Design of Inverter using Solar Energy

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Dr.N.Lakshmipathy, 2Prof.B.Somashekar,3Mr.Chandan.R, 4Ms.Rajitha.S, 5Ms.Thanushree.S,
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MsThriveni.M, 7Ms.Vani.M.
34567
UG student, Dept of EEE, Dr.T.Thimmaiah Institute of Technology
1
Prof. & HOD, Dept of EEE, Dr.T.Thimmaiah Institute of Technology
2
Associate Prof.Dept of EEE, Dr.T.Thimmaiah Institute of Technology
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hod.eee@drttit.edu.in 2somashekar@drttit.edu.in 3cy362177@gmail.com
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rajithasr904@gmail.com 5thanuyadavs21@gmail.com
6
thrivenimthrivenim6@gmail.com 7rathnarathna71914@gmail.com

Abstract derived from an ac source such as utility ac supply. Typical

Applications such as Un-interruptible Power Supply (UPS),
Inverters are widely used in the domestic as well as industrial
Industrial (induction motor) drives, Traction, High Voltage Direct
environments to serve as second line of source in case of power
Current (HVDC). Solar Inverter Currently, the necessity of the
cut from the electricity utility grids. However, due to low
solar inverter has been improving day by day. This kind of inverter
capacity of the battery the inverter dies out with the use of heavy
helps in changing the DC-AC uses solar power. In this circuit, the
load appliances. This project is designed in such a way that it
DC power flows in one direction and also assists in supplying
overcomes this limitation using solar energy. Hybrid Inverter
current when there is no electricity. DC is used for minor
with Solar Battery Charging System consists of an inverter
appliances like electronic gadgets, MP3 players, iPod, etc (where
powered by a 12V Battery. This inverter generates up to 220V
there is power stored in the battery). Usually, the AC power is used
AC with the help of driver circuitry and a heavy load transformer.
for home appliances. A solar inverter aids several devices that
This battery gets charged from two sources, first being the mains
work on DC power to run on AC power so that the worker makes
power supply itself. If the mains power supply is available, the
use of the AC power. According to the National Renewable
relay switches to the connection using mains power supply to
Energy Laboratory (NREL) the sunlight received by earth in one
supply to the load. This power supply also charges the battery for
hour is enough to meet the annual energy needs of all people
using it as back up the next time there is power outage. The use
worldwide. Solar energy is suitable for heating and electricity
of solar panel to charge the battery gives an additional advantage
generation using photo voltaic cells. Solar power can restrict
of surplus power in case the power outage of mains is prolonging.
climate change as it produces no carbon emissions. Solar energy
Thus, this inverter can last for longer duration’s and provide
is the best alternative, which can replace the fossil fuels like coal
uninterrupted power supply to the user.The hybrid solar inverter
and gas for electricity generation that create air, water, and land
is a device that combines the functionality of a solar inverter and
pollution. The solar power (i.e. DC form of energy) can be stored
a battery inverter. Its primary function is to convert the DC power
in a battery for future use. The conversion efficiency of a solar cell
generated by solar panels into AC power that can be used in
is the percentage of the solar energy shining on a photo voltaic cell
homes and buildings. The hybrid inverter can also manage
that is converted into usable electricity. A hybrid inverter or smart
energy storage by controlling the charging and discharging of
grid inverter is a trending generation of inverter for solar
batteries. Hybrid solar power systems, which include solar panels
applications using renewable energy for home consumption,
and energy storage, provide a reliable and sustainable source of
especially for solar photovoltaic installations. Some see this as a
energy, making the hybrid inverter an essential component.
new technology, however in some parts of the world the
Researchers are working to improve the efficiency and reliability
application of such products has been around since the 1990s.
of hybrid solar power systems by developing advanced hybrid
Electricity from solar panels is generated only during the day, with
solar inverters and energy storage technologies, as well as control
peak generation around midday. Generation fluctuates and may
strategies and optimization algorithms. The goal is to make
not be synchronized with a load's electricity consumption. To
hybrid solar power systems a viable and accessible alternative to
overcome this gap between what is produced and what is
traditional energy sources, contributing to a more sustainable and
consumed during the evening, when there is no solar electricity
eco-friendly energy future.
production, it is necessary to store energy for later use and manage
energy storage and consumption with an inverter The key benefit
of a hybrid inverter is that it enables energy independence and
Ⅰ. Introduction better energy management, making it particularly useful for off-
An inverter is basically a converter that converts Direct Current grid applications or in areas where power reliability from the grid
(DC) to Alternating Current (AC) power. The word Inverter in the is inconsistent. It also allows homeowners or businesses to
context of power electronics denotes a class of power conversion potentially reduce their electricity bills by using stored solar
circuits that operates from a dc voltage source or a dc current energy instead of drawing power from the grid.
source and converts it into ac voltage or current. Even though input
to an inverter circuit is ac source, it not uncommon to have this dc
Ⅱ. Literature Review Singh &Reddy (2020)-Hybrid Inverters for Wind and Solar
Power Integration
A Synthesis of Key Authors' Contributions Hybrid inverters,
which combine Photovoltaic (PV) systems, energy storage, and Singh & Reddy (2020) examined the integration of hybrid
grid integration, have gained significant attention for their ability inverters with both solar and wind energy systems. This study is
to optimize power generation, storage, and distribution. The significant because combining wind and solar power sources can
literature surrounding hybrid inverters covers a wide range of help mitigate the intermittency of each, making the energy
topics, including inverter topologies, control strategies,
system more stable and reliable.
performance optimization, and applications in both grid-
connected and off-grid systems. This section reviews the Zhang(2018)-Energy Management Algorithms for Hybrid
contributions of key authors in the field of hybrid inverters. Inverters
Zhao (2022)-Performance Evaluation and Optimization Zhang (2018) proposed an advanced energy management
Zhao (2022) conducted a comprehensive performance algorithm for hybrid inverters used in micro grids. Their study
evaluation of hybrid inverters in grid- connected solar power focused on optimizing the dispatch of power from renewable
systems. Their study focused on the performance improvements sources, battery storage, and the grid. By using intelligent
of hybrid inverters over traditional inverters, particularly under algorithms, hybrid inverters can make real-time decisions about
variable operating conditions such as fluctuating sunlight and when to store energy and when to release it.
load demands. The authors used both simulation and
experimental data to assess the overall efficiency, reliability, and
energy output of hybrid inverters. Ⅲ. Objectives

