Fluid mechanics: Important point to remember

3. Integral Relation for fluid flow Analysis: Control Volume Method

3.1. Flow Pattern: the pattern of flow can be visualized. 4 basic types of line patterns are used to visualize flows.
 Streamline
 Pathline
 Streakline
 Timeline
3.2. Fluid flow analysis techniques
3.2.1. Control volume analysis: Working with a properly selected finite region, and making balance of flow in
versus flow out, and determining gross effect such as total force/torque on a body, total energy exchange.
Provide gross-average information about the flow.
The region is known as Control volume (CV). It can be fixed or movable. It usually encloses a device
that involves mass flow.
Its boundary is known as control surfaces (CS). It can be real or imaginary.
 Both mass and energy crosses its boundary.
 A large number of engineering problems involve mass flow in and out of a system, thus are modelled
as control volume.
3.2.2. Differential analysis: Working with an infinitesimally small control volume, and Seeking to describe the
detail flow pattern at every point in the small region
Provide point-by-point detail of the flow pattern over a region called flow domain.
3.3. Control volume analysis: also known as integral analysis of fluid flow
3.3.1. System Vs control volume:
System (closed system) is defined as a fixed quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings.
NO mass crosses its boundaries but energy in the form of heat or work can cross its boundaries.
 Isolated System: if even energy is not allowed to cross the boundary, the system is called isolated.
 Open System = control volume: both mass and energy cross the boundary.
3.3.2. Basic physical laws of fluid mechanics
The law of mechanics states what happens when there is an interaction between system and
surrounding.
I. Conservation of mass: =0→ 𝑀= ∫ 𝑑𝑚 = ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉

II. Conservation of linear momentum: ∑𝐹 = where P is linear momentum (𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣)

III. Conservation of angular momentum: ∑ 𝑀 = where P is angular momentum (𝐻 =
∑(𝑟𝑥𝑣)𝛿𝑚 )
IV. Conservation of energy: 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ =
3.3.3. Extensive (B) and Intensive (b) properties: Fluid properties can be categorized as extensive and intensive
properties.
𝒅𝑩
Let 𝐵 be an Extensive property of a fluid, then 𝒃 = be the intensive value of .
𝒅𝒎

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 Fluid mechanics: Important point to remember

3.3.4. Reynold Transport Theorem (RTT)

The previous conservation laws are defined for systems. RTT provides a link between the system
𝒅𝑩 𝒅𝑩
approach and the control volume approach. ← 𝑹𝑻𝑻 →
𝒅𝒕 𝒔𝒚𝒔 𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑽

𝒅𝑩𝒔𝒚𝒔 𝒅
𝒅𝒕
=
𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑽
∫ 𝒃. 𝝆𝒅𝕍 + ∫𝑪𝑺 𝒃. 𝒅𝒎̇
Where: 𝑑𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝐴
 ∫𝑪𝑺 𝒃. 𝒅𝒎̇ = 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 = ∫𝑪𝑺 𝒃. 𝒅𝒎̇𝒐𝒖𝒕 − ∫𝑪𝑺 𝒃. 𝒅𝒎̇
𝒊𝒏

Special Cases
1 Steady Flow No Change with in the CV 𝒅𝑩𝒔𝒚𝒔 𝒅 𝒅𝑩𝒔𝒚𝒔
= 𝒃. 𝝆𝒅𝕍 + 𝒃. 𝒅𝒎 ̇ → = 𝒃. 𝒅𝒎̇
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺 𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑺
2 Uniform one dimensional flow Integral over CS changes to summation 𝒅𝑩𝒔𝒚𝒔 𝒅
= 𝒃. 𝝆𝒅𝕍 + 𝒃. 𝒎̇
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑽
𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙
3 Incompressible Flow Density constant 𝒅𝑩𝒔𝒚𝒔 𝒅
=𝝆 𝒃. 𝒅𝕍 + 𝝆 𝒃. 𝑽𝒏 𝒅𝑨
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺

System Control Volume

Conservation dM
=0 𝟎=
𝒅
𝝆𝒅𝕍 + 𝒅𝒎̇  Steady & Uniform: Continuity Equation (∑𝑀̇ = ∑𝑀̇ )
of Mass dt 𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺 Special Cases  Steady, Uniform & Incompressible: Continuity Equation in volume flow rate
RTT

form (∑𝑄 = ∑𝑄 )
Conservation dP 𝒅 Steady & Uniform: Force equation (∑𝐹 = ∑ 𝜌 𝑉 𝐴 𝑉⃗ )
= ∑F ∑𝑭 = 𝑽⃗. 𝝆𝒅𝕍 + 𝑽⃗. 𝒅𝒎̇
of Linear dt 𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺
Momentum
Conservation Ė = Q̇ + Ẇ 𝒅  Steady & Uniform: Energy Equation in terms of Head:
𝑬̇ = 𝒃. 𝝆𝒅𝕍 + 𝒃. 𝒅𝒎̇
of Energy 𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺  Steady, Uniform, no shaft work, no head loss…: Bernoulli Equation

