Structural / Mechanistic Analyses

5.
Structural / Mechanistic Analyses
• Tributary area considerations

• Static conditions
• Energy absorption requirements in dynamic conditions
5.1 Tributary area considerations
• Classical approach
• Each support unit must carry the

“unit weight” in a rectangular
pattern
• The force F exerted by the block on

the tendon:
F = mg = tS²g
 = density of the rock (kg/m3)

t = thickness of the slab (m)
S = “grid spacing” (m)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s-2)
Tendon strength
Factor of Safety 
Applied load
Exercise 5.1: Mining on Mars!
a) As a mining engineer, you are required to design roofbolt support for a prominent mining
company on Earth. The mine attempts to save money and it requires that the bolt spacing
should not be smaller than 1.5 m x 1.5 m. The rock is a quartzite with a density of 2700 kg/m3.
A prominent bedding plane with low cohesion is present in the hangingwall at a depth of 1.5 m.
You plan to use end-anchored bolts with a tensile strength of 80 kN. Will the bolts be suitable to
support the beam thickness of 1.5 m and what will be the factor of safety of the design?
b) The same mining company becomes the first company to open an operating mine on Mars
owing to expensive support costs on Earth. The gravitational acceleration of Mars is 3.69 m/s2.
If the rock on Mars has approximately the same density and a parting is also present at 1.5 m,
what will be the factor of safety for the same design on Mars? Will it be cheaper to mine there?
5.2 Static rockfall conditions
• Fallouts occur because of the effect of gravity only
• Energy absorption requirements not considered
• In low stress environments, principal source of instability is blocks
formed by intersecting geological structures
Wedge fallouts
• Fallouts occur because of the effect of gravity only

• Energy absorption requirements not considered
• In low stress environments, principal source of instability
is blocks formed by intersecting geological structures
N  Wf
C
N = number of rock bolts;
W = weight of wedge;
f = safety factor, usually between 2 and 5;
C = load bearing capacity of the bolt.
Exercise 5.2
Is the equation for wedge fallout is compatible with the
concept of tributary area loading?
Are these concepts

compatible?
N  Wf
Tendon strength
Factor of Safety 
Applied load
C
F = mg = tS²g
Support of sliding blocks
• Discontinuity properties must be considered
• Bolts will increase normal stresses on bolts and increase
frictional resistance
W(f sin   cos tan )  cA

N
C(cos  tan   f sin )

f = safety factor against sliding, usually between 1.5 and 3;
, , c = dip, friction angle, cohesion,
A = base area of the sliding surface;
C = load bearing capacity of the bolt;
 = angle between bolts and the normal to the sliding surface.
Exercise 5.3
Derive the equation below for the geometry shown. Will this
equation be applicable to other sliding geometries?
W(f sin   cos tan )  cA

N
C(cos  tan   f sin )

f = safety factor against sliding, usually between 1.5 and 3;
, , c = dip, friction angle, cohesion,
A = base area of the sliding surface;
C = load bearing capacity of the bolt;
 = angle between bolts and the normal to the sliding surface.
Exercise 5.4
(copied from Harrison and Hudson)

5.3 Dynamic fall of ground conditions
• For dynamic loading conditions,

energy absorption capability of units
to be considered
• Tributary area loading also assumed
• Energy absorption requirement is

function of kinetic energy
Rockburst damage mechanisms

as defined by Kaiser et al (1996)
Determining energy absorption requirements
Ejection from the sidewall Ejection from the hangingwall
1 2 1 2
E  mv E  mv  mgh
2 2
E = energy absorption requirement of the rock bolt system;
m = mass of ejected rock based on the defined unstable rock mass depth and density;
v = anticipated peak ground velocity;
h = yield capacity of the support system at a given point in time;
g = gravitational acceleration.
Exercise 5.5: Tendons for a seismically active mine
a) Seismicity is being recorded for the mine with the bolt spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m. The rock is a
quartzite with a density of 2700 kg/m3. A prominent bedding plane with low cohesion is present
in the hangingwall at a depth of 1.5 m. It is planned to install yielding tendons at the mine.
Seismic data indicated that ground velocities of up to 2 m/s can be expected. What is the
energy absorption requirement per unit area for tendons in the hangingwall and the sidewall. It
is required of the tendons not to allow more than 200 mm of movement.

Structural / Mechanistic Analyses

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5.

Structural / Mechanistic Analyses

• Tributary area considerations

• Each support unit must carry the

• The force F exerted by the block on

 = density of the rock (kg/m3)

• Fallouts occur because of the effect of gravity only

Are these concepts

W(f sin   cos tan )  cA

N = number of rock bolts;

W(f sin   cos tan )  cA

N = number of rock bolts;

(copied from Harrison and Hudson)

• For dynamic loading conditions,

• Tributary area loading also assumed

• Energy absorption requirement is

Rockburst damage mechanisms

Ejection from the sidewall Ejection from the hangingwall

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