Analysis of Axial & Centrifugal Compressors

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

To be Selected as per Specific Speed of Applications….

Multi Stage Hybrid Compressor
Static & Stagnation Scalars
 Irreversible Adiabatic Stage of an Axial Flow Compressor
p03s=p02s

p02

p03
T03=T02
T02s Rotor Losses

Total Losses
T03s
T
Pinput,a
Pinput, s

p01

T01

s
Gas dynamics of Irreversible Compressor
p02s

Va23
2c p
Va22
2c p

Va21
2c p
 Stage Efficiency

The stage efficiency of an adiabatic compressor stage is:

h03s  h01
 stage 
h03  h01
For calorically perfect gas
T03s  T01
 stage 
T03  T01
Actual temperature rise of a fluid when compressed in an
irreversible stage for a pressure ratio of p03/p01 is:

T03s  T01 p03   stageT0 S 

  
 
T03  T01   1  
  1 

stage p01  T01 

 System of Equations for Stage Design

  
UV f cot 1  cot  2  
 
   1 
  stage  Vr21  Vr22
p03,act  cp   2
 1   Vr1  Vr22  Va22  Va21
p01 T01
 
 
 

U
 cot 1  cot 1  cot  2  cot  2
Vf

V f cot 1  cot 1  cot  2 

Vr 2 
sin  2
 Selection of Global Stage Variables

Δh
Stage load coefficient ψ 2
U

Vf
Stage flow coefficient φ
U

h2  h1
Stage reaction 
h03  h01
The stage load distribution throughout the
compressor
 Selection of Design Parameters
• A high pressure rise per stage will decrease the number of
stages for a given overall pressure rise.
• A high pressure rise per stage is obtained using:
• High blade speed.
• High inlet flow velocity.
• High fluid deflection in rotor blades.

 
Pstage  m c p T03a  T01   mUVf cot 1  cot  2 
Inlet Velocity Triangle & Flow Velocity

1
1
Selection of Inlet Angle

Va1

Va1
Vr1

Vr1
 Blade Speed

• For a given rotor speed the velocity of the blade at the tip will be
maximum.
• The centrifugal stress in the rotor blades depends on the rotational
speed, the blade material and length of the blade.
• The maximum centrifugal stress is given by,

b
 ct ,max 
2
 
U t2 1  b 2 K

• b, hub-tip diameter ratio.

• K varies in the range 0.55 – 0.65.
 Fluid Deflection

Fluid Deflection  cot 1  cot 2 

c
solidity ,   100
s
Vr,max  Vr2
Diffusion factor, D 
Vr1
Performance of Aerofoil

Camber angle, q

Naca 65 : inl

Circula rarc : inl

 Clues to Invent an Aerofoil

Outlet flow Angle

Deflection

Loss coefficient
 Current Design Practice
Fan or low pressure Compressor

Parameter Range
Pressure ratio for single 1.5 – 2.0
stage
Pressure ratio for two 2.0 – 3.5
stages
Pressure ratio for three 3.5 – 4.5
stages
Inlet mass flow rates 195 – 205 kg/m2.s
Tip speed 427 – 457 m/s
Diffusion factor 0.5 – 0.55
 Current Design Practice
High pressure Compressor

Parameter Range
Stage loading 0.3 – 0.35
coefficient
Flow coefficient 0.45 – 0.55
Hub/tip ratio 0.6 – 0.75
Inlet mass flow rates 175 – 185 kg/m2.s
Tip speed 386 – 457 m/s
Diffusion factor 0.5 – 0.55
 Compressor Maps

po 3act
p01

 
 m To1 pstp 
 Tstp poi 

 Multi Stage Compression

Loss in capacity due to variation of velocity is defined as work done factor.

Work done factor, l, decrease with number of stages.
Multi Stage Axial-flow Compressor
Gas Dynamics of An Impeller
Va2
Vf2 Vr2

Vw2 < U

Vw1

Vr1
Va1
Vf1
 Thermodynamic View of an isentropic Compressor
  
P  m Vw2 r2  Vw1r1   mh02  h01   m c p T02  T01 

P  m c p T03  T01 
p03=p02 3

p3 1 2
Only Impeller can consume Power !!!

T03=T02
Va23
p2
2c p
Va22
T 2c p

P  m  Vw 2 r2  Vw1r1 
p01
p1

T01
Va21
2c p
s
 Irreversible Diffuser

p03s=p02s
p02a
p03a

T03=T02
Impeller Losses

Overall Losses

T

P  mVw 2 r2  Vw1r1 
p01

T01

s
 Work consumed by A compressor = Increase in Stagnation Enthalpy of gas

  
Pact   m Vw2 r2  Vw1r1   mh03  h01   m c p T03  T01 
For an irreversible compression, the actual pressure rise is less than isentropic
pressure rise due to (T03-T01).
     
   
p03a  p03s p03a  T03as    1   T03as  T01    1 
    1  
p01  T01   T01 
Define, Adiabatic Efficiency of A Compressor: T03as  T01
 comp 
T03  T01
  
p03a   comp T03  T01  
 
  1 
 1  
p01  T01 
  
Pact   m Vw2 r2  Vw1r1   m c p T03  T01 

Ur2  Vw1r1 
 T03  T01 
cp

  
 compUr2  Vw1r1  
 
p03,act   1 
 1  
p01  c T 
 p 01 
 N Q
Ns  3
for pumps
4
H
Erection of Pump

Hd

ps

Hpump
Hs
 Internals – Pump Vs Compressor

Compressor Impeller

Fan Impeller
Pump Impeller