Liu &Wu (2021)-Topology Comparison of Inverters To design Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) during grid
disruptions, assuring appliances and equipment continues operate
Liu & Wu (2021) performed a comparative analysis of hybrid without any disruption and improving the utilization of solar
inverter topologies in PV applications. Their study compared the energy to charge the battery bank.
performance of central, string, and micro inverters when
integrated with storage systems (e.g., batteries). This comparison
is critical because the inverter topology impacts the scalability, Ⅳ. Components
cost, and efficiency of solar power systems.
3.1 Solar panel
Kumar & Verma (2023) Optimization of Hybrid Inverter
Performance in Off-Grid Systems A 12V solar panel is a photovoltaic (PV) module designed to
generate direct current (DC) electricity at a voltage suitable for
Kumar & Verma (2023) focused on optimizing hybrid inverters
charging 12V battery systems as shown in the fig-1. These panels
in off-grid PV systems, particularly in rural and remote areas.
are widely used in off-grid solar applications, and backup power
Their study developed advanced control strategies that
solutions. In this project, it serves as the primary power source,
incorporated maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and
providing sustainable energy to the inverter.
dynamic power flow management to maximize the utilization of
solar energy and minimize reliance on backup generators.
Wang (2019)-Control Strategies for Hybrid Inverters in
Micro grids
Wang (2019) explored the control strategies for hybrid inverters
used in micro grids, focusing on adaptive control mechanisms that
can adjust in real-time to varying energy demands and renewable
energy generation. Their study was particularly relevant in the
context of micro grids, where hybrid inverters serve as the
backbone for energy stability and integration. Figure- 1: Solar Panel (Courtesy-Goggle)
Lee (2020)-Hybrid Inverters in Residential Energy Storage 3.2 Battery
Systems
The battery stores energy from the solar panel for use when
Lee (2020) reviewed the role of hybrid inverters in residential sunlight is not available, ensuring continuous operation. Battery’s
energy storage systems, particularly for solar-plus-storage capacity is 1300 mAh as shown in the fig-2. It also acts as a buffer
applications. The paper discussed how hybrid inverters enable to provide a stable power supply to the inverter circuit.
homeowners to store excess solar energy in batteries and use it
later, reducing reliance on grid electricity and providing backup
power during outages.
 3.5 HEF4047B (Astable Multivibrator)
This component generates a continuous square wave signal, which
is essential for driving the MOSFETs. The oscillating signal it
produces ensures that the MOSFETs switch at the correct
frequency to generate AC from the DC input.
3.6 Bulb
The 5W bulb is use test load to demonstrate the inverter's
functionality. It lights up when the inverter successfully converts
the 12V DC from the battery to 220V AC.
Figure-2: Battery (Courtesy-Goggle) 3.7 LM317
3.3 Transformer The LM317 as shown in the fig-5 ensures that the circuit receives
The transformer steps up the voltage from the battery's 12V DC to a stable voltage. It prevents voltage fluctuations that could damage
220V AC and the secondary of the transformer is 12-0-12 as the components, particularly when the input power supply may
shown in the fig-3, which is required to power household devices. vary
It plays a critical role in converting the low-voltage DC power into
usable AC power.

