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    Bolting and Time-Dependent Rock Deformation

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    marcelo
    a) To calculate the time available before unravelling occurs: - The friction angle on the joints decreases exponentially with time according to the given equation - For the block to remain stable, the shear stress on the joints must be less than the shear strength - The shear strength is given by τ = σ tanφ - Equating the horizontal stress to the shear strength and solving for time gives: 1 MPa = 1 MPa tan(20°e-0.1t) e-0.1t = tan20°/1 t = -ln(tan20°)/0.1 = 4.6 hours b) A suitable bolt type would be cable bolts installed every 2 m (

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    Bolting and Time-Dependent Rock Deformation

    Uploaded by

    marcelo
    37 views14 pages
    a) To calculate the time available before unravelling occurs: - The friction angle on the joints decreases exponentially with time according to the given equation - For the block to remain stable, the shear stress on the joints must be less than the shear strength - The shear strength is given by τ = σ tanφ - Equating the horizontal stress to the shear strength and solving for time gives: 1 MPa = 1 MPa tan(20°e-0.1t) e-0.1t = tan20°/1 t = -ln(tan20°)/0.1 = 4.6 hours b) A suitable bolt type would be cable bolts installed every 2 m (

    Original Description:

    empernado de rocas dia 3

    Original Title

    Bolting Course Day 2-3

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    a) To calculate the time available before unravelling occurs: - The friction angle on the joints decreases exponentially with time according to the given equation - For the block to remain stable, the shear stress on the joints must be less than the shear strength - The shear strength is given by τ = σ tanφ - Equating the horizontal stress to the shear strength and solving for time gives: 1 MPa = 1 MPa tan(20°e-0.1t) e-0.1t = tan20°/1 t = -ln(tan20°)/0.1 = 4.6 hours b) A suitable bolt type would be cable bolts installed every 2 m (

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    37 views14 pages

    Bolting and Time-Dependent Rock Deformation

    Uploaded by

    marcelo
    a) To calculate the time available before unravelling occurs: - The friction angle on the joints decreases exponentially with time according to the given equation - For the block to remain stable, the shear stress on the joints must be less than the shear strength - The shear strength is given by τ = σ tanφ - Equating the horizontal stress to the shear strength and solving for time gives: 1 MPa = 1 MPa tan(20°e-0.1t) e-0.1t = tan20°/1 t = -ln(tan20°)/0.1 = 4.6 hours b) A suitable bolt type would be cable bolts installed every 2 m (

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    8.

    Bolting and time-dependent rock deformation


    • Problem frequently encountered in weak rock/high stress
    environments
    • Extreme case referred to as “squeezing” ground
    – Can even occur in hard brittle rock with weak partings
    – Examples below is squeezing in argillaceous quartzites at 2500 m depth
    8.1 Empirical rule to predict squeezing
    • Competency factor c occasionally used in civil engineering
    applications (e.g. Muirwood, 1972; Nakano, 1979; Barla, 1995; Aydan et al., 1996)
    c
    c
    gH
    c = UCS of intact laboratory specimens
    300
     = density of the rock NO SQUEEZING

    Uniaxial compressive strength (MPa)


    g = gravitational acceleration 250
    Average strength of the
    H = depth below surface. Witwatersrand quartzites
    200

    Squeezing line, c = 2
    Squeezing if c < 2 150
    Empirical rule confirmed
    Squeezing conditions at
    Hartebeestfontein Mine
    at shallow depths
    100 (< 400 m) in soft rock

    50
    SQUEEZING ULTRA DEEP MINING

    0
    0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
    Depth (m)
    8.2 Special support required in “heavy” squeezing ground
    • Active approach: very heavy linings or pre-reinforcement

    Simplon tunnel at Italian-Swiss border


    (Steiner, 1994)
    8.3 Special support required in “heavy” squeezing ground
    • Passive approach: over-excavation, compression slots yielding bolts

