml conc H2SO4 Fruity smell of ester is CH3COO- is confirmed
+ 1 ml ethanol, heat, pour the obtained
contents in a beaker full of water
3. water extract + neutral ferric Reddish brown colour is
chloride solution obtained
CH3COO- is confirmed
To one part add water and boil Reddish brown ppt is
obtained
To the second part add dil HCl

Red colour disappears

Result : The given salt contains Barium(Ba2+) basic radical and Acetate (CH3COO-)acidic radical
Experiment No.9
Aim : To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
Physical Examination : Colour : White Crystalline salt Smell : No characteristic smell
Material required : Dil H2SO4 , Conc. H2SO4 , distilled water,Dil.HCl, Conc.NaOH, Ammonium
hydroxide,NH4Cl,(NH4)2CO3,MnO2 , HNO3 , AgNO3 , lead acetate ,CH3COOH

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Water extract + 1cm3 conc. No Ammonical smell is Group Zero cation NH4+ is
NaOH, heat obtained absent
2. Water extract + Dil HCl White ppt is not formed Group I cation (Pb2+) is absent
3. Water extract + dil HCl . Now No ppt is obtained Group II cations(Pb2+ and
pass H2S gas Cu2+ )are absent
4. Water extract + solid NH4Cl + White ppt is not obtained Group III cation aluminium
excess of NH4OH (Al3+ ) is absent
5. Water extract + NH4Cl + excess of No White ppt is formed Group IV cation (Zn 2+ ) is
NH4OH + H2S absent
6. Water extract + solid NH4Cl + White ppt is formed Group V cation ( Ca2+,
NH4OH in excess + (NH4)2CO3 Sr2+,Ba2+) may be present
7. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
STRONTIUM
1.Salt + conc HCl, make a paste, Crimson red flame Sr2+ is confirmed
perform the flame test

2.Water extract + (NH4)2SO4 , White ppt is formed Sr2+ is confirmed

heat
8. Water extract + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group I anions : Carbonate
(CO32-) ,Sulphite (SO32-),
Sulphide (S2-) and Nitrite
(NO2-)are absent
9. Water Extract + conc. H2SO4 Colourless gas with pungent Chloride (Cl- ) may be present
smell which gives white
fumes with aq. NH4OH
10. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Greenish yellow gas is Cl- is confirmed
CHLORIDE evolved which turns moist
1.Salt + MnO2 + conc H2SO4 starch iodide paper blue
2. Water extract + dil HNO3 + White ppt soluble in NH4OH Cl- is confirmed
AgNO3 (aq)
3. Salt + K2Cr2O7 + conc H2SO4 + Yellow ppt Cl- is confirmed
CH3COOH + aq lead acetate

Result : The given salt contains Strontium (Sr2+) basic radical and Chloride (Cl-)acidic radical
Experiment No.10
Aim : To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
Physical Examination : Colour : White Crystalline salt Smell : No characteristic smell
Material required : Dil H2SO4 , Conc. H2SO4 , distilled water,Dil.HCl, Conc.NaOH, Ammonium
hydroxide,NH4Cl,(NH4)2CO3,ammonium oxalate , copper chips , ferrous sulphate solution

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Water extract + 1cm3 conc. No Ammonical smell is Group Zero cation NH4+ is
NaOH, heat obtained absent
2. Water extract + Dil HCl White ppt is not formed Group I cation (Pb2+) is absent
3. Water extract + dil HCl . Now No ppt is obtained Group II cations(Pb2+ and
pass H2S gas Cu2+ )are absent
4. Water extract + solid NH4Cl + White ppt is not obtained Group III cation aluminium
excess of NH4OH (Al3+ ) is absent
5. Water extract + NH4Cl + excess of No White ppt is formed Group IV cation (Zn 2+ ) is
NH4OH + H2S absent
6. Water extract + solid NH4Cl + White ppt is formed Group V cation ( Ca2+,
NH4OH in excess + (NH4)2CO3 Sr2+,Ba2+) may be present
7. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
CALCIUM
1.Salt + conc HCl, make a paste, Brick red flame Ca2+ is confirmed
perform the flame test

2.Water extract + ammonium White ppt is formed Ca2+ is confirmed

oxalate + ammonium hydroxide,
scratch the sides of the test tube
8. Water extract + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group I anions : Carbonate
(CO32-) ,Sulphite (SO32-),
Sulphide (S2-) and Nitrite
(NO2-)are absent
9. Water Extract + conc. H2SO4+ Cu Reddish brown gas is Nitrate (NO3-) is present
chips evolved
10. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
NITRATE
Water extract + freshly prepared Dark brown ring formed at Presence of NO3- is confirmed
FeSO4 solution + conc. H2SO4 the junction of two layers
along the sides of the test tube