Figure-5: LM317(Courtesy-Goggle)
3.8 Resistors
Resistors are used to limit current, divide voltages, and set the
biasing conditions for different component sin the circuit. They
Figure- 3: Transformer (Courtesy-Goggle) protect the circuit from excess current and help ensure proper
functioning of the components.
3.4 IRF540 (N-Channel MOSFET)
The Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 3.9 Capacitor
(MOSFETs) function as high-speed switches in the inverter
Capacitors as shown in the fig-6 filter noise and stabilize the
circuit. They are responsible for converting DC to AC by rapidly
voltage across the circuit. They smooth out the input and output
switching current flow. Their high efficiency and fast switching
signals, preventing unwanted electrical noise that could affect the
capabilities make them ideal for power electronics the IRF540 is circuit’s performance
as shown in the fig-4.

Figure-6: Capacitor(Courtesy-Goggle)
3.10 Potentiometers
Figure-4: IRF540(Courtesy-Goggle)
Potentiometers allow fine-tuning of the circuit by adjusting
resistance. This helps control the frequency and voltage output,
ensuring the inverter operates efficiently and as intended.
3.11 Diodes Ⅳ. Block diagram
Diodes prevent reverse current flow, protecting the components The implementation of a solar inverter involves several key steps,
from potential damage due to incorrect polarity or power surges. starting with the setup of the solar panel, which converts sunlight
They ensure current flows in one direction only. into DC electricity. The solar panel is positioned in direct sunlight
to maximize energy absorption, and its output voltage is measured
3.12 ESP8266(Wi-Fi Module) using a multi meter to ensure proper operation. If a battery backup
is included, a charge controller is used to regulate the voltage and
The ESP8266 as shown in the fig-7 module enables remote prevent overcharging or deep discharge as shown in the fig-10.
monitoring and control of the inverter system. It allows real-time The charge controller is connected between the solar panel and
updates to be sent wirelessly to a mobile device or computer, battery, ensuring stable power storage for later use.
providing valuable information about the system's operation

Once the DC power source is established, the next step is to design

the inverter circuit, which converts DC voltage into AC voltage.
This involves using an oscillator circuit, typically based on an
NE555 Timer IC or an Arduino, to generate square wave

Figure-7: Wi-Fi Module (Courtesy-Goggle)

3.12 Liquid crystal display (LCD)
The LCD display as shown in the fig-8 provides a visual
interface, showing important parameters such as voltage levels
and system status. This makes it easier to monitor the system and
diagnose any potential issues.

Figure-8: LCD 16 X 2(Courtesy-Goggle)

3.13 Voltage sensor

The voltage sensor measures the voltage of the solar panel and
battery. The data is sent to the ESP8266 as shown in the fig-9
module and displayed on the LCD screen for monitoring. This
allows the user to track the performance of the solar system in real-
time.