    Yielding bolts in Karawanken Tunnel


    (Schubert and Schubert, 1993)
    8.4 Time-dependent “unravelling” in mine tunnels
    • Some unsupported roofs in unweathered rock remain stable for decades
    • In contrast problems may appear in other tunnels soon after excavation
    • Successive disintegration of fractured/jointed rock in which creep allowed to occur

    t1 t2 t3

    Tunnel roof quasi-stable Firsts blocks fall Further deterioration


    after excavation owing to creep now possible
    8.5 Example of time-dependent unravelling
    • Rapid unravelling of the Westonarea formation lava in the hangingwall of
    some South African gold mines

    Original position
    of hangingwall
    8.6 Viscoelastic models and time of support installation

    • Viscoelastic models commonly used to simulate creep in rock


    – Allow the time of support installation to be investigated
    • Viscoelastic theory has limitations as it cannot simulate the fracture zone
    – Entire rock behaves as a time-dependent material
    – Cannot simulate the creep of discrete discontinuities

    Simulated tunnel convergence


    for different times of support
    installation (Pan and Dong,1991)
    8.7 Numerical modelling using viscoplastic models
    • Elasto-viscoplastic models can simulate creep of failed material
    – Effect of different times of support installation can be investigated

    vp e
     
    St. Venant element with time-
    dependent strength

    Elastic element

    Viscous element
    Viscosity coefficient  = 1/
    This type of model can be built into
    FLAC using the FISH language
    8.8 Case study: Squeezing in a pump chamber in a deep
    gold mine
    • Simulated with an elasto-viscoplastic model in FLAC

    6 m cable anchors

    HAULAGE PUMP
    CHAMBER

    2D simplification to simulated effect of anchors


    8.9 Case study: Squeezing in a pump chamber in a deep
    gold mine
    • Simulated with an elasto-viscoplastic model in FLAC
    3
    Experimental
    data
    2.5
    Deformation (mm)

    1.5 Numerical 0.0115


    simulation

    1 0.011

    0.0105
    0.5

    Tunnel closure (m)


    0.01
    0 ONSET OF YIELD
    0 100 200 300 400 500 600 IN THE SUPPORT
    0.0095
    Time (days)
    SUPPORT
    0.009
    Comparison between model deformation INSTALLATION

    and actual measurements 0.0085

    0.008
    100 150 200 250 300 350 400
    Time (days)

    Effect of cable anchors


    8.10 Timing of support installation very important
    • Large number of case studies available to support theoretical and
    modelling work.

    Rapid installation of support critical in


    rock masses prone to unravelling.
    Exercise 8.1 : Unravelling of the hangingwall
    The mining crews tasked with doing the new tunnel development complains that they get
    unravelling in the face area before they have time to install the tendon support. The rock is
    immediately stable after the blast, but tends to unravel with time. You investigate the problem
    and note that the structure of the rock in this area is dominated by:

    • Two orthogonal vertical joint sets at regular spacing (same in both directions = 2 m)
    with a slippery infilling
    • A parting at a height of 2 m into the hangingwall

    You have a suspicion that the friction angle of the joints with the infilling decrease after exposure
    to moisture in the air and you sent samples away for testing. The laboratory report tells you that
    the friction  on the joints decrease exponentially with time when exposed to the humid mine air
    according to
     t   0 e t
    where 0 = 20° and  = 0.1 h-1
    a) How much time do the mining crews have to install the bolts if the horizontal stresses in this
    area is 1 MPa in both directions?
    b) Choose a bolt type and do a bolt design (tendon length and spacing) for this area.
    (A sketch of the geometry of the joints and parting is given on the next slide)
    Exercise : Unravelling of the hangingwall
    Geometry of a block, delineated by the orthogonal joints and the parting
    w

    w
    h

    Parting
    h
    h h

    h

    Hangingwall

    F = mg

    Footwall

    Example of creep
    on a vertical joint
    8.10 Active versus Passive Support
    • Stress redistribution after face advance is immediate - Failure process is
    time-dependent
    • Amount of unravelling a function of time lapse between exposing roof
    and installing bolts
    • Pre-tensioning of bolts (active support) important to limit amount of
    deformation and unravelling
    • Support principle occasionally used in laminated coal hangingwall is
    “beam creation”
    – Only works if bolts are installed quickly and are pre-tensioned otherwise roof layers
    have already slipped

    End anchor
    installations Resin support
    need to be that is
    tensioned to installed late
    be effective is inefficient

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