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MTS-231 Actuating Systems: Kanwal Naveed

The document discusses commutation in a simple four-loop DC machine, explaining that commutation is the process of converting AC voltages and currents in the rotor to DC voltages and currents at the terminals. It analyzes the induced voltages in each loop of the four-loop rotor as it rotates and how the commutator segments are shorted to maintain the voltage polarity, resulting in a quasi-DC voltage waveform at the terminals that approximates constant DC voltage better than a single loop arrangement.

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ARSLAN FALAK
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65 views

MTS-231 Actuating Systems: Kanwal Naveed

The document discusses commutation in a simple four-loop DC machine, explaining that commutation is the process of converting AC voltages and currents in the rotor to DC voltages and currents at the terminals. It analyzes the induced voltages in each loop of the four-loop rotor as it rotates and how the commutator segments are shorted to maintain the voltage polarity, resulting in a quasi-DC voltage waveform at the terminals that approximates constant DC voltage better than a single loop arrangement.

Uploaded by

ARSLAN FALAK
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MTS-231

Actuating Systems
Kanwal Naveed
DC Machinery
Fundamentals
Chapter-8
DC Machines
• DC machines can be used as motors and generators.
• DC motors and generators are rotating energy-transfer electromechanical
motion devices.
• DC motors convert DC electrical energy to mechanical energy.
• Generators convert mechanical energy to DC electrical energy.
• Also called as commutating machinery because of commutators.
Single Loop Motor – Practical Use
Single Loop Motor – Practical Use
• Starting problem
Multi Loop Armature of DC Motor
• Two Loop Armature
Multi Loop Armature of DC Motor
• Four Loop Armature
Commutation in a Simple Four-Loop DC Machine

Commutation is the process of converting the ac voltages and currents in the rotor
of a dc machine to dc voltages and currents at its terminals. A simple 4 loop, 2
pole dc machine is shown here:
Commutation in a Simple Four-Loop DC Machine

If the rotor is rotated, a voltage will be induced in the wire loop


To determine the magnitude and shape of the voltage, examine the figure below:
Commutation in a Simple Four-Loop DC Machine
Commutation in a Simple Four-Loop DC Machine
Commutation in a Simple Four-Loop DC Machine

Commutation is the process of converting the ac voltages and currents in the rotor
of a dc machine to dc voltages and currents at its terminals. A simple 4 loop, 2
pole dc machine is shown here:
Commutation in a Simple Four-Loop DC Machine

• This machine has 4 complete loops buried in slots carved in the laminated steel
of its rotor.
• The pole faces of the machine are curved to provide a uniform air-gap width
and to give a uniform flux density everywhere under the faces.
• The winding’s connections to the machine’s commutator are shown :
Commutation in a Four-Loop DC Machine

ωt=0°
• Notice that loop 1 stretches b/w commutator segments a and b, loop 2
stretches b/w segments b and c, and so forth around the rotor.
• At the instant shown in figure, the 1, 2, 3’ and 4’ ends of the loops are under
the north pole face, while the 1’, 2’, 3 and 4 ends of the loops are under the
south pole face.
Commutation in a Four-Loop DC Machine
• The voltage in each of the 1, 2, 3’
and 4’ ends of the loops is given by:
eind = (v  B) . l
eind = vBl (positive out of page)
•  The voltage in each of the 1’, 2’, 3
and 4 ends of the loops is given by:
eind = (v  B) . l
eind = vBl (positive into the page)
• Each coil represents one side (or conductor) of a loop.
• If the induced voltage on any one side of a loop is called e=vBl, then the total voltage at
the brushes of the machine is E = 4e (ωt=0°)
Commutation in a Four-Loop DC Machine
ωt=45°
• This figure shows the machine at time ωt=45°. At that time, loops 1 and 3
have rotated into the gap between the poles, so the voltage across each of
them is zero.
Commutation in a Four-Loop DC Machine
oNotice that at this instant the brushes of the machine are shorting out
commutator segments ab and cd.
oThis happens just at the time when the loops between these segments have 0V
across them, so shorting out the segments creates no problem. At this time,
only loops 2 and 4 are under the pole faces, so the terminal voltage E is given by:
E = 2e (ωt=45°)
Commutation in a Simple Four-Loop DC Machine
ωt=90°
Now, let the rotor continue to turn another 45°. The resulting situation is shown
below:
Commutation in a Four-Loop DC Machine
•Here, the 1’, 2, 3, and 4’ ends of the loops are under the north pole face, and
the 1, 2’, 3’ and 4 ends of the loops are under the south pole face.
•The voltages are still built up out of the page for the ends under the north pole
face and into the page for the ends under the south pole face. The resulting
voltage diagram is shown here:
Commutation in a Four-Loop DC Machine
ωt=90°
ωt=90°
• There are 4 voltage-carrying ends in each
parallel path through the machine, so the
terminal voltage E is given by:
E = 4e (ωt=90°)
• Notice that the voltages on loops 1 and 3
have reversed (from ωt=0°), but since their
connections have also reversed, the total
ωt=0°
voltage is still being built up in the same
direction as before.
• This is the heart of every commutation
scheme.
Commutation in a Simple Four-Loop DC Machine

•The terminal voltage of this machine as a function of time is shown in figure. It


is a better approximation to a constant dc level than the single rotating loop
previously discussed.
•As the number of loops on the rotor increases, the approximation to a perfect
dc voltage continues to get better and better.

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