Sampling Gates
Sampling Gates
Sampling Gates
SAMPLING GATES
AND
LOGIC FAMILIES
Sampling Gates
Sampling Gates are also called as Transmission gates ,linear
gates and selection circuits,in which the output is exact
reproduction of the input during a selected time interval and
zero otherwise.
It has two inputs gating signal, rectangular wave
Two types
Unidirectional Gating
Bidirectional
Sampling Gate
Input Output
Principle of operation of a linear gate:
Principle of operation of a linear gate: Linear gates
can use (a) a series switch or (b) a shunt switch fig
Unidirectional Gate
unidirectional sampling gates are those which transmit signals of only one
polarity(i.e,. either positive or negative)
The gating signal is also known as control pulse, selector pulse or an
enabling pulse. It is a negative signal, the magnitude of which changes
abruptly between V2 and V1.
Unidirectional gate
Consider the instant at which the gate signal is V1 which is a reasonably
large negative voltage. Even if an input pulse is present at this time instant,
the diode remains OFF as the input pulse amplitude may not be sufficiently
large so as to forward bias it. Hence there is no output. Now consider the
duration when the gate signal has a value V2 and when the input is also
present (coincidence occurs).
Output waveform
When the control signal shifted to upward
pedestal
When the control signal is shifted to positive value ,so it will be
superimposed on input and control signals .so the pedestal
occurs
Unidirectional diode coincidence gate
When any of the control
voltages is at V1, point X is
at a large negative voltage,
even if the input pulse Vs is
present., D0 is reverse biased.
Hence there is no signal at the
output.
When all the control voltages,
on the other hand, are at V2 ,
if an input signal Vs ispresent,
D0 is forward biased and the
output is a pulse of 5V. Hence
this circuit is a coincidence
circuit or ANDcircuit.
Bidirectional Sampling gate
Bidirectional sampling gates are those which transmit
signals of both the polarities.
Bidirectional Sampling gate using
Transistor
Bidirectional sampling gates are those which transmit signals of both the polarities.
Circuit that minimizes the
pedestal
Circuit that minimizes the pedestal
Contd
The control signal applied to the base of Q2 is of opposite polarity to that applied to
the base of Q1. When the gating signal connected to Q1 is negative, Q1 is OFF and at
the same time the gating signal connected to Q2 drives Q2 ON and draws current IC.
As a result there is a dc voltage Vdc at the collector. But when the gate voltage at the
base of Q1 drives Q1 ON, Q2 goes OFF. But during this gate period if the input signal
is present, it is amplified and is available at the output, with phase inversion. But the
dc reference level practically is Vdc. As such the pedestal is either eliminated or
minimized.
Two Diode Sampling gate
When the control signals are at V1, D1 and D2 are OFF, no input signal is
transmitted to the output. But when control signals are at V2, diode D1
conducts if the input is positive pulses and diode D2 conducts if the input is
negative pulses. Hence these bidirectional inputs are transmitted to the
output. This arrangement eliminates pedestal, because of the circuit
symmetry.
Four Diode Sampling gate
When the control signals are at V1, D1 and D2 are OFF, no input
signal is transmitted to the output. But when control signals areat
V2, diode D1 conducts if the input is positive pulses and diode D2
conducts if the input is negative pulses. Hence these bidirectional
inputs are transmitted to the output. This arrangement eliminates
pedestal, because of the circuitsymmetry.
Applications
ChopperAmplifier
Multiplexers
ADC
Sampling Scope
Sample and hold circuits
Chopper Amplifier
Sometimes it becomes necessary to amplify a signal v that has very small
dv/dt and that the amplitude of the signal itself is very small, typically of the
order of millivolts. Neither, ac amplifiers using large coupling condensers
nor dc amplifiers with the associated drift would be useful for such an
application. A chopper stabilized amplifier employing sampling gates canbe
a useful choice in such a applications
REALIZATION OF LOGIC GATES
USING DIODES AND TRANSISTORS
OR GATE
OR GATE PERFORMS LOGICALADDITION.
THE OR OPERATOR IS INDICATED BY APLUS (+)
SIGN.
OR GATE USING DIODES
OPERATION:
ASSUME THE
INPUTVOLTAGES
ARE EITHER 0V
(LOW) OR 5V
(HIGH).
BOTHAAND BARE
LOW:
THE DIODES ARE
OFF AND WE CAN
REPLACE THE
Contd.
A IS LOW AND B ISHIGH:
WHENAIS LOW THE CORRESPONDING DIODE WILL BE OFFAND,
B IS HIGH SO THE DIODE CORRESPONDS TO THE INPUT B WILL
BE ON.
NOW WE CAN REPLACE THE ON DIODE BY THE SHORT CIRCUIT
EQUIVALENT AND THE OUTPUTC=5V.
B IS LOWANDAIS HIGH:
WHEN B IS LOW THE CORRESPONDING DIODE WILL BE OFFAND,
A IS HIGH SO THE DIODE CORRESPONDS TO THE INPUT A WILL
BE ON.
NOW WE CAN REPLACE THE ON DIODE BY THE SHORT CIRCUIT
EQUIVALENT AND THE OUTPUTC=5V.
BOTHAAND BARE HIGH:
B IS LOWANDAIS HIGH:
ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) Integrated-circuit technology that uses the bipolar
transistors configured as a differential amplifier. This eliminates saturation and
improves speed but uses more power than other families.
OTHER DIGITAL IC SPECIFICATIONS
Drive Capabilities- sometimes referred to as fan-in or fan-out.
Fan out- number of inputs of a logic family that can be driven
by a single output. The drive capability of outputs.
Fan in- the load an input places on an output.
Propagation delay- has to do with the speed of the logic
element. Lower propagation delays mean higher speed which
is a desirable characteristic.
Power Dissipation- generally, as propagation delays decrease,
power consumption and heat generation increase. CMOS is
noted for low power consumption.
Logic families: fanout
Fanout: the maximum number of logic inputs (of the same
logic family) that an output can drivereliably
I I
DC fanout = min( OH , OL )
I IH IIL
147
Logic families: propagation
delay
TPD,HL TPD,LH
148
Logic families: noise margin
HI state noise margin:
VNH = VOH(min) VIH(min)
VNH
Noise margin:
VN = min(VNH,VNL)
VNL
149
TOTEM POLE NAND GATE
First introduced by in
1964 (Texas
Instruments)
TTL has shaped
digital technology in
many ways
Standard TTL family
(e.g. 7400) is obsolete
Newer TTLfamilies
still
used (e.g.
74ALS00)
Open collector gate
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