3.3.5. Continuity Equation: The rate at which mass entering and leaving the CV must balance.
 derived from conservation of mass for CV, for steady and uniform 1D flow
∑ 𝑀̇ = ∑ 𝑀̇ → ∑𝒊𝒏(𝝆𝒊 𝑨𝒊 𝑽𝒊 ) = ∑𝒐𝒖𝒕(𝝆𝒊 𝑨𝒊 𝑽𝒊 )
A special case of continuity equation when the flow is assumed incompressible:
∑𝑄 = ∑𝑄 → ∑𝒊𝒏(𝑨𝒊 𝑽𝒊 ) = ∑𝒐𝒖𝒕(𝑨𝒊 𝑽𝒊 )
3.3.6. Linear momentum Equation: derived from conservation of LM for CV, for steady uniform 1D flow
∑ 𝑭⃗ = ∑ 𝑴̇𝒊 𝑽⃗𝒊 − ∑ 𝑴̇𝒊 𝑽⃗𝒊
𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏
∑𝐹 is vector sum of all forces action on the CV. ∑𝐹 = 𝐹 + 𝐹
 include surface force, 𝐹 (shear and pressure force) and body force, 𝐹 (gravitational force)
 since it is vector: for example in X-direction: ∑𝐹 = ∑ , 𝑀̇𝑉 = ∑ , 𝜌𝑄𝑉
Net Pressure Force: for uniform well defined cross section 𝑭𝒑 = 𝑷𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑨
Problems can be solved by jointly using continuity and Linear momentum equations
Example:
 From Continuity: 𝑄 = 𝑨𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝑽𝟐
 X-direction Force equation: ∑𝐹 = 𝐹 + 𝐹 − 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉 − 𝑉 )

−𝑭𝑹 = 𝝆𝑸(𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 )

 We have atmospheric pressure in both side, and cancel out each other. Thus
𝐹 = 0. and body force (gravitational force) is zero in x-direction.

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 Fluid mechanics: Important point to remember

3.3.7. Energy Equation: Loss/Head Loss

The energy analysis commonly expressed in terms of heads
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 + 𝒉𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + 𝒉𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 + 𝒉𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
𝝆𝟏 𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝟐 𝒈 𝟐𝒈
Application various problems involving pump, turbine

3.3.8. Bernoulli’s Equation:

An approximate equation valid for steady, inviscid, incompressible flow along a streamline and no
shaft work or heat transfer
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
Bernoulli equation in terms of Pressure:
𝑽𝟐
𝑷+𝝆 + 𝝆𝒈𝒉 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 (along a streamline)
𝟐

𝑽𝟐
Where: 𝒑 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝝆 = 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒, and 𝝆𝒈𝒉 = ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝟐
Stagnation Pressure: The pressure measured at the point where the fluid
comes to rest.
 usually measured with a pitot tube type instrument,
 At a stagnation point the fluid velocity is zero.
 It is sum of the static and dynamic pressure.

Application of Bernoulli equation: various problems on 1D flow of an ideal fluid can be solved by jointly using
continuity and Bernoulli equations

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 Fluid mechanics: Important point to remember

4. Differential Relation for Fluid Flow

4.1. Acceleration field
 For a given velocity field 𝑉 = 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑣𝑗 + 𝑤𝑘

4.2. Continuity equation

𝝏𝝆 𝝏𝝆 𝝏(𝝆𝒖) 𝝏(𝝆𝒗) 𝝏(𝝆𝒘)
 The continuity equation satisfied when  + 𝛁. (𝝆𝑽) = 𝟎 or + + + =𝟎
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝝏(𝒖) 𝝏(𝒗) 𝝏(𝒘)
 For Steady Incompressible flow: 𝛁. 𝑽 = 𝟎  + + =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
With this equation we can know whether a given flow is compressible or not.
4.3. Linear momentum Equation
𝒅𝑽
The general expression for differential form of linear momentum equation: 𝝆𝒈 − 𝜵𝒑 + 𝜵. 𝝉𝒊𝒋 = 𝝆
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑽
4.3.1. Euler’s Equation: a special case for inviscid flow  𝝆𝒈 − 𝜵𝒑 = 𝝆 𝒅𝒕

4.3.2. Navier-Stokes Equation: for incompressible and constant viscosity fluid flow that Obie Newton’s law of viscosity

Navier-Stokes equations have four unknowns: p, u, v, and w. They should be combined with the continuity equation to
form four equations for theses unknowns.
4.4. Stream Function (𝝍(𝒙, 𝒚)):
( ) ( )
Consider continuity equation for steady, incompressible and two dimensional flow  + =0