Result : The given salt contains Calcium(Ca2+) basic radical and Nitrate (NO3-)acidic radical
Experiment No.11
Aim : To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
Physical Examination : Colour : White Crystalline salt Smell : No characteristic smell
Material required : Dil H2SO4 , Conc. H2SO4 , distilled water,Dil.HCl, Conc.NaOH, Ammonium
hydroxide,NH4Cl,(NH4)2CO3,ammonium phosphate , ethanol , lead acetate , barium chloride

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Water extract + 1cm3 conc. No Ammonical smell is Group Zero cation NH4+ is
NaOH, heat obtained absent
2. Water extract + Dil HCl White ppt is not formed Group I cation (Pb2+) is absent
3. Water extract + dil HCl . Now No ppt is obtained Group II cations(Pb2+ and
pass H2S gas Cu2+ )are absent
4. Water extract + solid NH4Cl + White ppt is not obtained Group III cation aluminium
excess of NH4OH (Al3+ ) is absent
5. Water extract + NH4Cl + excess of No White ppt is formed Group IV cation (Zn 2+ ) is
NH4OH + H2S absent
6. Water extract + solid NH4Cl + No White ppt is formed Group V cation ( Ca2+,
NH4OH in excess + (NH4)2CO3 Sr2+,Ba2+) are absent
7. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Formation of crystalline Presence of Group VI cation
MAGNESIUM white ppt Magnesium(Mg2+ ) is
Water extract + solid NH4Cl + confirmed
(NH4)3PO4 solution + excess of
NH4OH + C2H5OH, scratch the
walls of the test tube with glass
rod.

8. Water extract + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group I anions : Carbonate

(CO32-) ,Sulphite (SO32-),
Sulphide (S2-) and Nitrite
(NO2-)are absent
9. Water Extract + conc. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group II anions are absent
10. TEST FOR SULPHATE SO42- is confirmed
1.Water extract + Barium chloride White ppt is formed which is
solution insoluble in dil HCl

2. water extract + lead acetate White ppt is formed which is SO42- is confirmed
solution insoluble in excess of hot
CH3COONH4 solution

Result : The given salt contains Magnesium (Mg2+) basic radical and Sulphate (SO42-)acidic radical
Experiment No.12
Aim : To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radicals.
Physical Examination : Colour : White Crystalline salt Smell : No characteristic smell
Material required : Dil H2SO4 , Conc. H2SO4 , distilled water,Dil.HCl, Conc.NaOH, Ammonium
hydroxide,NH4Cl,(NH4)2CO3,ammonium phosphate , ammonium molybdate

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Water extract + 1cm3 conc. No Ammonical smell is Group Zero cation NH4+ is
NaOH, heat obtained absent
2. Water extract + Dil HCl White ppt is not formed Group I cation (Pb2+) is absent
3. Water extract + dil HCl . Now No ppt is obtained Group II cations(Pb2+ and
pass H2S gas Cu2+ )are absent
4. Water extract + solid NH4Cl + White ppt is not obtained Group III cation aluminium
excess of NH4OH (Al3+ ) is absent
5. Water extract + NH4Cl + excess of No White ppt is formed Group IV cation (Zn 2+ ) is
NH4OH + H2S absent
6. Water extract + solid NH4Cl + No White ppt is formed Group V cation ( Ca2+,
NH4OH in excess + (NH4)2CO3 Sr2+,Ba2+) are absent
7. CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR Formation of crystalline Presence of Group VI cation
MAGNESIUM white ppt Magnesium(Mg2+ ) is
Water extract + solid NH4Cl + confirmed
(NH4)3PO4 solution + excess of
NH4OH + C2H5OH, scratch the
walls of the test tube with glass
rod.

8. Water extract + Dil. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group I anions : Carbonate

(CO32-) ,Sulphite (SO32-),
Sulphide (S2-) and Nitrite
(NO2-)are absent
9. Water Extract + conc. H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group II anions are absent
10. TEST FOR PHOSPHATE
1.Water extract + conc HNO3 + A deep yellow ppt is Presence of PO43- is confirmed
Ammonium molybdate [ obtained
(NH4)2MoO4] solution in excess,
boil

Result : The given salt contains Magnesium (Mg2+) basic radical and Phosphate (PO43-)acidic radical