Figure-10: Block diagram of Inverter

Pulses at 50Hz or 60Hz. These pulses control the switching
MOSFETs which alternately drive the primary winding of a step-
up transformer. The transformer is used to boost the 12V DC input
Figure-9: Voltage sensor (Courtesy-Goggle) to 230V AC (or 110V AC, depending on the region). Additionally,
filtering capacitors and diodes help smooth the output waveform,
improving the quality of the AC signal. For monitoring and
protection, an LCD display can be integrated to show voltage,
current, and battery status. Safety measures such as over current household appliances such as LED bulbs, fans, and other low-
protection, fuses, and heat sinks for MOSFETs ensure the system power devices. This systematic conversion of solar energy into AC
runs efficiently and reliably. Finally, the output of the inverter is power enables efficient utilization of renewable energy for
tested by connecting a load, such as an LED bulb or small fan, to sustainable applications.
confirm proper AC voltage generation. With successful testing,
the solar inverter is ready for practical applications, providing a
sustainable and efficient power solution. Ⅶ. Results and discussion
Ⅴ.Working The voltage and current readings indicate how the system's
Direct current (DC) electricity produced by a solar panel is performance varies throughout the day based on sunlight intensity.
controlled and stored in a battery. DC power is supplied by a Table-1: Practical values
battery and fed into an astable multivibrator to generate
waveforms. DC electricity is converted into an AC waveform by SI Timings Voltage Current Power Efficiency
MOSFETs. A step-up transformer raises the necessary amount of NO. in V in mA in in %
AC voltage. Home appliances are supplied with AC output. The Watts
ESP8266 receives data from the voltage sensor, which keeps an
eye on the output. Real-time values are displayed on the LCD 1 9AM 90 V 16.2mA 1.458W 10
display as data is wirelessly transmitted by the ESP8266. 2 10AM 112 V 18.1mA 2.0W 14.2
Ⅵ.Implementation of project Model 3 11AM 130 V 2.05mA 2.66W 19
The block diagram of a solar inverter consists of several key stages 4 12PM 145 V 21.1mA 3.05W 21.7
that work together to convert solar energy into usable AC power.
The process begins with the solar panel, which captures sunlight 5 1PM 150 V 21.4mA 3.21W 22.9
and converts it into DC electricity through photovoltaic (PV) cells. 6 2PM 130 V 20.5mA 2.66W 19
This DC power is then fed into a charge controller (if a battery is
included), which regulates the voltage and prevents overcharging 7 3PM 110 V 19.9mA 2.189W 15.6
or deep discharge of the battery. The battery serves as an energy
8 4PM 85 V 19.1mA 1.62W 11.5
storage unit, ensuring continuous power supply even when
sunlight is unavailable. From here, the DC power is sent to the
inverter circuit, which is the heart of the system. Inside the The table-1 presents a time-based analysis of voltage, current,
inverter, an oscillator circuit (using an NE555 Timer IC or a power output, and efficiency of a solar inverter system from 9 AM
microcontroller) generates a 50Hz or 60Hz square wave signal, to 4 PM. At 9 AM, the system starts with 90V and 16.2mA,
which controls MOSFETs (e.g., IRF3205, IRFZ44) to rapidly generating 1.458W of power with an efficiency of 10%. As
switch the DC voltage on and off. This pulsating DC voltage is sunlight increases, the voltage and current rise, peaking at 1 PM
then fed into a step-up transformer, which increases the voltage with 150V, 21.4mA, and 3.21W power output, achieving the
level to 230V.The project model is as shown in the fig-11 highest efficiency of 22.9%. After 1 PM, the values begin to
decline as sunlight decreases, with voltage dropping to 85V at 4
PM, resulting in 1.62W power output and an efficiency of 11.5%.
The data clearly shows that the inverter operates most efficiently
around midday when sunlight is at its peak and gradually loses
efficiency in the morning and late afternoon due to reduced solar
radiation. This analysis helps in understanding the optimal
working hours of the system and can be useful for improving
energy management strategies.

The Efficiency vs. Power graph illustrates the relationship

between the inverter's power output and its efficiency over time.
The graph follows a parabolic trend, where efficiency initially
increases as power output rises, reaches a peak, and then gradually
declines as power decreases. At the beginning, when power is
Figure-11: Project model 1.458W, the efficiency is 10%, indicating low system performance
due to insufficient solar energy.
The output is further refined using filtering capacitors and diodes,
ensuring a stable AC waveform suitable for powering various
 demonstrating that solar power generation is highly dependent on
sunlight intensity, with the highest output occurring around
midday. This analysis helps in optimizing energy utilization and
determining the best time for maximum power extraction from the
system.as shown in the figure-13.
Ⅷ. Conclusion
The design of an inverter using solar energy focuses on converting
the direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating
current (AC) suitable for household appliances or industrial use.
This type of inverter plays a crucial role in solar energy systems
by ensuring that the energy generated by solar panels can be
utilized effectively. The inverter also ensures that the voltage and
Figure 12: Efficiency Vs Power
frequency of the output power are consistent with grid standards,
As the power increases to 3.21W, efficiency reaches its maximum enabling either self-consumption of the solar energy or feeding it
at approximately 22.9%, highlighting the optimal working back into the grid. A key challenge in solar inverter design is
condition of the inverter, likely around midday when sunlight is at efficiency, as it must minimize power loss during the conversion
its peak. Beyond this point, as power output starts decreasing, process and ensure optimal performance under varying sunlight
efficiency also drops, falling to 11.5% at 1.62W, reflecting conditions. The inverter also includes safety features like
reduced solar intensity in the afternoon. This graph helps in protection against overload, short circuits, and voltage
understanding that the inverter operates most efficiently within a fluctuations, ensuring reliable and safe operation of the solar
certain power range, emphasizing the importance of designing energy system. This design contributes significantly to reducing
solar systems to maximize output during peak sunlight hours. As electricity costs, promoting the use of clean energy, and supporting
shown in figure-12 environmental sustainability.

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