We can write the above equation in terms of one dependent variable (Stream Function, 𝜓) instead of two (𝑢 & 𝑣 ).
 So, the stream function (𝑥, 𝑦) relates to the velocity components in such a way that continuity equation
is satisfied.
𝝏𝝍 𝝏𝝍
 We define the stream function as: 𝒖= ; 𝒗=−
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝟐 𝝍 𝝏𝟐 𝝍
 Continuity equation in terms of Stream function: − =𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚
4.5. Vorticity and Irrotationality
Circulation and vorticity are the two primary measures of rotation in a fluid.
Irrotationality: the assumption of zero fluid angular velocity (𝜔=0).
𝝎 is associated with curl of the local velocity vector. The vector 𝝎 = 𝒊𝝎𝒙 + 𝒋𝝎𝒚 + 𝒌𝝎𝒛 is thus one-half the curl of the
𝟏
velocity vector: 𝝎 = 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑽⃗
𝟐
For the given velocity distribution 𝑉⃗ = 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑣𝑗 + 𝑤𝑘

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 Fluid mechanics: Important point to remember

𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝟏 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 =𝟏 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖
𝝎 = (𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑽) = − 𝒊+ − 𝒋+ − 𝒌
𝟐 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝒖 𝒗 𝒘

Vorticity (𝜁 ): is the tendency for elements of the fluid to "spin.

a vector twice the angular velocity: 𝜁 = 2𝜔 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑉
Many flows have negligible or zero vorticity and are called irrotational: 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝑽⃗ = 𝟎

 A fluid flow that is initially irrotational may become rotational.

 In what siyuation of fluid flow do you think this may happen????

Example: Given the steady, incompressible velocity distribution 𝑉 = 3𝑥𝑖 + 0𝑗 + 𝐶𝑦𝑘, where C is a constant,
if the flow is irrotational, the value of C should be??

4.6. Velocity Potential (𝝓(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)):

The velocity components of irrotational flow can be expressed in terms of a scalar function called Velocity
Potential (𝝓(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛,𝒕))
𝝏𝝓 𝝏𝝓 𝝏𝝓
𝒖= ; 𝒗= ; 𝒘=
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

 Laplace’s Equation Continuity equation for incompressible and irrotational flow:

𝝏𝟐 𝝓 𝝏𝟐 𝝓 𝝏𝟐 𝝓
𝜵𝟐 𝝓 = 𝟎  + + =𝟎
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝟐

Inviscid, Incompressible, and Irrotational Flow fields are governed by Laplace’s equation. Such flow is
commonly called a potential flow.
If Vorticity present (e.g. Boundary layers, wake) then the flow can not be described by Laplace’s equation.
o Thus with Laplace’s equation we can know whether a given flow is irrotational or not.
o

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 Fluid mechanics: Important point to remember

5. Dimensional Analysis
5.1. Introduction
5.1.1. Primary Dimensions in fluid mechanics
Mass (m), length (L), and time (t), temperature (T)
5.1.2. Dimensions of common fluid property
𝟑
 Density, 𝜌 = = 𝒎𝑳
𝟑
 Viscosity, 𝜇 = = 𝒎𝑳
( / )

𝟏 𝟐
 Pressure or shear stress, 𝑝, 𝜏 = = (𝑚𝐿𝑡 )/𝐿 = 𝒎𝑳 𝒕
𝟐
 Surface tension, 𝜎 = = (𝑚𝐿𝑡 )/𝐿 = 𝒎𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
 Viscosity, 𝜇 = = (𝑀𝑚𝑇 )/𝑡 = 𝒎𝑳 𝒕
( / )

 Kinematic Viscosity, 𝜈 = = (𝑚𝐿 𝑡 )/(𝑚𝐿 ) = 𝑳𝟐 𝒕 𝟏

5.2. Dimensional Homogeneity

Law of dimensional homogeneity says: Every additive term in an equation must have the same dimensions.
For example lets check dimensional homogeneity of Bernoulli equation in terms of head
𝒎𝑳 𝟏 𝒕 𝟐
( + + 𝑍 = 𝐻)  + + 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝐿 + 𝐿 + 𝐿 = 𝐿
( )( )

5.3. Buckingham Pi Theorem

The most popular and simplest method to generate the Non-dimensional parameters the method of repeating
variables, popularized by Edgar Buckingham
5.3.1. Common established Non-dimensional parameters encountered in fluid mechanics
 Reynold number (𝑅𝑒), Match number (𝑀𝑎), Drag coefficient (𝐶 ), etc…

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