Pictorial Drawing

Prepared by
CH.SRIKANTH
CL IN MECH
 Contents
Freehand sketching techniques

Pictorial projections
- Axonometric
- Oblique
Isometric projection vs isometric sketch
Isometric sketch from an orthographic views
Isometric sketch of an object
Oblique sketch
 Freehand
sketching
techniques
Sketching is one of the primary modes of communication in the
initial stages of the design process. Sketching also is a means to
creative thinking. It has been shown that your mind works more
creatively when your hand is sketching as you are engaged in
thinking about a problem. [Lieu & Sorby 2009]

Contents
 2-D geometry
A two-dimensional geometry is always composed of

1. Straight line (Horizontal, vertical and Inclined)

2. Arc, circle and curve

Example

Suggestion
for practicing
Use your experiences gained
from the chapter “applied geometry”.
Analyze the composition of 2-D
geometry and list the construction
steps.
 Tools preparation &
recommendations
1. Pencil
Sharpen the lead.
Use different lead grades pencils for each required line weight.

2. Sketching paper
You don’t need to fix it to the table, i.e. let it moves and rotates
freely while sketching.

3. Eraser
Make sure it is clean.
 Techniques : Sketching a line
Focus on the end point.
Sketch the line in the following directions
Vertical lines should sketch
from top to bottom. +
+
Horizontal lines should sketch
from left to right.
Inclined lines that are mostly
vertical, sketch them from
top to bottom. +
Inclined lines that are mostly
horizontal, sketch them from
+ +
left to right.
 Techniques : Sketching a line
You can rotate the paper on the desk to suit your
preferences line tracing direction.

Prefer
horizontal line

Prefer
vertical line
 Techniques : Sketching an arc
To sketch an arc of a given radius it is necessary to use
construction lines to locate its center and its tangent points.

Explanation
Radius of an arc
1. Sketch two lines intersect at the
center of an arc.
Radius of an arc
2/3 2. Sketch a square bounding box
with the length of its sides equal
to radius of an arc.

1/3
3. Sketch a diagonal line. [option]
4. Mark the point on diagonal line far
from the center of an arc for a
distance 2/3 of the length of the line.
Play 5. Sketch an arc through the tangent
points and marked point
 Techniques : Sketching a small circle
To sketch a circle of a given diameter it is necessary to use
construction lines to locate its center and its tangent points.
Explanation
Radius of
a circle 1. Sketch two lines intersect at the
center of a circle.

Radius of
a circle
2. Sketch a square bounding box
with the length of its sides equal
to radius of a circle.
2/3 3. Sketch the diagonal lines.
[option]
1/3
4. Mark the point on diagonal line far
from the center of a circle for a
distance 2/3 of the half-length of the
line.
Play 5. Sketch a circle through all marked
points and tangent points.
 Techniques : Sketching a large circle
1. Place one pencil’s tip at the center as a pivot, and set another
pencil’s tip at the radius-distance from the center.

2. Hold the hand in this position and rotate the paper.

 Pictorial
projection

Contents
 Types of a pictorial projection

Axonometric Projection Oblique Projection

Parallel & normal

to picture plane Parallel & oblique
to picture plane
B
A

D A
Line C
B A
of A
Line
B B
sight of C
D sight C
C
D D
Type of an axonometric projection
a
1. Trimetric Axonometric
None of b c axes
the angles
are equal.

a
2. Dimetric
Two angles c
are equal. b

3. Isometric a

All angles b c
are equal.
 Type of an oblique projection

1. Cavalier 2. Cabinet

Full
scale Half
scale

45o 45o

This obliqued angle

can be any angles
but for convenient
a 45o is chosen
Isometric projection
vs.
Isometric sketch

Contents
 Isometric projection
The projected lengths of the edges parallel to the axonometric
axes are approximately 81% of their true length.

3-D object (Cube) Axonometric projection Isometric view

45

a 35o16'
a
0.8a 0.8a

a
0.8a
 Isometric sketch
Isometric sketch has a similar shape as an isometric
projection view except that their edges parallel to the
axonometric axes are drawn in full size.

Isometric projection Isometric sketching/drawing

Foreshorten Full size

Angle & distance in isometric sketch
Angles in an isometric sketch distort from the actual angle
found in the object.
Actual or true distance can be measured along the isometric
lines of the isometric sketch.
Example
Isometric
axes C
D

90o angle
appears as 120o. B

Correct
A
90o angle
appears as 60o. Wrong
 Orientation of isometric axes
Isometric axes can be arbitrarily oriented to create different
views of a single object.

Regular Reverse axis Long axis

isometric isometric isometric

View point is looking View point is looking View point is looking

down on the top of up on the bottom of from the right (or left)
the object. the object. of the object.
 Class activity : Identify the nonisometric lines

G
H Click on the following button
B that you think that it represents
C an nonisometric line.

AB
 BC
 CD
 DE
 EF


I
AF
 BG
 
CH 
DI EI

A
J
D FJ
 GH
 HI
 IJ

E
Isometric
axes
F
Isometric sketching
From an orthographic views

Contents
 Overview of the process
Procedures Examples
T F R T
1. Analyze the alignment of a
given orthographic views F R B L F

Front
2. Select a suitable orientation
of isometric axes.
Front Front

3. Interpret the lines/areas in

orthographic views as a
plane or surface.
Normal
plane
4. Sketch that plane or surface
in an isometric axes.
Front
 Sketching a normal plane
Given Given

Front-Right-Top Front-Right-Bottom
Front

Front
Class activity : Sketching a normal plane
Given

Front

3. Sketch the plane (1 min)

1. View alignment is

Front-Right-Bottom 2. Identify the front view

Answer
 Sketch an inclined plane
Given

Front-Right-Top Front

Did you see that the parallel lines in orthographic views still be the
parallel lines in an isometric sketch?
 Class activity : Sketching an inclined plane
Given

Front

1. View alignment is 3. Sketch the plane (1 min)

Front-Right-Top 2. Identify the front view Answer

Sketching a circle and an arc
(appeared on the normal plane)

Circle appears as ellipse in a pictorial sketch.

In case of isometric sketch, the ellipse is called
“isometric ellipse”.
The square that circumscribes an isometric
ellipse is called “isometric square”.
Isometric ellipse

Isometric square

Tangent points Tangent points

 Isometric ellipses : Their orientations
Front Front Front
& & &
Top Top Right

Major axis
Ma

xis
ra
jo
ra

jo
Ma
xis
Isometric ellipses : Sketching method
Explanation
1. Locate the center of an ellipse
by two isometric lines.
2. Sketch an isometric square. 1/3

3. Sketch diagonal lines. 2/3

1/3
4. Mark the point on diagonal line 2/3

far from the center of an ellipse

for a distance 2/3 of the half-
length of the line.
5. Draw the arcs through the
marked and tangent points. Play
Isometric ellipses : Four-center method
Suitable for the case of
instrumental drawing.

Explanation
1. Locate the center of an ellipse.
2. Sketch an isometric square.
3. Construct a perpendicular
bisector from each tangent point.

4. Locate the four centers.

5. Draw the arcs with these centers

and tangent to isometric square. Play
 Sketching an arc
Isometric arc is a part of an
isometric circle. 1/3

Steps for sketching

an isometric arc are
2/3
1. Locate its center by two 1/3
isometric lines.
90o arc 2/3
2. Create an isometric square
circumscribes an arc.
3. Draw a radial diagonal line. 180o arc
4. Divide the diagonal line into Try to sketch an arc oriented
3 equal parts. on a different planes by yourself

5. Sketch an arc. Play

Example
Front

Given

Front-Bottom-Right
 Sketching an irregular curve
(appeared on the normal plane)
The concept used is similar to plotting a curve.
1. In orthographic views, choose a finite number of points
along the curve.
2. Plot these points in the isometric axes.
3. Sketch the curve.
Isometric sketching
of an object

Contents
 Guidance 1
A parallel line always parallel to each other regardless of
the kind of views, i.e. orthographic and isometric views.
The third dimension of an object is created by extruding a 2D
geometry or surface.
It helps us control the shape of the sketch.

Examples 1
Explanation
1.Sketch the front view
2. There are parallel lines
along the depth direction.
3. Extrude the front surface

4. Sketch the rear surface.

In this example, hidden lines
can be omitted.
 Guidance 1
A parallel line always parallel to each other regardless of
the kind of views, i.e. orthographic and isometric views.
The third dimension of an object is created by extruding a 2D
geometry or surface.
It helps us control the shape of the sketch.

Examples 2
Explanation
1.Sketch the top view
2. There are parallel lines
along the height direction.
3. Extrude the top surface

4. Sketch the bottom surface.

In this example, hidden lines

can be omitted.
 Guidance 1
A parallel line always parallel to each other regardless of
the kind of views, i.e. orthographic and isometric views.
The third dimension of an object is created by extruding a 2D
geometry or surface.
It helps us control the shape of the sketch.

Examples 3
 Guidance 2
Many of the complex shape objects come from a
combination of a simple shape object.
Strategy 1 : Sketch a group of simple objects before combining
them.
Strategy 2 : Sketch a main body of an object before gradually adding

details or modifying.
Examples 4
+

Hidden lines are

omitted because
planes of each object
becomes a single
plane
 Guidance 2
Many of the complex shape objects come from a
combination of a simple shape object.
Strategy 1 : Sketch a group of simple objects before combining
them.
Strategy 2 : Sketch a main body of an object before adding details or
modifying.

Examples 5

Hidden line
can be omitted
without losing
object information

Omit center lines for clarity.

 Suggestion for practicing
Strategy 1 Strategy 2
1. Pick up 2 or 3 simple shape objects. 1. Pick up one simple shape object.
2. Choose a prefer combination method. 2. Identify a prefer modification.
3. Sketch the result. 3. Sketch the result.

Example Example

=?

=?

=?
Example : object modification (strategy 2)

Modify by Modify by
adding adding
a shallow hole a base

Front Front Front

 Oblique
sketching

Contents
 Example : Advantage of an oblique sketch
Orthographic Isometric Oblique (cavalier)

Same effort

Easier
 Sketching concept
1. Sketch a true size and shape of a selected face on a square grid paper.

2. Extrude that surface to a required depth in a prefer inclined direction,

e.g. 45o.
Note For a complex shape object, the above processes must be repeated until
all features are sketched.

Example
 Guidelines
The front face of an oblique sketch should display majority
of the features of an object.
The longest dimension of an object should be parallel to
the frontal plane.
Circular features should be parallel to the frontal plane.
 Class activity
Which one is an appropriate oblique sketch?

1 Answer

Answer
2

3 Answer
Example 1 : Oblique sketch of an object (cabinet) 1/2
Example 1 : Oblique sketch of an object (cabinet) 2/2
Example 2 : Oblique sketch of an object (1/4)

E
D

B
A
Example 2 : Oblique sketch of an object (2/4)

E
D

B
A
Example 2 : Oblique sketch of an object (3/4)

E
D

B
A
Example 2 : Oblique sketch of an object (4/4)

E
D

B
A